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Ansari I, Basak R, Mukhopadhyay A. Hemoglobin Endocytosis and Intracellular Trafficking: A Novel Way of Heme Acquisition by Leishmania. Pathogens 2022; 11:585. [PMID: 35631106 PMCID: PMC9143042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania species are causative agents of human leishmaniasis, affecting 12 million people annually. Drugs available for leishmaniasis are toxic, and no vaccine is available. Thus, the major thrust is to identify new therapeutic targets. Leishmania is an auxotroph for heme and must acquire heme from the host for its survival. Thus, the major focus has been to understand the heme acquisition process by the parasites in the last few decades. It is conceivable that the parasite is possibly obtaining heme from host hemoprotein, as free heme is not available in the host. Current understanding indicates that Leishmania internalizes hemoglobin (Hb) through a specific receptor by a clathrin-mediated endocytic process and targets it to the parasite lysosomes via the Rab5 and Rab7 regulated endocytic pathway, where it is degraded to generate intracellular heme that is used by the parasite. Subsequently, intra-lysosomal heme is initially transported to the cytosol and is finally delivered to the mitochondria via different heme transporters. Studies using different null mutant parasites showed that these receptors and transporters are essential for the survival of the parasite. Thus, the heme acquisition process in Leishmania may be exploited for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India; (I.A.); (R.B.)
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2
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Dantas-Pereira L, Menna-Barreto R, Lannes-Vieira J. Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Role in Remote Signaling and Inflammation in Trypanosoma cruzi-Triggered Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:798054. [PMID: 34988085 PMCID: PMC8721122 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.798054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as cell communicators and immune response modulators and may be employed as disease biomarkers and drug delivery systems. In infectious diseases, EVs can be released by the pathogen itself or by the host cells (infected or uninfected), potentially impacting the outcome of the immune response and pathological processes. Chagas disease (CD) is caused by infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and is the main cause of heart failure in endemic areas. This illness attracted worldwide attention due to the presence of symptomatic seropositive subjects in North America, Asia, Oceania, and Europe. In the acute phase of infection, nonspecific signs, and symptoms contribute to miss diagnosis and early etiological treatment. In this phase, the immune response is crucial for parasite control; however, parasite persistence, dysregulated immune response, and intrinsic tissue factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic CD. Most seropositive subjects remain in the indeterminate chronic form, and from 30 to 40% of the subjects develop cardiac, digestive, or cardio-digestive manifestations. Identification of EVs containing T. cruzi antigens suggests that these vesicles may target host cells and regulate cellular processes and the immune response by molecular mechanisms that remain to be determined. Parasite-released EVs modulate the host-parasite interplay, stimulate intracellular parasite differentiation and survival, and promote a regulatory cytokine profile in experimental models of CD. EVs derived from the parasite-cell interaction inhibit complement-mediated parasite lysis, allowing evasion. EVs released by T. cruzi-infected cells also regulate surrounding cells, maintaining a proinflammatory profile. After a brief review of the basic features of EVs, the present study focuses on potential participation of T. cruzi-secreted EVs in cell infection and persistence of low-grade parasite load in the chronic phase of infection. We also discuss the role of EVs in shaping the host immune response and in pathogenesis and progression of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luíza Dantas-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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More K, Klinger CM, Barlow LD, Dacks JB. Evolution and Natural History of Membrane Trafficking in Eukaryotes. Curr Biol 2021; 30:R553-R564. [PMID: 32428497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-trafficking system is a defining facet of eukaryotic cells. The best-known organelles and major protein families of this system are largely conserved across the vast diversity of eukaryotes, implying both ancient organization and functional unity. Nonetheless, intriguing variation exists that speaks to the evolutionary forces that have shaped the endomembrane system in eukaryotes and highlights ways in which membrane trafficking in protists differs from that in our well-understood models of mammalian and yeast cells. Both parasites and free-living protists possess specialized trafficking organelles, some lineage specific, others more widely distributed - the evolution and function of these organelles begs exploration. Novel members of protein families are present across eukaryotes but have been lost in humans. These proteins may well hold clues to understanding differences in cellular function in organisms that are of pressing importance for planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira More
