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Carvalho Junior GM, Alves LC, Horta MC, Peixoto RM. High prevalence of pathogenic Eimeria spp. and the main risk factors associated with infection in goats from a semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:367. [PMID: 37864598 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of infections caused by Eimeria spp. in goats bred in an extensive production system in Northeast Brazil. To this end, an epidemiological survey was performed, wherein 350 fecal samples were collected from goats ranging from 3 months to 8 years old across 30 farms. The number of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) was counted using the Mini-FLOTAC method. Species were identified based on their morphological and morphometric characteristics. Frequencies between animal categories were assessed using the chi-square test and known risk factors after multivariate analysis. Eimeria oocysts were found in 99.4% (346/348) of samples and 100% (30/30) of the farms. The OPG was influenced by the age of the animals; therefore, young goats (up to 6 months old) eliminated more oocysts (2302.6 + 5454.8) than adult goats (881.7 + 1551.5). Three pathogenic species were identified, with two demonstrating a high prevalence: Eimeria arloingi (88.83%) and Eimeria christenseni (44.7%), in addition to Eimeria caprina (3.72%). In the study, the habit of ground feeding and the use of cisterns as water sources were identified as risk factors, with odds ratios of 4.04 and 9.82, respectively. However, cleaning facilities at shorter intervals was a protective factor (OR = 0.19). We concluded that there was a high prevalence of Eimeria infection in goats bred in extensive production systems, even those in semiarid regions. This high prevalence can be attributed to the congregation of animals in shaded areas and the substantial accumulation of fecal matter at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Carvalho Junior
- Agricultural Defense Agency of the State of Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, 56306-260, Brazil
| | - L C Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - M C Horta
- Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of the San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, 56300-000, Brazil
| | - R M Peixoto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Sertão de Pernambuco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, 56302-970, Brazil.
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Transcending Dimensions in Apicomplexan Research: from Two-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cultures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0002522. [PMID: 35412359 PMCID: PMC9199416 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00025-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum are among the most successful pathogens known in nature. They can infect a wide range of hosts, often remain undetected by the immune system, and cause acute and chronic illness. In this phylum, we can find parasites of human and veterinary health relevance, such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria. There are still many unknowns about the biology of these pathogens due to the ethical and practical issues of performing research in their natural hosts. Animal models are often difficult or nonexistent, and as a result, there are apicomplexan life cycle stages that have not been studied. One recent alternative has been the use of three-dimensional (3D) systems such as organoids, 3D scaffolds with different matrices, microfluidic devices, organs-on-a-chip, and other tissue culture models. These 3D systems have facilitated and expanded the research of apicomplexans, allowing us to explore life stages that were previously out of reach and experimental procedures that were practically impossible to perform in animal models. Human- and animal-derived 3D systems can be obtained from different organs, allowing us to model host-pathogen interactions for diagnostic methods and vaccine development, drug testing, exploratory biology, and other applications. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the use of 3D systems applied to apicomplexans. We show the wide array of strategies that have been successfully used so far and apply them to explore other organisms that have been less studied.
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Diao NC, Zhao B, Chen Y, Wang Q, Chen ZY, Yang Y, Sun YH, Shi JF, Li JM, Shi K, Gong QL, Du R. Prevalence of Eimeria Spp. Among Goats in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:806085. [PMID: 35310846 PMCID: PMC8924409 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.806085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. infection can cause weight loss in goats, and severe cases can lead to the death of lambs, resulting in economic losses to the goat industry. To explore the pooled prevalence of Eimeria spp. in goats in China, we obtained 70 related publications from five databases and conducted a meta-analysis. In China, the combined prevalence of Eimeria spp. in goats was 78.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 68.15–87.67). Among them, the most serious infections occurred in Northeast China (88.0%, 95% CI: 83.54–91.86). The main Eimeria species were E. alijevi (43.7%, 95% CI: 29.53–58.45), E. arloingi (49.7%, 95% CI: 34.83–64.49), E. christenseni (41.2%, 95% CI: 27.07–56.16), and E. ninakohlyakimovae (35.9%, 95% CI: 21.02–52.31). In the sampling year subgroup, 2006 or later presented a lower prevalence (75.3%, 95%CI: 58.72–88.72). In terms of age, the point estimate for young goats (≤ 1 year) was higher (89.9%, 95% CI: 80.82–96.48). The Float (NaCl) method showed the lowest prevalence of Eimeria spp. in goats (75.9%, 95%CI: 62.00–87.46). In the season subgroup, the highest prevalence was in summer (81.5%, 95%CI: 49.62–99.18). Female goats presented a higher prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection than male goats (70.7%, 95%CI: 27.90–98.96). The prevalence was lower in the intensive feeding model (77.4%, 95%CI: 66.56–86.67) and higher in free feeding goats (79.4%, 95%CI: 66.46–89.92). In addition, we also analyzed the potential relationship between geographical factors and the prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection in goats in China. Our findings suggested that Eimeria spp. infection in goats is widespread in China. Despite the overall downward trend, this infection cannot be ignored. We recommend that breeders use anticoccidial drugs to prevent and treat this disease, while improving the feeding conditions and managemental practices to reduce the economic losses caused by Eimeria infection to the goat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing City, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Zi-Yang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Jun-Feng Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Shi, ; Qing-Long Gong, ; Rui Du,
