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Martinez-Rojano H, Huerta H, Sámano R, Chico-Barba G, Mier-Cabrera J, Plascencia-Nieto ES. Ophthalmomyiasis Externa and Importance of Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis: Review of the Medical Literature. Diseases 2023; 11:180. [PMID: 38131986 PMCID: PMC10743177 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to describe and compare the risk factors, clinical course, diagnosis, and parasitologic features of external ophthalmomyiasis. We also discuss the different preventive measures and the effect of global warming in a large case series reported from January 2000 to December 2022. METHODS We perform a literature review of reported cases of external ophthalmomyiasis to determine the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, and information on the organisms that most commonly cause external ophthalmomyiasis. RESULTS A total of 312 cases of external ophthalmomyiasis were recorded. The most common causative organism was Oestrus ovis (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Oestridae), accounting for 72.1% of cases, followed by Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr. in Pallas, 1781) (Diptera: Oestridae) at 5.4%, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%, and Chrysomyia bezziana (Villeneuve) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 0.96%. Before experiencing symptoms, 43.6% of cases reported having direct contact with flies or being hit in the eye, 33% reported no associated risk factors, 9.3% reported living with sheep and goats, and 7.7% reported a history of foreign objects entering the eye. The most common symptoms for those affected by O. ovis were sudden onset, including a foreign body sensation and movement, redness, tearing, itching, swelling, irritation, photophobia, burning, and ocular secretion. In cases caused by D. hominis, symptoms included eyelid edema, pain, redness, itching, movement within the lesion, ocular irritation, and discharge. Regarding occupational or recreational activity, agriculture, and livestock had the highest incidence, followed by trades and technical activities, being a student, and having traveled to an endemic region for work or recreation. CONCLUSION Patients with red eyes may suffer from external ophthalmomyiasis, which requires a thorough examination to diagnose and treat it early. Moreover, as the temperature increases due to climate change, it is essential to consider how this will affect the spread of different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Martinez-Rojano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
- Coordinación de Medicina Laboral, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Francisco de P. Miranda No. 177, Colonia Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México 01480, Mexico
| | - Herón Huerta
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Francisco de P. Miranda No. 177, Colonia Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Ciudad de México 01480, Mexico;
| | - Reyna Sámano
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (R.S.); (G.C.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (R.S.); (G.C.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Jennifer Mier-Cabrera
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (R.S.); (G.C.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Estibeyesbo Said Plascencia-Nieto
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
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Wolek M, Tourmouzis K, Garcia A, Byrd J, Weissbart S, Boyle N, Honkanen R. A case of facultative ophthalmomyiasis externa due to Calliphoridae and review of the literature. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2023; 30:101822. [PMID: 36915894 PMCID: PMC10006714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2023.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe a case of bilateral facultative ophthalmomyiasis externa due to Calliphoridae in a 30-year-old male assault victim at a suburban hospital in New York and review the relevant literature. Observations An adult male was found to have maggot infestation of both eyes and severe secondary injury to the left cornea and ocular surface. He was treated with manual larvae removal, oral ivermectin, broad spectrum IV antibiotics, and topical antibiotics. Anterior segment reconstruction was required. Conclusions and importance We report the first case of ophthalmomyiasis due to Calliphoridae in the United States and document the vision threatening potential of this rare condition. Timely examination by an ophthalmologist with early debridement may help prevent vision-threatening sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolek
- Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8430, USA
| | | | - Armando Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Hospital, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8430, USA
| | - Jason Byrd
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah Weissbart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Hospital, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8430, USA
| | - Nariman Boyle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Hospital, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8430, USA
| | - Robert Honkanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Hospital, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8430, USA
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Chiang HH, Sandhu RK, Baynham J, Wilson DJ, Lauer AK. A case of ophthalmomyiasis interna in the Pacific Northwest. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2017; 6:11-14. [PMID: 29260045 PMCID: PMC5722140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We report a case of ophthalmomyiasis interna successfully removed in toto with pars plana vitrectomy. OBSERVATIONS An 84-year-old woman with recent close contact with lambs presented with a new floater. Examination revealed subretinal tracks pathognomonic for ophthalmomyiasis and a larva suspended in the vitreous. The larva was successfully removed in toto with pars plana vitrectomy by aspiration through the vitreous cutter. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE Aspiration with pars plana vitrectomy can be considered a primary therapeutic modality for botfly larvae suspended in the vitreous. In our case, in toto removal of the larvae reduced the risk of inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homer H. Chiang
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Given Box 16, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Rasanamar K. Sandhu
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Clackamas Eye Care, 12100 Se Stevens Ct Ste 106, Portland, OR 97086, USA
| | - Justin Baynham
- Retina Consultants of Salem, 2450 12th St SE Salem, OR 97302, USA
| | - David J. Wilson
- Oregon Health and Science University, Casey Eye Institute, 3375 SW Terwilliger Blvd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andreas K. Lauer
