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Vital WDS, Santos FJDA, Gonçalves MLF, Wyrepkowski CDC, Ramasawmy R, Furtado SDC. Influence of the presence of mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms on the occurrence of leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:298-306. [PMID: 35331599 PMCID: PMC9133304 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is caused by an intracellular protozoan of the Leishmania genus. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum complement protein and recognizes lipoprotein antigens in protozoa and the bacterial plasma membrane. Nucleotide variants in the promoter region and exon 1 of the MBL gene can influence its expression or change its molecular structure. Objective To evaluate, through a systematic review, case-control studies of the genetic association of variants in the MBL2 gene and the risk of developing leishmaniasis. Methods This review carried out a search in PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Lilacs databases for case-control publications with six polymorphisms in the mannose-binding Lectin gene. The following strategy was used: P = Patients at risk of leishmaniasis; I = Presence of polymorphisms; C = Absence of polymorphisms; O = Occurrence of leishmaniasis. Four case/control studies consisting of 791 patients with leishmaniasis and 967 healthy subjects (Control) are included in this meta-analysis. The association of variants in the mannose-binding Lectin gene and leishmaniasis under the allelic genetic model, -550 (Hvs. L), -221 (X vs. Y), +4 (Q vs. P), CD52 (A vs. D), CD54 (A vs. B), CD57 (A vs. C) and A/O genotype (A vs. O) was evaluated. International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42020201755. Results The meta-analysis results for any allelic genetic model showed no significant association for the variants within the promoter, the untranslated region, and exon 1, as well as for the wild-type A allele and mutant allele O with leishmaniasis. Study limitations Caution should be exercised when interpreting these results, as they are based on a few studies, which show divergent results when analyzed separately. Conclusions This meta-analysis showed a non-significant association between the rs11003125, rs7096206, rs7095891, rs5030737, rs1800450, and rs1800451 polymorphisms of the Mannose-binding Lectin gene and leishmaniasis in any allelic and heterogeneous evaluation.
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Human genetic polymorphism and Leishmaniasis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105203. [PMID: 34990851 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease of the subtropical and tropical spheres of the earth and has various clinical manifestations. The different form of leishmaniasis includes cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, most lethal visceral leishmaniasis and PKDL form. These different forms depend on many factors such as parasite and vector species, geographical, environmental conditions and population ethnicity. Host genetic factors have been widely investigated for their role in developing the disease in various infections. There are several reports on associations or resistance between candidate gene polymorphisms and the risk and outcome of Leishmania infection. Polymorphism in genes involved in both innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as genes of metabolic processes contributes to disease manifestation. The wide availability and advancement of molecular techniques permits to exploration of hereditary factors related to leishmaniasis. Many candidate gene studies were conducted on family-based and population to identify novel biomarkers for understanding disease pathogenesis pathways and possible drug targets. This comprehensive review presents an update on various human genes polymorphism that influence the outcome of different forms of Leishmania infection in endemic regions of the world. Various electronic databases were searched systematically for relevant publications and thoroughly analyzed. Most of the candidate gene studies were found with discrepancies in findings. Genetic and functional studies with adequate power are needed to validate the contribution of host genes in susceptibility or resistance towards Leishmania infection and understanding pathogenesis.
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Tirado TC, Moura LL, Shigunov P, Figueiredo FB. Methodological Appraisal of Literature Concerning the Analysis of Genetic Variants or Protein Levels of Complement Components on Susceptibility to Infection by Trypanosomatids: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780810. [PMID: 34899745 PMCID: PMC8656155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomatids are protozoa responsible for a wide range of diseases, with emphasis on Chagas Disease (CD) and Leishmaniasis, which are in the list of most relevant Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) according to World Health Organization (WHO). During the infectious process, immune system is immediately activated, and parasites can invade nucleated cells through a broad diversity of receptors. The complement system − through classical, alternative and lectin pathways − plays a role in the first line of defense against these pathogens, acting in opsonization, phagocytosis and lysis of parasites. Genetic modifications in complement genes, such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), can influence host susceptibility to these parasites and modulate protein expression. Methods In March and April 2021, a literature search was conducted at the PubMed and Google Scholar databases and the reference lists obtained were verified. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the selected studies were evaluated and scored according to eleven established criteria regarding their thematic approach and design, aiming at the good quality of publications. Results Twelve papers were included in this systematic review: seven investigating CD and five focusing on Leishmaniasis. Most articles presented gene and protein approaches, careful determination of experimental groups, and adequate choice of experimental techniques, although several of them were not up-to-date. Ten studies explored the association of polymorphisms and haplotypes with disease progression, with emphasis on lectin complement pathway genes. Decreased and increased patient serum protein levels were associated with susceptibility to CD and Visceral Leishmaniasis, respectively. Conclusion This systematic review shows the influence of genetic alterations in complement genes on the progression of several infectious diseases, with a focus on conditions caused by trypanosomatids, and contributes suggestions and evidence to improve experimental design in future research proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Tirado