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Shi, ; Qing-Long Gong, ; Rui Du,
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Shi, ; Qing-Long Gong, ; Rui Du,
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López-Osorio S, Silva LMR, Chaparro-Gutierréz JJ, Velásquez ZD, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Optimized excystation protocol for ruminant Eimeria bovis- and Eimeria arloingi-sporulated oocysts and first 3D holotomographic microscopy analysis of differing sporozoite egress. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102068. [PMID: 32006675 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful excystation of sporulated Eimeria spp. oocysts is an important step to acquire large numbers of viable sporozoites for molecular, biochemical, immunological and in vitro experiments for detailed studies on complex host cell-parasite interactions. An improved method for excystation of sporulated oocysts and collection of infective E. bovis- and E. arloingi-sporozoites is here described. Eimeria spp. oocysts were treated for at least 20 h with sterile 0.02 M L-cysteine HCl/0.2 M NaHCO3 solution at 37 °C in 100% CO2 atmosphere. The last oocyst treatment was performed with a 0.4% trypsin 8% sterile bovine bile excystation solution, which disrupted oocyst walls with consequent activation of sporozoites within oocyst circumplasm, thereby releasing up to 90% of sporozoites in approximately 2 h of incubation (37 °C) with a 1:3 (oocysts:sporozoites) ratio. Free-released sporozoites were filtered in order to remove rests of oocysts, sporocysts and non-sporulated oocysts. Furthermore, live cell imaging 3D holotomographic microscopy (Nanolive®) analysis allowed visualization of differing sporozoite egress strategies. Sporozoites of both species were up to 99% viable, highly motile, capable of active host cell invasion and further development into trophozoite- as well as macroment-development in primary bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells (BUVEC). Sporozoites obtained by this new excystation protocol were cleaner at the time point of exposure of BUVEC monolayers and thus benefiting from the non-activation status of these highly immunocompetent cells through debris. Alongside, this protocol improved former described methods by being is less expensive, faster, accessible for all labs with minimum equipment, and without requirement of neither expensive buffer solutions nor sophisticated instruments such as ultracentrifuges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara López-Osorio
- Veterinary Medicine School, CIBAV Investigation Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050034, Colombia; Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jenny J Chaparro-Gutierréz
- Veterinary Medicine School, CIBAV Investigation Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050034, Colombia
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Trejo-Huitrón G, Bautista-Gómez LG, Martínez-Castañeda JS, Romero-Núñez C, Trejo-Castro L, Espinosa-Ayala E. Morphological characterization and first molecular identification of the eleven Eimeria species that infect sheep from Mexico. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:115-122. [PMID: 31836920 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Within livestock production, enteric diseases play an important role, since they cause severe economic losses due to mortality, growth depression, and reduction in the conversion rate. Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp. is a parasitic disease of high morbidity that affects various animal species, including sheep. In sheep, eleven species of Eimeria have been identified mainly through microscopical identification of the oocysts; however, this technique has certain limitations that make it difficult to identify the different Eimeria species. The objective of the present study was to morphologically identify the eleven species of Eimeria that infect sheep in the southeastern region of the State of Mexico, as well as obtain the partial sequence of the ITS-1 rRNA region of each species and analyze it phylogenetically. A total of 412 samples were collected from the 13 municipalities that comprise the region I of the State of Mexico, out of which, 40 had approximately 80% of a single Eimeria species. Among these, the eleven Eimeria species reported in sheep were identified. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the species reported in this study are associated with those reported in rabbits, bovines, and birds. It is suggested that the phylogenetic division of sheep in two clades may be associated with the presence or absence of the residual body. It is proposed that the present methodology can be used effectively for diagnosis and to obtain information about the epidemiology of ovine coccidial infection. The results obtained in this study constitute the first report of the ITS-1 region of the eleven Eimeria species that infect sheep worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Trejo-Huitrón
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Linda G Bautista-Gómez
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - J Simón Martínez-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera de Cuota Toluca-Atlacomulco, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Camilo Romero-Núñez