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Christen M Klinger
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lael D Barlow
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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4
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Rossi IV, Ferreira Nunes MA, Vargas-Otalora S, da Silva Ferreira TC, Cortez M, Ramirez MI. Extracellular Vesicles during TriTryps infection: Complexity and future challenges. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:172-183. [PMID: 33601226 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The trypanosomatid pathogens Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, currently grouped as TriTryps, have evolved through the time to overcome the upfront innate immune response and establish the infection in humans adapting many aspects of the parasite-cell host interaction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerge as critical structures carrying different key molecules from parasites and target cells that interact continuously during infection. Current information regarding the structure and composition of these vesicles provide new insights into the primary role of TriTryps-EVs reviewed in this work. Expanding knowledge about these critical vesicular structures will promote advances in basic sciences and in translational applications controlling pathogenesis in the neglected tropical diseases caused by TriTryps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izadora Volpato Rossi
- Cell and Molecular Biology program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Vargas-Otalora
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Cortez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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5
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Cruz-Saavedra L, Vallejo GA, Guhl F, Ramírez JD. Transcriptomic changes across the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi II. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8947. [PMID: 32461822 PMCID: PMC7231504 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellated protozoan that causes Chagas disease; it presents a complex life cycle comprising four morphological stages: epimastigote (EP), metacyclic trypomastigote (MT), cell-derived trypomastigote (CDT) and amastigote (AM). Previous transcriptomic studies on three stages (EPs, CDTs and AMs) have demonstrated differences in gene expressions among them; however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported on gene expressions in MTs. Therefore, the present study compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and signaling pathway reconstruction in EPs, MTs, AMs and CDTs. The results revealed differences in gene expressions in the stages evaluated; these differences were greater between MTs and AMs-PTs. The signaling pathway that presented the highest number of DEGs in all the stages was associated with ribosomes protein profiles, whereas the other related pathways activated were processes related to energy metabolism from glucose, amino acid metabolism, or RNA regulation. However, the role of autophagy in the entire life cycle of T. cruzi and the presence of processes such as meiosis and homologous recombination in MTs (where the expressions of SPO11 and Rad51 plays a role) are crucial. These findings represent an important step towards the full understanding of the molecular basis during the life cycle of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical (CIMPAT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
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Chemogenomic Profiling of Antileishmanial Efficacy and Resistance in the Related Kinetoplastid Parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00795-19. [PMID: 31160283 PMCID: PMC6658743 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00795-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Therefore, we screened our genome-scale T. brucei RNA interference (RNAi) library against the current antileishmanial drugs sodium stibogluconate (antimonial), paromomycin, miltefosine, and amphotericin B. Identification of T. brucei orthologues of the known Leishmania antimonial and miltefosine plasma membrane transporters effectively validated our approach, while a cohort of 42 novel drug efficacy determinants provides new insights and serves as a resource. Follow-up analyses revealed the antimonial selectivity of the aquaglyceroporin TbAQP3. A lysosomal major facilitator superfamily transporter contributes to paromomycin-aminoglycoside efficacy. The vesicle-associated membrane protein TbVAMP7B and a flippase contribute to amphotericin B and miltefosine action and are potential cross-resistance determinants. Finally, multiple phospholipid-transporting flippases, including the T. brucei orthologue of the Leishmania miltefosine transporter, a putative β-subunit/CDC50 cofactor, and additional membrane-associated hits, affect amphotericin B efficacy, providing new insights into mechanisms of drug uptake and action. The findings from this orthology-based chemogenomic profiling approach substantially advance our understanding of antileishmanial drug action and potential resistance mechanisms and should facilitate the development of improved therapies as well as surveillance for drug-resistant parasites.