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Larine Lowry Moura
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Shigunov
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células-Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil
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Sun J, Gao L, Huang S, Wang L, Yang W, Zhang T, Jin Y, Song L. CLec-TM1-ERK-GSK3β Pathway Regulates Vibrio splendidus-Induced IL-17 Production in Oyster. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:640-650. [PMID: 34193596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectins are a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbial components and subsequently activate the signaling cascade to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In the current study, the homologs of ERK (named as CgERK) and GSK3β (named as CgGSK3β) and a novel C-type lectin with a transmembrane domain (named as CgCLec-TM1) were identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas CgCLec-TM1 was able to bind Escherichia coli and Vibrio splendidus through its carbohydrate recognition domain and then activated CgERK by inducing its phosphorylation. The activated CgERK interacted with CgGSK3β to phosphorylate it at Ser9, which eventually induced the expressions of CgIL-17-1 and CgIL-17-5. The interaction between CgERK and CgGSK3β, as well as the phosphorylation of CgGSK3β, could be inhibited by ERK inhibitor (PD98059) to reduce the expressions of CgIL-17-1 and CgIL-17-5. CgGSK3β in oyster was proposed as a new substrate of CgERK. The results defined a CLec-TM1-ERK-GSK3β signaling pathway in oyster, which was activated by V. splendidus and then induced CgIL-17 productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Shu Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, China; and.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingnan Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, China; and
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Mishra A, Sundaravadivel P, Tripathi SK, Jha RK, Badrukhiya J, Basak N, Anerao I, Sharma A, Idowu AE, Mishra A, Pandey S, Kumar U, Singh S, Nizamuddin S, Tupperwar NC, Jha AN, Thangaraj K. Variations in macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene are not associated with visceral leishmaniasis in India. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:380-387. [PMID: 30611734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host genetic factors play important role in determining the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important host cytokine, which is a key regulator of innate immune system. Genetic variants in MIF gene have been found to be associated with several inflammatory and infectious diseases. Role of MIF is well documented in leishmaniasis diseases, including Indian visceral leishmaniasis, where elevated level of serum MIF has been associated with VL phenotypes. However, there was no genetic study to correlate MIF variants in VL, therefore, we aimed to study the possible association of three reported MIF gene variants -794 CATT, -173G > C and non-coding RNA gene LOC284889 in Indian VL phenotype. METHODS Study subjects comprised of 214 VL patients along with ethnically and demographically matched 220 controls from VL endemic regions of Bihar state in India. RESULTS We found no significant difference between cases and controls in allelic, genotypic and haplotype frequency of the markers analysed [-794 CATT repeats (χ2=0.86; p=0.35; OR=0.85; 95% CI=0.61-1.19); -173 G>C polymorphism (χ2=1.11; p=0.29; OR=0.83; 95% CI=0.59-1.16); and LOC284889 (χ2=0.78; p=0.37; OR=0.86; 95% CI=0.61-1.20)]. CONCLUSION Since we did not find any significant differences between case and control groups, we conclude that sequencing of complete MIF gene and extensive study on innate and adaptive immunity genes may help in identifying genetic variations that are associated with VL susceptibility/resistance among Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Mishra
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Vinoba Bhave Research Institute, Allahabad, India; Institute of Advanced Materials, Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rajan Kumar Jha
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Nipa Basak
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - Isha Anerao
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akshay Sharma
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ajayi Ebenezer Idowu
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Osun State University, Oshogbo, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Umesh Kumar
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sakshi Singh
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Aditya Nath Jha
- CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
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Verma S, Mandal A, Ansari MY, Kumar A, Abhishek K, Ghosh AK, Kumar A, Kumar V, Das S, Das P. Leishmania donovani Inhibitor of Serine Peptidases 2 Mediated Inhibition of Lectin Pathway and Upregulation of C5aR Signaling Promote Parasite Survival inside Host. Front Immunol 2018; 9:63. [PMID: 29434593 PMCID: PMC5796892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of Indian visceral leishmaniasis has to face several barriers of the immune system inside the mammalian host for its survival. The complement system is one of the first barriers and consists of a well-balanced network of proteases including S1A family serine proteases (SPs). Inhibitor of serine peptidases (ISPs) is considered as inhibitor of S1A family serine peptidases and is reported to be present in trypanosomes, including Leishmania. In our previous study, we have deciphered the role of ISPs [LdISP1 and L. donovani inhibitor of serine peptidases 2 (LdISP2)] in the survival of L. donovani inside the sandfly midgut. However, the role of theses ISPs in the survival of L. donovani inside mammalian host still remains elusive. In the present study, we have deciphered the inhibitory effect of LdISPs on the host complement S1A serine peptidases, such as C1r/C1s and MASP1/MASP2. Our study