- Oregon Health and Science University, Casey Eye Institute, 3375 SW Terwilliger Blvd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Vanin S, Bonizzoli M, Migliaccio ML, Buoninsegni LT, Bugelli V, Pinchi V, Focardi M. A Case of Insect Colonization Before the Death. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1665-1667. [PMID: 28261793 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science in which insects are used as evidence in legal investigations relating to humans, domestic animals and wildlife. One of the theoretical pillars on which the discipline is based concerns the fact that flies colonize a body after death. However in cases of myiasis, maggots are present before death, with consequences in the correct estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (mPMI). We report here the case of a woman, largely colonized by fly larvae, who has lain alive in her garden for four days prior to being rescued. Larvae were found on the conjunctivae, the bronchi, the rectum and vagina. The woman's death, two months later, was caused by tetanus. The consequences of myiasis on mPMI estimation are here discussed. In fact, despite she was still alive larvae, indicated and estimated age of 1.5-2.5 days, based on environmental and body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vanin
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Manuela Bonizzoli
- Department of Neuromusculoskeletal and Sensory Organs, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Migliaccio
- Department of Neuromusculoskeletal and Sensory Organs, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Tadini Buoninsegni
- Department of Neuromusculoskeletal and Sensory Organs, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Bugelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Forensic Medicine Section, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Vilma Pinchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Forensic Medicine Section, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Focardi
- Department of Health Sciences, Forensic Medicine Section, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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Das D, Ramachandra V, Islam S, Bhattacharjee H, Biswas J, Koul A, Deka P, Deka A. Update on pathology of ocular parasitic disease. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 64:794-802. [PMID: 27958200 PMCID: PMC5200979 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.195590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are a group of eukaryotic organisms that may be free-living or form a symbiotic or parasitic relationship with the hosts. Consisting of over 800,000 recognized species, parasites may be unicellular (Protozoa) or multicellular (helminths and arthropods). The association of parasites with human population started long before the emergence of civilization. Parasitic zoonotic diseases are prevalent worldwide including India. Appropriate epidemiological data are lacking on existing zoonotic parasitic diseases, and newer diseases are emerging in our scenario. Systemic diseases such as cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, hydatidosis, and toxoplasmosis are fairly common. Acquired Toxoplasma infections are rising in immune-deficient individuals. Amongst the ocular parasitic diseases, various protozoas such as Cystoidea, trematodes, tissue flagellates, sporozoas etc. affect humans in general and eyes in particular, in different parts of the world. These zoonoses seem to be a real health related problem globally. Recent intensification of research throughout the world has led to specialization in biological fields, creating a conducive situation for researchers interested in this subject. The basics of parasitology lie in morphology, pathology, and with recent updates in molecular parasitology, the scope has extended further. The current review is to address the recent update in ophthalmic parasites with special reference to pathology and give a glimpse of further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Das
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Uveitis and Neuro-Ophthalmology Services, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Varsha Ramachandra
- Clinical and Pathology Service, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Saidul Islam
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Harsha Bhattacharjee
- Clinical and Pathology Service, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Jyotirmay Biswas
- Department of L and T, Ocular Pathology and Uveitis Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akanksha Koul
- Clinical and Pathology Service, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Panna Deka
- Clinical and Pathology Service, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Apurba Deka
- Clinical and Pathology Service, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Kim YH, Yoon KC, Choi W. A Case of Recurrent External Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by Lucilia sericataMeigen in a Healthy Patient. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2016.57.4.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hui Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Won Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Abstract
Myiasis, the infestation of tissues of live humans and other vertebrate animals with dipteran larvae (maggots), is a phenomenon of widespread occurrence throughout the tropical regions of the world. It is commonly seen in domestic and wild animals but occurs rarely in man also. The tissue invasion in man by maggots is generally a well-recognized complication of neglected wounds. The condition may be asymptomatic but occasionally results in more or less severe problems and even death when larvae invade body cavities or areas that forbid their direct visual examination. Many cases of myiasis, however, usually do not reach the attention of medical practitioners because of the tendency of the mature larvae to migrate out of the lesion for pupation. In the present study, the authors reviewed the past literature describing the cases of human myiasis, causative fly species and predisposing factors for the onset of the same. The aim of the present manuscript is to provide a database for the future reference of medical entomologists, medical practitioners and veterinarians. Review of literature revealed that 37 fly species belonging to ten families were responsible worldwide for the onset of human myiasis. The incidence of myiasis among humans can be correlated to increasing fly populations, poor hygienic conditions and presence of domestic animals in the close vicinity. Other factors responsible for myiasis include neglected open wounds and foul-smelling discharge from natural body openings. Moreover, ignorance plays a key role in its occurrence since people are generally unaware about the actual cause and often correlate the condition to their superstitious beliefs. It is emphasized that the patients should not neglect their wounds and should take proper medical care; otherwise, myiasis may supervene.
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