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Khurana GK, Vishwakarma P, Puri N, Lynn AM. Phylogenetic Analysis of the vesicular fusion SNARE machinery revealing its functional divergence across Eukaryotes. Bioinformation 2018; 14:361-368. [PMID: 30262973 PMCID: PMC6143360 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the SNARE (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) family play a significant role in all
vesicular fusion events involved in endocytic and exocytic pathways. These proteins act as molecular machines that assemble into tight
four-helix bundle complex, bridging the opposing membranes into close proximity forming membrane fusion. Almost all SNARE
proteins share a 53 amino acid coiled-coil domain, which is mostly linked to the transmembrane domain at the C-terminal end. Despite
significant variations between SNARE sequences across species, the SNARE mediated membrane fusion is evolutionary conserved in
all eukaryotes. It is of interest to compare the functional divergence of SNARE proteins across various eukaryotic groups during
evolution. Here, we report an exhaustive phylogeny of the SNARE proteins retrieved from SNARE database including plants, animals,
fungi and protists. The Initial phylogeny segregated SNARE protein sequences into five well-supported clades Qa, Qb, Qc, Qbc and R
reflective of their positions in the four-helix SNARE complex. Further to improve resolution the Qa, Qb, Qc and R family specific trees
were reconstructed, each of these were further segregated into organelle specific clades at first and later diverged into lineage specific
subgroups. This revealed that most of the SNARE orthologs are conserved at subcellular locations or at trafficking pathways across
various species during eukaryotic evolution. The paralogous expansion in SNARE repertoire was observed at metazoans (animals) and
plants independently during eukaryotic evolution. However, results also show that the multi-cellular and saprophytic fungi have
limited SNAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep K Khurana
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India- 110067
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India-110067
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India- 110067
| | - Andrew Michael Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India-110067
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Barlow LD, Nývltová E, Aguilar M, Tachezy J, Dacks JB. A sophisticated, differentiated Golgi in the ancestor of eukaryotes. BMC Biol 2018; 16:27. [PMID: 29510703 PMCID: PMC5840792 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Golgi apparatus is a central meeting point for the endocytic and exocytic systems in eukaryotic cells, and the organelle's dysfunction results in human disease. Its characteristic morphology of multiple differentiated compartments organized into stacked flattened cisternae is one of the most recognizable features of modern eukaryotic cells, and yet how this is maintained is not well understood. The Golgi is also an ancient aspect of eukaryotes, but the extent and nature of its complexity in the ancestor of eukaryotes is unclear. Various proteins have roles in organizing the Golgi, chief among them being the golgins. RESULTS We address Golgi evolution by analyzing genome sequences from organisms which have lost stacked cisternae as a feature of their Golgi and those that have not. Using genomics and immunomicroscopy, we first identify Golgi in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi. We then searched 87 genomes spanning eukaryotic diversity for presence of the most prominent proteins implicated in Golgi structure, focusing on golgins. We show some candidates as animal specific and others as ancestral to eukaryotes. CONCLUSIONS None of the proteins examined show a phyletic distribution that correlates with the morphology of stacked cisternae, suggesting the possibility of stacking as an emergent property. Strikingly, however, the combination of golgins conserved among diverse eukaryotes allows for the most detailed reconstruction of the organelle to date, showing a sophisticated Golgi with differentiated compartments and trafficking pathways in the common eukaryotic ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael D Barlow
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Eva Nývltová
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building (RMSB) # 2067, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Maria Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada. .,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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9