suggested that although both rLdISP1 and rLdISP2 inferred strong interaction with C1complex and MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) but rLdISP2 showed the stronger inhibitory effect on MASP2 than rLdISP1. Moreover, we found that rLdISP2 significantly reduces the formation of C3, C5 convertase, and membrane attacking complex (MAC) by lectin pathway (LP) resulting in significant reduction in serum mediated lysis of the parasites. The role of LdISP2 on neutrophil elastase-mediated C5aR signaling was also evaluated. Notably, our results showed that infection of macrophages with ISP2-overexpressed Leishmania parasites significantly induces the expression of C5aR both at the transcript and translational level. Simultaneously, infection with ISP2KD parasites results in downregulation of host PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and increased in IL-12 production. Taken together, our findings clearly suggest that LdISP2 promotes parasite survival inside host by inhibiting MAC formation and complement-mediated lysis via LP and by upregulation of C5aR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Md Yousuf Ansari
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Ambala, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
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Dang Y, Meng X, Wang S, Li L, Zhang M, Hu M, Xu X, Shen Y, Lv L, Wang R, Li J. Mannose-binding lectin and its roles in immune responses in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:367-376. [PMID: 29129586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial component of the innate immune system that links innate and adaptive immunity via four pathways. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), the initiating molecule of the lectin pathway, plays a significant role in the innate immune system in mammals and fish. Herein, we identified an MBL homolog (gcMBL) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full-length 948 bp gcMBL cDNA includes a 741 bp open reading frame encoding a 246 amino acid protein with a signal peptide, collagen triple helix repeat domain, and a C-type lectin-like/link domain. The gcMBL protein shares low similarity with MBL counterparts in other species, and is most closely related to Cyprinus carpio MBL. Transcription of gcMBL was widely distributed in different tissues, and was induced by Aeromonas hydrophila in vivo and in vitro. Expression of gcMBL was also affected by LPS and flagellin stimulation in vitro. In cells over-expressing gcMBL, transcripts of almost all components except gcC5 were up-regulated, and gcMBL, gcIL1β, gcTNF-α, gcIFN, gcCD59, gcC5aR and gcITGβ-2 were significantly up-regulated following exposure to A. hydrophila or stimulation by bacterial PAMPs. Meanwhile, gcMBL deficiency achieved by RNAi down-regulated transcript levels following A. hydrophila challenge, and gcMBL induced NF-κB signalling. These findings indicate a vital role of gcMBL in innate immunity in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Xinzhan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shentong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lisen Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Moyan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liqun Lv
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Suzhou Shenhang Eco-technology Development Limited Company, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Pilely K, Garred P. Evasion Mechanisms Used by Pathogens to Escape the Lectin Complement Pathway. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 28553281 PMCID: PMC5427104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial defensive network that protects the host against invading pathogens. It is part of the innate immune system and can be initiated via three pathways: the lectin, classical and alternative activation pathway. Overall the network compiles a group of recognition molecules that bind specific patterns on microbial surfaces, a group of associated proteases that initiates the complement cascade, and a group of proteins that interact in proteolytic complexes or the terminal pore-forming complex. In addition, various regulatory proteins are important for controlling the level of activity. The result is a pro-inflammatory response meant to combat foreign microbes. Microbial elimination is, however, not a straight forward procedure; pathogens have adapted to their environment by evolving a collection of evasion mechanisms that circumvent the human complement system. Complement evasion strategies features different ways of exploiting human complement proteins and moreover features different pathogen-derived proteins that interfere with the normal processes. Accumulated, these mechanisms target all three complement activation pathways as well as the final common part of the cascade. This review will cover the currently known lectin pathway evasion mechanisms and give examples of pathogens that operate these to increase their chance of invasion, survival and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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Mannose-Binding Lectin: Biologic Characteristics and Role in the Susceptibility to Infections and Ischemia-Reperfusion Related Injury in Critically Ill Neonates. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:7045630. [PMID: 28246614 PMCID: PMC5299167 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7045630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a member of the collectin family, belonging to the innate immunity system. Genetic, biologic, and clinical properties of MBL have been widely investigated throughout the last decades, although some interesting aspects of its potential clinical relevance are still poorly understood. Low circulating concentrations of MBL have been associated with increased risk of infection and poor neurologic outcome in neonates. On the other hand, an excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory response by the neonatal intestine after the exposure to luminal bacteria, leading to an increased production of MBL, may be involved in the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about genetic and biologic characteristics of MBL and its role in the susceptibility to infections and to ischemia-reperfusion related tissue injuries to better explore its clinical relevance during the perinatal period and the possible future therapeutic applications.
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