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Chang Y, Xu M, Zhang Y, Chen X, Sheng Y, Tao M, Zhang H, Xu Z, Hu S, Song J. Ruxolitinib attenuates acute rejection and can serve as an immune induction therapy in heart transplantation. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109851. [PMID: 38008145 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of IL2RA antagonists in heart transplant patients are controversial. We aimed to elucidate the effects of IL2RA antagonists and identify targets that could be better than IL2RA antagonists. By using single-cell RNA sequencing of immune cells at different time points in patients receiving IL2RA antagonists, we identified nineteen types of cells. We revealed higher IL2RA expression in regulatory T cells (Tregs), suggesting that IL2RA antagonists attenuated IL-2-induced Treg activation. CD4_C04_IFNGR1 and CD8_C05_IFITM2 which had more cytotoxic effects, remained elevated at later time points. IFNGR1 was upregulated in these two subtypes, but was not expressed in Treg. Ruxolitinib targeted the pathways of IFNGR1 (JAK1/2) while not affecting the pathway of IL-2-induced Tregs activation (JAK3). Ruxolitinib showed prolonged survival compared to IL2RA mAb-treated mice. Our study provided dynamic changes of immune cells after IL2RA antagonists treatment at single-cell resolution. Ruxolitinib has potential as a new immunoinduction therapy without affecting Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Mengda Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yixuan Sheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Menghao Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shengshou Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Jiangping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China; The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Mario-Vásquez JE, Naranjo-González CA, Montiel J, Zuluaga LM, Vásquez AM, Tobón-Castaño A, Bedoya G, Segura C. Association of variants in IL1B, TLR9, TREM1, IL10RA, and CD3G and Native American ancestry on malaria susceptibility in Colombian populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104675. [PMID: 33316430 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host genetics is an influencing factor in the manifestation of infectious diseases. In this study, the association of mild malaria with 28 variants in 16 genes previously reported in other populations and/or close to ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) selected was evaluated in an admixed 736 Colombian population sample. Additionally, the effect of genetic ancestry on phenotype expression was explored. For this purpose, the ancestral genetic composition of Turbo and El Bagre was determined. A higher Native American ancestry trend was found in the population with lower malaria susceptibility [odds ratio (OR) = 0.416, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.234-0.740, P = 0.003]. Three AIMs presented significant associations with the disease phenotype (MID1752, MID921, and MID1586). The first two were associated with greater malaria susceptibility (D/D, OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.06-4.69, P = 0.032 and I/D-I/I, OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.18-3.87, P = 0.011, respectively), and the latter has a protective effect on the appearance of malaria (I/I, OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08-0.40, P < 0.0001). After adjustment by age, sex, municipality, and genetic ancestry, genotype association analysis showed evidence of association with malaria susceptibility for variants in or near IL1B, TLR9, TREM1, IL10RA, and CD3G genes: rs1143629-IL1B (G/A-A/A, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.21-0.78, P = 0.0051), rs352139-TLR9 (T/T, OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.11-0.72, P = 0.0053), rs352140-TLR9 (C/C, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.87, P = 0.019), rs2234237-TREM1 (T/A-A/A, OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.23-0.79, P = 0.0056), rs4252246-IL10RA (C/A-A/A, OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.18-3.75, P = 0.01), and rs1561966-CD3G (A/A, OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.06-0.69, P = 0.0058). The results showed the participation of genes involved in immunological processes and suggested an effect of ancestral genetic composition over the traits analyzed. Compared to the paisa population (Antioquia), Turbo and El Bagre showed a strong decrease in European ancestry and an increase in African and Native American ancestries. Also, a novel association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms with malaria susceptibility was identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Eliécer Mario-Vásquez
- Grupo Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 430. Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Jehidys Montiel
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina M Zuluaga
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana M Vásquez
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alberto Tobón-Castaño
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Grupo Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 430. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cesar Segura
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia.
