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Carrara GMP, Stolf BS. FVB/NJ strain as a mouse model for cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230182. [PMID: 38511814 PMCID: PMC10941652 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniases encompass a spectrum of neglected diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, grouped in two forms: tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES In this study, we propose Friend Virus B NIH Jackson (FVB/NJ) mouse strain as a new experimental model of infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, the second most prevalent agent of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed in vitro infections of FVB/NJ macrophages and compared them with BALB/c macrophages, showing that BALB/c cells have higher infection percentages and a higher number of amastigotes/cell. Phagocytosis assays indicated that BALB/c and FVB/NJ macrophages have similar capacity to uptake parasites after 5 min incubations. We also investigated promastigotes' resistance to sera from FVB/NJ and BALB/c and observed no difference between the two sera, even though FVB/NJ has a deficiency in complement components. Finally, we subcutaneously infected FVB/NJ and BALB/c mice with 2 × 106 parasites expressing luciferase. Analysis of lesion development for 12 weeks showed that FVB/NJ and BALB/c mice have similar lesion profiles and parasite burdens. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This work characterises for the first time the FVB/NJ mouse as a new model for tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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2
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Zhang B, Wang J, Liu M, Zhao Q, Yu G, Zhang B, Hua H, Xu J, Li J, Yu Q, Koda S, Xu YH, Jiang Z, Yan C, Zheng KY. IL-10 regulates Th17 response to inhibit hepatobiliary injury caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection in C57BL/6J mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:994838. [PMID: 36310865 PMCID: PMC9606589 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.994838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis caused by Clonorchis sinensis is a mainly foodborne parasitic disease. It can lead to hepatobiliary duct inflammation, fibrosis, obstructive jaundice, liver cirrhosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. Interleukin (IL)-10 is an immune-regulatory cytokine which plays an immunosuppressive role during infection. Our previous study found that IL-10 was increased in mice with C. sinensis infection. However, the role and mechanism of IL-10 playing in hepatobiliary injury induced by C. sinensis infection remain unknown. Herein, Il10+/+ mice and Il10+/- C57BL/6J mice were infected with C. sinensis. It was found that IL-10 deficiency aggravated biliary hyperplasia and exacerbated periductal fibrosis induced by C. sinensis infection. Moreover, IL-10 deficiency increased CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells but not macrophages in the liver of mice with infection. There were no apparent differences in Th1 and Treg cells between Il10+/+ and Il10+/- mice infected with C. sinensis. However, the proportion of Th17 cells in CD4+T cells in Il10+/- infected mice was significantly higher than that in Il10+/+ infected mice. IL-10 deficiency also enhanced the increase of Th17 cells induced by ESPs stimulation in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-10 plays a protective role in hepatobiliary injury in C57BL/6J mice induced by C. sinensis infection via inhibiting Th17 cells, which could deepen our understanding of the immunopathology of clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guozhi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinyao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yin-Hai Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Yan, ; Kui-Yang Zheng,
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Yan, ; Kui-Yang Zheng,
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3
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Koda S, Zhu XQ, Zheng KY, Yan C. Molecular Mechanisms of Clonorchis sinensis-Host Interactions and Implications for Vaccine Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:781768. [PMID: 35118069 PMCID: PMC8804234 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.781768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Clonorchis sinensis remain a significant public health challenge for both humans and animals, causing pyogenic cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, biliary fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. However, the strategies used by the parasite and the immunological mechanisms used by the host have not yet been fully understood. With the advances in technologies and the accumulated knowledge of host-parasite interactions, many vaccine candidates against liver flukes have been investigated using different strategies. In this review, we explore and analyze in-depth the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenicity of C. sinensis. We highlight the different mechanisms by which the parasite interacts with its host to induce immune responses. All together, these data will allow us to have a better understanding of molecular mechansism of host-parasite interactions, which may shed lights on the development of an effective vaccine against C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kui-Yang Zheng, ; Chao Yan,
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kui-Yang Zheng, ; Chao Yan,
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4