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Banerjee H, Rachubinski RA. Involvement of SNARE protein Ykt6 in glycosome biogenesis in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 218:28-37. [PMID: 29107734 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetoplastid parasites Trypanosoma and Leishmania are etiologic agents of diseases like African sleeping sickness, Chagas and leishmaniasis that inflict many tropical and subtropical parts of the world. These parasites are distinctive in that they compartmentalize most of the usually cytosolic enzymes of the glycolytic pathway within a peroxisome-like organelle called the glycosome. Functional glycosomes are essential in both the procyclic and bloodstream forms of trypanosomatid parasites, and mislocalization of glycosomal enzymes to the cytosol is fatal for the parasite. The life cycle of these parasites is intimately linked to their efficient protein and vesicular trafficking machinery that helps them in immune evasion, host-pathogen interaction and organelle biogenesis and integrity. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins play important roles in vesicular trafficking and mediate a wide range of protein-protein interactions in eukaryotes. We show here that the SNARE protein Ykt6 is necessary for glycosome biogenesis and function in Trypanosoma brucei. RNAi-mediated depletion of Ykt6 in both the procyclic and bloodstream forms of T. brucei leads to mislocalization of glycosomal matrix proteins to the cytosol, pronounced reduction in glycosome number, and cell death. GFP-tagged Ykt6 appears as punctate structures in the T. brucei cell and colocalizes in part to glycosomes. Our results constitute the first demonstration of a role for SNARE proteins in the biogenesis of peroxisomal organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Richard A Rachubinski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Structurally optimized analogs of the retrograde trafficking inhibitor Retro-2cycl limit Leishmania infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005556. [PMID: 28505157 PMCID: PMC5444862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In infected mammalian cells, Leishmania parasites reside within specialized compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experimental L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs of Retro-2cycl reported to have superior potency in the inhibition of retrograde pathway-dependent phenomena (i.e., polyomavirus cellular infection by polyomavrius and Shiga toxin trafficking in cells) are also more effective than the parent compound at controlling Leishmania infections. In addition to their effects on LPV development, we show that two optimized analogs of Retro-2cycl, DHQZ 36 and DHQZ 36.1 limit Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages at EC50 of 13.63+/-2.58μM and10.57+/-2.66μM, respectively, which is significantly lower than 40.15μM the EC50 of Retro-2cycl. In addition, these analogs caused a reversal in Leishmania induced suppression of IL-6 release by infected cells after LPS activation. Moreover, we show that in contrast to Retro-2cycl that is Leishmania static, the analogs can kill Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures, which is a desirable attribute for any drug to treat Leishmania infections. Together, these studies validate and extend the published structure-activity relationship analyses of Retro-2cycl. Over 12 million people worldwide are infected by Leishmania parasites and many more are at risk of being infected. In the mammalian host, Leishmania parasites live in intracellular compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors, caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if analogs of Retro-2cycl reported to have superior potency in the inhibition of retrograde pathway-dependent phenomena are also more effective than the parent compound in controlling Leishmania infections. We show that two optimized analogs of Retro-2cycl are significantly more effective than the parent compound at controlling Leishmania infections and in the reversal of parasite induced suppression of IL-6 release by infected cells after LPS activation. Moreover, we show that the analogs kill Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures, which is a desirable characteristic for any compound that is being considered to treat Leishmania infections. Together, these studies validate and extend the published structure-activity relationship analyses of Retro-2cycl. In addition, they show that the Retro-2cycl analogs reverse the effects of the parasite on macrophage responses that are likely to affect the overall host response to infection.
