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Hampton N, Smith V, Brewer MT, Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ. Strain-level variations of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in two biochemical assays. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307261. [PMID: 39018313 PMCID: PMC11253964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in reports of resistance to macrocyclic lactones in the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis is alarming. While DNA based tests have been well-validated, they can be expensive. In a previous study, we showed that two biochemical tests adapted to a 96- well plate format and read in a spectrophotometer could detect differences among lab validated D. immitis isolates. The two tests- Resazurin reduction and Hoechst 33342 efflux-detect metabolism and P-glycoprotein activity respectively in microfilariae isolated from infected dog blood. METHODS Our objective was to optimize the two assays further by testing various assay parameters in D. immitis isolates not tested previously. We tested microfilarial seeding density, incubation time and the effect of in vitro treatment with ivermectin and doxycycline in five other D. immitis isolates-JYD-34, Big Head, Berkeley, Georgia III and LOL. All assays were performed in 3 technical replicates and 2-4 biological replicates. To understand the molecular basis of the assays, we also performed qPCR for selected drug metabolism and elimination associated genes of the ABC transporter and cytochrome P450 gene families. RESULTS Metabolism and ABC transporter activity as detected by these assays varied between strains. Anthelmintic status (resistant or susceptible) did not correlate with metabolism or P-gp efflux. Basal transcriptional variations were found between strains in ABC transporter and cytochrome P450 genes. CONCLUSIONS These assays provide a greater understanding of the biochemical variation among isolates of D. immitis, which can be exploited in the future to develop in vitro diagnostic tests capable of differentiating susceptible and resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Hampton
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Vicki Smith
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeba R. J. Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
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Chen X, Wang T, Guo W, Yan X, Kou H, Yu Y, Liu C, Gao W, Wang W, Wang R. Transcriptome reveals the roles and potential mechanisms of lncRNAs in the regulation of albendazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:188. [PMID: 38368335 PMCID: PMC10873934 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is the most common parasitic nematode in ruminants and is prevalent worldwide. H. contortus resistance to albendazole (ABZ) hinders the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate this of drug resistance. Recent research has demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can exert significant influence as pivotal regulators of the emergence of drug resistance. RESULTS In this study, transcriptome sequencing was conducted on both albendazole-sensitive (ABZ-sensitive) and albendazole-resistant (ABZ-resistant) H. contortus strains, with three biological replicates for each group. The analysis of lncRNA in the transcriptomic data revealed that there were 276 differentially expressed lncRNA (DElncRNA) between strains with ABZ-sensitive and ABZ-resistant according to the criteria of |log2Foldchange|≥ 1 and FDR < 0.05. Notably, MSTRG.12969.2 and MSTRG.9827.1 exhibited the most significant upregulation and downregulation, respectively, in the resistant strains. The potential roles of the DElncRNAs included catalytic activity, stimulus response, regulation of drug metabolism, and modulation of the immune response. Moreover, we investigated the interactions between DElncRNAs and other RNAs, specifically MSTRG.12741.1, MSTRG.11848.1, MSTRG.5895.1, and MSTRG.14070.1, involved in regulating drug stimulation through cis/trans/antisense/lncRNA‒miRNA-mRNA interaction networks. This regulation leads to a decrease (or increase) in the expression of relevant genes, consequently enhancing the resistance of H. contortus to albendazole. Furthermore, through comprehensive analysis of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) involved in drug resistance-related pathways, such as the mTOR signalling pathway and ABC transporter signalling pathway, the relevance of the MSTRG.2499.1-novel-m0062-3p-HCON_00099610 interaction was identified to mainly involve the regulation of catalytic activity, metabolism, ubiquitination and transcriptional regulation of gene promoters. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation indicated that the transcription profiles of six DElncRNAs and six DEmRNAs were consistent with those obtained by RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study allowed us to better understand the changes in the lncRNA expression profile of ABZ-resistant H. contortus. In total, these results suggest that the lncRNAs MSTRG.963.1, MSTRG.12741.1, MSTRG.11848.1 and MSTRG.2499.1 play important roles in the development of ABZ resistance and can serve as promising biomarkers for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China
| | - Tengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China
| | - Wenrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China
| | - Huilin Kou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China
| | - Wa Gao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Tick-Borne Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Hetao College, Bayan Nur, 015000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ordos Street, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia Municipality, China.