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Koda S, Zhang B, Zhou QY, Xu N, Li J, Liu JX, Liu M, Lv ZY, Wang JL, Shi Y, Gao S, Yu Q, Li XY, Xu YH, Chen JX, Tekengne BOT, Adzika GK, Tang RX, Sun H, Zheng KY, Yan C. β2-Adrenergic Receptor Enhances the Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Promotes Biliary Injuries Caused by Helminth Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754208. [PMID: 34733286 PMCID: PMC8558246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system has been studied for its involvement in the control of macrophages; however, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the adrenergic receptors and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) remain obscure. Using FVB wild-type and beta 2 adrenergic receptors knockout, we found that β2-AR deficiency alleviates hepatobiliary damage in mice infected with C. sinensis. Moreover, β2-AR-deficient mice decrease the activation and infiltration of M2 macrophages and decrease the production of type 2 cytokines, which are associated with a significant decrease in liver fibrosis in infected mice. Our in vitro results on bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed that macrophages from Adrb2-/- mice significantly decrease M2 markers and the phosphorylation of ERK/mTORC1 induced by IL-4 compared to that observed in M2 macrophages from Adrb2+/+ . This study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the β2-AR enhances type 2 immune response through the ERK/mTORC1 signaling pathway in macrophages and their role in liver fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology
- Bile Ducts/parasitology
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonorchiasis/complications
- Clonorchiasis/immunology
- Clonorchiasis/physiopathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/classification
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/physiology
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanbiao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yin-Hai Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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5
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Zhang XH, Huang D, Li YL, Chang B. Novel mechanism of hepatobiliary system damage and immunoglobulin G4 elevation caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:6639-6653. [PMID: 34447811 PMCID: PMC8362508 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis infection is still a major public health problem. It is estimated that more than 15 million people worldwide are infected, especially in Northeast China, Taiwan, South Korea, and North Vietnam. The detection of Clonorchis sinensis eggs in feces and bile is still the only gold standard for the diagnosis of Clonorchis sinensis infection, and new detection methods are needed to improve the detection rate. After Clonorchis sinensis invades the human body, it mainly parasitizes the hepatobiliary tract. Therefore, it is closely related to hepatobiliary diseases such as cholangitis, bile duct stones, liver fibrosis, and cholangiocarcinoma. The increase in immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection is rare and there are few reports about the relevant mechanism. It may be related to the inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13 produced by human phagocytes, T cells, B cells, and other immune cells in the process of resisting the invasion of Clonorchis sinensis. However, this finding still needs further clarification and confirmation. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, serology, imaging, pathogenic mechanism, and control measures of Clonorchis sinensis infection to help establish the diagnostic process for Clonorchis sinensis. We report novel mechanisms of IgG4 elevation due to Clonorchis sinensis infection to provide more experience and a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-He Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Die Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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6
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Wang N, Bai X, Jin X, Tang B, Yang Y, Sun Q, Li S, Wang C, Chang Q, Liu M, Liu X. The dynamics of select cellular responses and cytokine expression profiles in mice infected with juvenile Clonorchis sinensis. Acta Trop 2021; 217:105852. [PMID: 33548205 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is a zoonotic disease that can result in chronic infection in humans. The causative agent, Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is believed to primarily induce a Th2 immune response in infected mice. However, few studies have profiled host immune responses to C. sinensis infection during the juvenile phase. In the present study, the dynamics of select cellular responses and cytokine expression profiles during juvenile C. sinensis infection were investigated. The flow cytometry results showed that the CD4+ T cells percentage was significantly decreased between 12 days post-infection (dpi) and 24 dpi in the peripheral blood, and the CD8+ T cells percentage was significantly elevated after 3 dpi. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells was also significantly decreased after 3 dpi. Furthermore, we observed that the proportion of CD14+ monocyte-macrophages in the peripheral blood was significantly increased between 1 dpi and 12 dpi and peaked at 6 dpi. The percentage of classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) in the liver was significantly increased between 18 dpi and 30 dpi. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of iNOS in the liver were significantly elevated after 3 dpi, and Arg-1 expression was significantly increased beginning at 12 dpi. ELISA results showed that the serum levels of the Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and IL-2 peaked at 6 dpi and decreased thereafter. Furthermore, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 began to be expressed and peaked at 24 dpi and 30 dpi, respectively. In addition, the levels of the Treg cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 were significantly increased beginning at 6 dpi until 30 dpi. In the liver homogenate, the expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 mainly occurred before 6 dpi. IL-13 expression was significantly increased at 30 dpi. IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels were significantly increased at 12 dpi and 24 dpi, and expression peaked at 24 dpi and 30 dpi, respectively. This study provides a fundamental characterization for the future analysis of host-parasite interactions and immune responses in hosts infected with juvenile C. sinensis.