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Sturm R, Xanthopoulos L, Heftrig D, Oppermann E, Vrdoljak T, Dunay IR, Marzi I, Relja B. Regulatory T Cells Modulate CD4 Proliferation after Severe Trauma via IL-10. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041052. [PMID: 32276346 PMCID: PMC7230720 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Severely injured patients frequently develop an immunological imbalance following the traumatic insult, which might result in infectious complications evoked by a persisting immunosuppression. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain the immune homeostasis by suppressing proinflammatory responses, however, their functionality after trauma is unclear. Here, we characterized the role of Tregs in regulating the proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes in traumatized patients (TP). Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained daily from 29 severely injured TP (Injury Severity Score, ISS ≥16) for ten days following admission to the emergency department (ED). Ten healthy volunteers (HV) served as controls. The frequency and activity of Tregs were assessed by flow cytometry. Proliferation of CD4+ cells was analyzed either in presence or absence of Tregs, or after blocking of either IL-10 or IL-10R1. Results: The frequencies of CD4+CD25high and CD4+CD25+CD127− Tregs were significantly decreased immediately upon admission of TP to the ED and during the following 10 post-injury days. Compared with HV CD4+ T cell proliferation in TP increased significantly upon their admission and on the following days. As expected, CD4+CD25+CD127− Tregs reduced the proliferation of CD4+ cells in HV, nevertheless, CD4+ proliferation in TP was increased by Tregs. Neutralization of IL-10 as well as blocking the IL-10R1 increased further CD4+ T cell proliferation in Tregs-depleted cultures, thereby confirming an IL-10-mediated mechanism of IL-10-regulated CD4+ T cell proliferation. Neutralization of IL-10 in TP decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation in Tregs-depleted cultures, whereas blocking of the IL-10R1 receptor had no significant effects. Conclusions: The frequency of Tregs in the CD4+ T lymphocyte population is reduced after trauma; however, their inductiveness is increased. The mechanisms of deregulated influence of Tregs on CD4+ T cell proliferation are mediated via IL-10 but not via the IL-10R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Sturm
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.S.); (L.X.); (I.M.)
| | - Lara Xanthopoulos
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.S.); (L.X.); (I.M.)
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - David Heftrig
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Clinic for Radiology, Neuroradiology and Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Frankfurt Höchst, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elsie Oppermann
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Teodora Vrdoljak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.S.); (L.X.); (I.M.)
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-67-28242
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Chen G, Du JW, Nie Q, Du YT, Liu SC, Liu DH, Zhang HM, Wang FF. Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection modified maturation and function of dendritic cells by skewing Tregs and amplificating Th17. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:266. [PMID: 32252652 PMCID: PMC7132900 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-04990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging data has suggested that Tregs, Th17, Th1 and Th2 are correlated with early immune mechanisms by controlling Plasmodium infection. Plasmodium infection appeared to impair the antigen presentation and maturation of DCs, leading to attenuation of specific cellular immune response ultimately. Hence, in this study, we aim to evaluate the relevance between DCs and Tregs/Th17 populations in the process and outcomes of infection with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (P.y17XL). Methods DCs detection/analysis dynamically was performed by Tregs depletion or Th17 neutralization in P.y17XL infected BALB/c mice via flow cytometry. Then the levels of cytokines production were detected using enzyme-linked mmunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Our results indicated that Tregs depletion or Th17 neutralization in BALB/c mice infected with P.y17XL significantly up-regulated the percentages of mDC and pDC, increased the expressions of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD80, CD86 on DCs and the levels of IL-10/IL-12 secreted by DCs, indicating that abnormal amplification of Tregs or Th17 may damage the maturation and function of DCs during the early stage of malaria infection. Interestingly, we also found that the abnormal amplification of Th17, as well as Tregs, could inhibit the maturation of DCs. Conclusions Tregs skewing or Th17 amplification during the early stage of malaria infection may inhibit the maturation and function of DCs by modifying the subsets of DCs, expressions of surface molecules on DCs and secretion mode of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou University, No 1139 Shifu Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Ji-Wei Du
- Nursing Department, Xiang'An Hospital, Xiamen University, No 2000, Xian'an East Road, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qing Nie
- Weifang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No 4801 Huixian Road, Gaoxin District, Shandong Province, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Yun-Ting Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No 44, Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Shuang-Chun Liu
- Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Taizhou University, No 381, Zhongshan East Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - De-Hui Liu
- Weifang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No 4801 Huixian Road, Gaoxin District, Shandong Province, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Hui-Ming Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, No 148 Xuefu Street, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, No 148 Xuefu Street, Jiamusi, 154007, China
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Potential Role for Regulatory B Cells as a Major Source of Interleukin-10 in Spleen from Plasmodium chabaudi-Infected Mice. Infect Immun 2018. [PMID: 29531131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00016-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells were found to be induced in a variety of infectious diseases. However, its importance in the regulation of immune response to malaria is still unclear. Here, we investigated the dynamics, phenotype, and function of Breg cells using Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS-infected C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice were more susceptible to infection and had a stronger IL-10 response in spleen than C57BL/6 mice. Analysis of the surface markers of IL-10-producing cells with flow cytometry showed that CD19+ B cells were one of the primary IL-10-producing populations in P. c. chabaudi AS-infected C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, especially in the latter one. The Breg cells had a heterogeneous phenotype which shifted during infection. The well-established Breg subset, CD19+ CD5+ CD1dhi cells, accounted for less than 20% of IL-10-producing B cells in both strains during the course of infection. Most Breg cells were IgG+ and CD138- from day 0 to day 8 postinfection. Adoptive transfer of Breg cells to C57BL/6 mice infected with P. c. chabaudi AS led to a transient increase of parasitemia without an impact on survival rate. Our finding reveals that B cells play an active and important regulatory role in addition to mediating humoral immunity in immune response against malaria, which should be paid more attention in developing therapeutic or vaccine strategies against malaria involving stimulation of B cells.