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Zwirchmayr J, Cruz CD, Grienke U, Tammela P, Rollinger JM. Biochemometry identifies ostruthin as pluripotent antimicrobial and anthelmintic agent from masterwort. iScience 2023; 26:107523. [PMID: 37636068 PMCID: PMC10457539 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The root extract of Peucedanum ostruthium (PO-E) was identified as a promising antibacterial source from a screening of 158 extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. It has also recently been shown to significantly decrease the survival of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We used the biochemometric approach ELINA to investigate the phytochemical characteristics of the multicomponent mixture PO-E to identify the anti-infective constituent(s) targeting S. aureus and C. elegans.1H NMR spectra of PO-E-derived microfractions were correlated with their respective bioactivity data. Heterocovariance analyses unambiguously identified ostruthin as an anti-staphylococcal constituent, which potently also inhibited Enterococcus spp.. ELINA demonstrated that anthelmintic activity was due to a combinatorial effect of ostruthin and isoimperatorin. A C. elegans-based survival and motility assay confirmed that isoimperatorin, imperatorin, and verapamil modulated the susceptibility of ostruthin. The combinatorial effect of these natural products was shown in larvae studies to be related to the function of the nematodes' efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zwirchmayr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina D. Cruz
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zhang T, Cao J, Liu W, Liu G, Huang C, Luo J. Insights into integrated glycerol-driven partial denitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation system using bioinformatic analysis: The dominance of Bacillus spp. and the potential of nitrite producing via assimilatory nitrate reduction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160048. [PMID: 36356726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Partial denitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (PD/A) was considered a novel technology for biological nitrogen removal. In this study, a glycerol-driven PD/A granular sludge reactor was constructed, and its nitrogen removal efficiency and microbial mechanisms were investigated systematically. After optimization, the PD/A reactor achieved 92.3 % of the nitrogen removal (~90 % by anammox) with the influent COD/NO3--N ratio of 2.6, and approximate 1.36 mol NO3--N was required for removing 1 mol NH4+-N. Granular sludge with layered structure (anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) was wrapped by the heterotrophic bacteria) was successfully developed, which resulted in the sludge floating. Bacillus was firstly found to be the dominant genus in PD/A system with an abundance of 46.1 %, whereas the AnAOB only accounted for 0.2-2.8 %. Metatranscriptomic analysis showed that the metabolic characteristics obviously changed during the operation, and the differential expressing genes mainly belonged to ABC transport and quorum sensing pathway. Further analysis about the expressing patterns of nitrogen metabolism related genes indicated that the anammox related genes (mainly from Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Jettenia) exhibited a much higher expressing level than other genes. Interestingly, the assimilatory nitrate reduction process in Bacillus showed great NO2--N producing potential, so it was considered to be an essential pathway participating in PD/A process. This study provided a comprehensive insight into the glycerol-driven PD/A system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Guangbing Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Chunkai Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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Ruiz-May E, Álvarez-Sánchez ME, Aguilar-Tipacamú G, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Bojórquez-Velázquez E, Zamora-Briseño JA, Vázquez-Carrillo LI, López-Esparza A. Comparative proteome analysis of the midgut of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) strains with contrasting resistance to ivermectin reveals the activation of proteins involved in the detoxification metabolism. J Proteomics 2022; 263:104618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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O’Halloran DM. Database of glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) subunits across 125 nematode species: patterns of gene accretion and sequence diversification. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6472361. [PMID: 35100348 PMCID: PMC9210312 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels belong to the Cys-loop receptor superfamily. Glutamate-gated chloride channels are activated by glutamate and form substrates for the antiparasitic drugs from the avermectin family. Glutamate-gated chloride channels are pentameric, and each subunit contains an N-terminal extracellular domain that binds glutamate and 4 helical transmembrane domains, which contain binding sites for avermectin drugs. In order to provide more insight into phylum-wide patterns of glutamate-gated chloride subunit gene expansion and sequence diversity across nematodes, we have developed a database of predicted glutamate-gated chloride subunit genes from 125 nematode species. Our analysis into this dataset described assorted patterns of species-specific glutamate-gated chloride gene counts across different nematodes as well as sequence diversity in key residues thought to be involved in avermectin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien M O’Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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