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7
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Yan C, Fang F, Zhang YZ, Dong X, Wu J, Liu HL, Fan CY, Koda S, Zhang BB, Yu Q, Wang L, Wang YG, Chen JX, Zheng KY. Recombinant CsHscB of carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis induces IL-10 production by binding with TLR2. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008643. [PMID: 33044969 PMCID: PMC7549790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis, a fluke dwelling in the intrahepatic bile ducts causes clonorchiasis, which affect about 15 million people wide-distributed in eastern Asia. During C. sinensis infection, worm-host interaction results in activation of patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and further triggers immune responses, which determines the outcome of the infection. However, the mechanisms by which pathogen-associated molecules patterns from C. sinensis interact with TLRs were poorly understood. In the present study, we assumed that the molecules from C. sinensis may regulate host immune responses via TLR2 signaling pathway. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, we have identified a ~34 kDa CsHscB from C. sinensis which physically bound with TLR2 as demonstrated by molecular docking and pull-down assay. We also found that recombinant CsHscB (rCsHscB) potently activates macrophage to express various proteins including TLR2, CD80, MHCII, and cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, but rCsHscB failed to induce IL-10 in macrophages from Tlr2-/- mice. Moreover, ERK1/2 activation was required for rCsHscB-induced IL-10 production in macrophages. In vivo study revealed that rCsHscB triggered a high production of IL-10 in the wild-type (WT) but not in Tlr2-/- mice. Consistently, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was also attenuated in Tlr2-/- mice compared to the WT mice, after the treatment with rCsHscB. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data thus demonstrate that rCsHscB from C. sinensis interacts with TLR2 to be endowed with immune regulatory activities, and may have some therapeutic implications in future beyond parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fan Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Zhao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | | | - Chun-Yang Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Bioinformatics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Kim EM, Bae YM, Choi MH, Hong ST. Connexin 43 plays an important role in the transformation of cholangiocytes with Clonochis sinensis excretory-secretory protein and N-nitrosodimethylamine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006843. [PMID: 30943209 PMCID: PMC6464552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchis sinensis is a group I bio-carcinogen responsible for cholangiocarcinoma (CHCA) in humans. However, the mechanism by which C. sinensis promotes carcinogenesis is unclear. Methodology Using the human cholangiocyte line H69, we investigated cell proliferation and gap junction protein expression after stimulation with the hepatotoxin N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and/or excretory-secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis, which induce inflammation. NDMA and ESP treatment increased proliferation by 146% and the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase by 37%. Moreover, the expression of the cell proliferation-related proteins E2F1, Ki-67, and cancer related protein cytokeratin 19 and Cox-2 increased in response to combined treatment with NDMA and ESP. The gap-junction proteins connexin (Cx) 43 and Cx26 increased. In contrast, Cx32 expression decreased in cells treated with NDMA and ESP. Silencing of Cx43 reduced cell proliferation and significantly suppressed Cx26 and Cox-2 expression. Conclusions These results suggest that Cx43 is an important factor in CHCA induced by C. sinensis ESP and NDMA and further investigations targeting this pathway may allow prevention of this deadly disease. Clonorchis sinensis, a human fluke, resides in the liver of humans and is commonly found in the common bile duct and gall bladder. This parasite is the main cause of cholangiocarcinoma, also called bile duct cancer, in humans. Of note, the excretory-secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis are known to cause inflammation in the biliary epithelium, which may ultimately result in neoplasms via production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent DNA damage. Together with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a potent hepatotoxin that can cause fibrosis and tumors in the liver, ESP led to an increase in the growth and proliferation of cholangiocytes. Our results showed that examination of changes in the expression of gap junction proteins, which are related to tumorigenesis, showed that connexin 43 was upregulated with ESPs from C. sinensis and NDMA. Together, our results suggest that exposure to C. sinensis, in addition to low levels of carcinogen could promote carcinogenesis in the bile duct epithelium via uncontrolled cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, silencing of Cx43 reduced cancer related protein. Therefore, Cx 43 can serve as a potential target for developing a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Min Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Research Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Bae
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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9