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Host Resistance to Plasmodium-Induced Acute Immune Pathology Is Regulated by Interleukin-10 Receptor Signaling. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00941-16. [PMID: 28396319 PMCID: PMC5442633 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00941-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of malaria infection is dependent on a balance between proinflammatory and regulatory immune responses. While early effector T cell responses are required for limiting parasitemia, these responses need to be switched off by regulatory mechanisms in a timely manner to avoid immune-mediated tissue damage. Interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) signaling is considered to be a vital component of regulatory responses, although its role in host resistance to severe immune pathology during acute malaria infections is not fully understood. In this study, we have determined the contribution of IL-10R signaling to the regulation of immune responses during Plasmodium berghei ANKA-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). We show that antibody-mediated blockade of the IL-10R during P. berghei ANKA infection in ECM-resistant BALB/c mice leads to amplified T cell activation, higher serum gamma interferon (IFN-γ) concentrations, enhanced intravascular accumulation of both parasitized red blood cells and CD8+ T cells to the brain, and an increased incidence of ECM. Importantly, the pathogenic effects of IL-10R blockade during P. berghei ANKA infection were reversible by depletion of T cells and neutralization of IFN-γ. Our findings underscore the importance of IL-10R signaling in preventing T-cell- and cytokine-mediated pathology during potentially lethal malaria infections.
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Cao DH, Wang JC, Liu J, Du YT, Cui LW, Cao YM. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-inoculation at different time points influences the outcome of C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27188912 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. We performed a series of co-infection experiments with BCG-Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi Landau, 1965 AS using C57BL/6 mice to analyse whether BCG can affect the development of protective immunity to infection with Plasmodium spp. and the mechanism of this protection. We divided mice into four groups: BCG-inoculation 4 weeks prior to P. c. chabaudi AS infection (B-4w-Pc); simultaneous BCG-inoculation and P. c. chabaudi AS infection (Pc+B); BCG-inoculation 3 days post P. c. chabaudi AS (Pc-3-B) infection; and mono-P. c. chabaudi AS infection as control (Pc). The parasitemia level in the B-4w-Pc group was noticeably higher than control group at 6-19 days post infection (dpi). Compared with the control group, the proportion of CD4(+)CD69(+) T cells was significantly reduced 5, 8 and 12 dpi, but the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs was significantly increased in the B-4w-Pc group on 5 and 8 dpi. The B-4w-Pc group also demonstrated reduced levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α on 5 and 8 dpi and significantly elevated level of IL-10 on 12 dpi. There were significantly fewer mDCs (CD11c(+)CD11b(+)) and pDCs (CD11c(+)B220(+)) in the B-4w-Pc group than the control group at all the time points post infection and the expression of MHC II was noticeably reduced on day 8 pi. Our findings confirmed that BCG inoculation prior to Plasmodium infection resulted in excessive activation and proliferation of Tregs and upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators, which inhibited establishment of a Th1-dominant immune response during the early stages of Plasmodium infection by inhibiting dendritive cells response. BCG inoculation prior to P. c. chabaudi AS infection may contribute to overgrowth of parasites as well as mortality in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hua Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Aristogenesis Center, Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, China
| | - Ji-Chun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Ting Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Wang Cui
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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