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Lauro Trejo-Castro
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Centro Nacional de Servicios de Constatación en Salud Animal, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca - Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso Morelos, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Enrique Espinosa-Ayala
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km. 2.5 Carretera Amecameca - Ayapango, Amecameca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Concomitant in vitro development of Eimeria zuernii- and Eimeria bovis-macromeronts in primary host endothelial cells. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:742-750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Associated risk factors influencing ovine Eimeria infections in southern Spain. Vet Parasitol 2018; 263:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Joachim A, Altreuther G, Bangoura B, Charles S, Daugschies A, Hinney B, Lindsay DS, Mundt HC, Ocak M, Sotiraki S. W A A V P guideline for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidials in mammals (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep). Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:102-119. [PMID: 29604993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This guideline is intended as an aid in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of drug efficacy against Eimeria in cattle and sheep, Cystoisospora in pigs and dogs, and Cryptosporidium in cattle. It deals with the most important aspects of how to conduct both experimental and field studies for dose determination, dose confirmation and assessment of field effectiveness. Also, guidance on the selection of animals, diagnostic techniques, statistical evaluation and methods for the preparation, maintenance and use of parasites is provided. The specific management conditions that may influence the course of natural infections and consequently determine treatment schemes are mentioned and suggestions for best practice in sampling and evaluation of data prior to conducting of efficacy studies are given. The guideline is also intended to assist investigators in carrying out specific studies, provide relevant information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, assist in the approval of anticoccidial drugs in the target species, and facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures. Although currently not implemented, issues of drug resistance testing and alternative methods for drug testing are also discussed as future issues in drug testing against mammalian coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Berit Bangoura
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
| | - Sam Charles
- Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health, Shawnee, KS 66216, USA.
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - David S Lindsay
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | - Marion Ocak
- MD Research, An der Isar 10a, 82049 Pullach i. Isartal, Germany.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, NAGREF Campus, PO Box 60272, 57001 Thermi, Greece.
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Bussière FI, Niepceron A, Sausset A, Esnault E, Silvestre A, Walker RA, Smith NC, Quéré P, Laurent F. Establishment of an in vitro chicken epithelial cell line model to investigate Eimeria tenella gamete development. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:44. [PMID: 29347990 PMCID: PMC5774133 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria tenella infection leads to acute intestinal disorders responsible for important economic losses in poultry farming worldwide. The life-cycle of E. tenella is monoxenous with the chicken as the exclusive host; infection occurs in caecal epithelial cells. However, in vitro, the complete life-cycle of the parasite has only been propagated successfully in primary chicken kidney cells, which comprise undefined mixed cell populations; no cell line model has been able to consistently support the development of the sexual stages of the parasite. We therefore sought to develop a new model to study E. tenella gametogony in vitro using a recently characterised chicken cell line (CLEC-213) exhibiting an epithelial cell phenotype. Methods CLEC-213 were infected with sporozoites from a precocious strain or with second generation merozoites (merozoites II) from wild type strains. Sexual stages of the parasite were determined both at the gene and protein levels. Results To our knowledge, we show for the first time in CLEC-213, that sporozoites from a precocious strain of E. tenella were able to develop to gametes, as verified by measuring gene expression and by using antibodies to a microgamete-specific protein (EtFOA1: flagellar outer arm protein 1) and a macrogamete-specific protein (EtGAM-56), but oocysts were not observed. However, both gametes and oocysts were observed when cells were infected with merozoites II from wild type strains, demonstrating that completion of the final steps of the parasite cycle is possible in CLEC-213 cells. Conclusion The epithelial cell line CLEC-213 constitutes a useful avian tool for studying Eimeria epithelial cell interactions and the effect of drugs on E. tenella invasion, merogony and gametogony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise I Bussière
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Alisson Niepceron
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alix Sausset
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Evelyne Esnault
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Silvestre
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Robert A Walker
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas C Smith
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Pascale Quéré
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Fabrice Laurent
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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