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Zhou L, Shi M, Zhao L, Lin Z, Tang Z, Sun H, Chen T, Lv Z, Xu J, Huang Y, Yu X. Clonorchis sinensis lysophospholipase A upregulates IL-25 expression in macrophages as a potential pathway to liver fibrosis. Parasit Vectors 2017. [PMID: 28623940 PMCID: PMC5474055 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is an excessive wound-healing reaction that requires the participation of inflammatory cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis caused by viruses and alcohol has been well characterized, but the molecular mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis induced by the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis are poorly understood. Lysophospholipase A (LysoPLA), which deacylates lysophospholipids, plays a critical role in mediating the virulence and pathogenesis of parasites and fungi; however, the roles of C. sinensis lysophospholipase A (CsLysoPLA) in C. sinensis-induced liver fibrosis remain unknown. Methods A mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) was cultured and treated with CsLysoPLA. IL-25 and members of its associated signaling pathway were detected by performing quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. A human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) was cultured and exposed to IL-25. LX-2 cell activation markers were examined via quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Migration was analyzed in transwell plates. Results Treating RAW264.7 cells with CsLysoPLA significantly induced IL-25 expression. Elevated PKA, B-Raf, and ERK1/2 mRNA levels and phosphorylated B-Raf and ERK1/2 were detected in CsLysoPLA-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The PKA inhibitor H-89 weakened B-Raf and ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas the AKT activator SC79 attenuated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells. Both H-89 and SC79 inhibited CsLysoPLA-induced IL-25 upregulation. In addition, stimulation of LX-2 cells with IL-25 upregulated the expression of mesenchymal cell markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type I (Collagen-I), and promoted cell migration. Conclusions CsLysoPLA activates HSCs by upregulating IL-25 in macrophages through the PKA-dependent B-Raf/ERK1/2 pathway and potentially promotes hepatic fibrosis during C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengchen Shi
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeli Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengchang Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingjin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Kim EM, Kwak YS, YI MH, Kim JY, Sohn WM, Yong TS. Clonorchis sinensis antigens alter hepatic macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005614. [PMID: 28542159 PMCID: PMC5460902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis infection elicits hepatic inflammation, which can lead to cholangitis, periductal hepatic fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatic macrophages are an intrinsic element of both innate and acquired immunity. This study was conducted to demonstrate the dynamics of hepatic macrophage polarization during C. sinensis infection in mice and to identify factors regulating this polarization. Treatment of hepatic macrophages isolated from normal mice with C. sinensis excretory/secretory products (ESPs) resulted in the preferential generation of classically activated hepatic macrophages (M1 macrophages) and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, cells stimulated with C. sinensis ESPs exhibited changes in cellular morphology. During the early stages of C. sinensis infection, hepatic macrophages preferentially differentiated into M1 macrophages; however, during the C. sinensis mature worm stage, when eggs are released, there were significant increases in the abundance of both M1 macrophages and alternatively activated hepatic macrophages (M2 macrophages). Moreover, there was a further increase in the M2 macrophage count during the fibrotic and cirrhotic stage of infection. Notably, this fibrotic and cirrhotic stage promoted a strong increase in the proportion of Arg-1-producing macrophages (M2 phenotype), which were associated with fibrosis and tissue repair in the liver. Our results suggest that the dynamic polarization of hepatic macrophages as C. sinensis infection progresses is related to the histological lesions present in liver tissue. Hepatic macrophages thus play an important role in local immunity during C. sinensis infection. Infection with Clonorchis sinensis is a major public health problem in Asia, resulting in loss of liver function and chronic liver diseases, including cancers. However, to the best of our knowledge, the immune response to fluke infection in the liver has not been systematically investigated. Here, we demonstrated that C. sinensis infection triggered a shift in the characteristics of macrophages, the primary cells associated with host immunity, throughout the course of the worm’s life cycle. Eventually, the increased number of M2 macrophages may result in fibrosis and the remodeling of bile ducts within the liver. Our findings suggest that, while the infection initially led to changes in the immune response that facilitated C. sinensis survival, ongoing infection may also reduce the severity of disruption of liver function. Hepatic macrophages activated during C. sinensis infection may not only be operating in histological lesions around the bile duct, but may also play a role in local immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Min Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Research Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Shine Kwak
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Research Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee YI
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Research Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Research Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Research Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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