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11
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Venkatesh D, Boehm C, Barlow LD, Nankissoor NN, O'Reilly A, Kelly S, Dacks JB, Field MC. Evolution of the endomembrane systems of trypanosomatids - conservation and specialisation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1421-1434. [PMID: 28386020 PMCID: PMC5399786 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite surfaces support multiple functions required for survival within their hosts, and maintenance and functionality of the surface depends on membrane trafficking. To understand the evolutionary history of trypanosomatid trafficking, where multiple lifestyles and mechanisms of host interactions are known, we examined protein families central to defining intracellular compartments and mediating transport, namely Rabs, SNAREs and RabGAPs, across all available Euglenozoa genomes. Bodonids possess a large trafficking repertoire, which is mainly retained by the Trypanosoma cruzi group, with extensive losses in other lineages, particularly African trypanosomes and phytomonads. There are no large-scale expansions or contractions from an inferred ancestor, excluding direct associations between parasitism or host range. However, we observe stepwise secondary losses within Rab and SNARE cohorts (but not RabGAPs). Major changes are associated with endosomal and late exocytic pathways, consistent with the diversity in surface proteomes between trypanosomatids and mechanisms of interaction with the host. Along with the conserved core family proteins, several lineage-specific members of the Rab (but not SNARE) family were found. Significantly, testing predictions of SNARE complex composition by proteomics confirms generalised retention of function across eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Venkatesh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PQ, UK
| | - Cordula Boehm
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lael D Barlow
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Nerissa N Nankissoor
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Amanda O'Reilly
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PQ, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 6JP, UK
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Mark C Field
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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12
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Manna PT, Obado SO, Boehm C, Gadelha C, Sali A, Chait BT, Rout MP, Field MC. Lineage-specific proteins essential for endocytosis in trypanosomes. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1379-1392. [PMID: 28232524 PMCID: PMC5399782 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the most evolutionarily ancient endocytic mechanism known, and in many lineages the sole mechanism for internalisation. Significantly, in mammalian cells CME is responsible for the vast bulk of endocytic flux and has likely undergone multiple adaptations to accommodate specific requirements by individual species. In African trypanosomes, we previously demonstrated that CME is independent of the AP-2 adaptor protein complex, that orthologues to many of the animal and fungal CME protein cohort are absent, and that a novel, trypanosome-restricted protein cohort interacts with clathrin and drives CME. Here, we used a novel cryomilling affinity isolation strategy to preserve transient low-affinity interactions, giving the most comprehensive trypanosome clathrin interactome to date. We identified the trypanosome AP-1 complex, Trypanosoma brucei (Tb)EpsinR, several endosomal SNAREs plus orthologues of SMAP and the AP-2 associated kinase AAK1 as interacting with clathrin. Novel lineage-specific proteins were identified, which we designate TbCAP80 and TbCAP141. Their depletion produced extensive defects in endocytosis and endomembrane system organisation, revealing a novel molecular pathway subtending an early-branching and highly divergent form of CME, which is conserved and likely functionally important across the kinetoplastid parasites. Summary: Endocytosis is a vital process in most cells, and here we identify important proteins required for this process in trypanosomes. Significantly, these are unique and not present in animals, fungi or plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Manna
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Samson O Obado
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cordula Boehm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Andrej Sali
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michael P Rout
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
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13
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Shanmugam SK, Kumar K, Singh PK, Rastogi R, Mukhopadhyay A. Single GDP-dissociation Inhibitor Protein regulates endocytic and secretory pathways in Leishmania. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37058. [PMID: 27841328 PMCID: PMC5107955 DOI: 10.1038/srep37058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) protein in regulation of Rab cycle in Leishmania is not known. Here, we have cloned and characterized the functions of GDI homologue in vivo in Leishmania. Our results have shown that LdGDI:WT along with GDP removes the Rab5 from purified endosomes and inhibits the homotypic fusion between early endosomes. Whereas, LdGDI:R239A, a dominant negative mutant of GDI, under the same condition neither removes the Rab5 from endosome nor inhibits fusion. To determine the role of Ld-GDI in vivo, transgenic parasites overexpressing GFP-LdGDI:WT or GFP-LdGDI:R239A, are co-expressed with RFP-LdRab5:WT, RFP-LdRab7:WT or RFP-LdRab1:WT. Our results have shown that overexpression of GFP-LdGDI:WT extracts the RFP-LdRab5, RFP-LdRab7 or RFP-LdRab1 from their discrete endomembrane predominantly into cytosol. No change in the distribution of indicated Rabs is detected with overexpression of GFP-LdGDI:R239A. To determine the functional significance, we have used hemoglobin as an endocytic marker and gp63 as a marker for secretory pathway. We have found that overexpression of GFP-LdGDI:WT enhances the lysosomal targeting of internalized hemoglobin and the secretion of gp63 in the parasites possibly by triggering Rab cycle. This is the first demonstration of a single GDI ubiquitously regulating both endocytic and secretory pathways in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pawan Kishor Singh
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ruchir Rastogi
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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14
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Rastogi R, Verma JK, Kapoor A, Langsley G, Mukhopadhyay A. Rab5 Isoforms Specifically Regulate Different Modes of Endocytosis in Leishmania. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14732-46. [PMID: 27226564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential functions of Rab5 isoforms in endocytosis are not well characterized. Here, we cloned, expressed, and characterized Rab5a and Rab5b from Leishmania and found that both of them are localized in the early endosome. To understand the role of LdRab5 isoforms in different modes of endocytosis in Leishmania, we generated transgenic parasites overexpressing LdRab5a, LdRab5b, or their dominant-positive (LdRab5a:Q93L and LdRab5b:Q80L) or dominant-negative mutants (LdRab5a:N146I and LdRab5b:N133I). Using LdRab5a or its mutants overexpressing parasites, we found that LdRab5a specifically regulates the fluid-phase endocytosis of horseradish peroxidase and also specifically induced the transport of dextran-Texas Red to the lysosomes. In contrast, cells overexpressing LdRab5b or its mutants showed that LdRab5b explicitly controls receptor-mediated endocytosis of hemoglobin, and overexpression of LdRab5b:WT enhanced the transport of internalized Hb to the lysosomes in comparison with control cells. To unequivocally demonstrate the role of Rab5 isoforms in endocytosis in Leishmania, we tried to generate null-mutants of LdRab5a and LdRab5b parasites, but both were lethal indicating their essential functions in parasites. Therefore, we used heterozygous LdRab5a(+/-) and LdRab5b(+/-) cells. LdRab5a(+/-) Leishmania showed 50% inhibition of HRP uptake, but hemoglobin endocytosis was uninterrupted. In contrast, about 50% inhibition of Hb endocytosis was observed in LdRab5b(+/-) cells without any significant effect on HRP uptake. Finally, we tried to identify putative LdRab5a and LdRab5b effectors. We found that LdRab5b interacts with clathrin heavy chain and hemoglobin receptor. However, LdRab5a failed to interact with the clathrin heavy chain, and interaction with hemoglobin receptor was significantly less. Thus, our results showed that LdRab5a and LdRab5b differentially regulate fluid phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Rastogi
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
| | - Anjali Kapoor
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
| | - Gordon Langsley
- the INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
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15
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Manna PT, Gadelha C, Puttick AE, Field MC. ENTH and ANTH domain proteins participate in AP2-independent clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2130-42. [PMID: 25908855 PMCID: PMC4450294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a major route of entry into eukaryotic cells. A core of evolutionarily ancient genes encodes many components of this system but much of our mechanistic understanding of CME is derived from a phylogenetically narrow sampling of a few model organisms. In the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which is distantly related to the better characterised animals and fungi, exceptionally fast endocytic turnover aids its evasion of the host immune system. Although clathrin is absolutely essential for this process, the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2) has been secondarily lost, suggesting mechanistic divergence. Here, we characterise two phosphoinositide-binding monomeric clathrin adaptors, T. brucei (Tb)EpsinR and TbCALM, which in trypanosomes are represented by single genes, unlike the expansions present in animals and fungi. Depletion of these gene products reveals essential, but partially redundant, activities in CME. Ultrastructural analysis of TbCALM and TbEpsinR double-knockdown cells demonstrated severe defects to clathrin-coated pit formation and morphology associated with a dramatic inhibition of endocytosis. Depletion of TbCALM alone, however, produced a distinct lysosomal segregation phenotype, indicating an additional non-redundant role for this protein. Therefore, TbEpsinR and TbCALM represent ancient phosphoinositide-binding proteins with distinct and vital roles in AP2-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Manna
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Amy E Puttick
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Mark C Field
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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