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Tan LY, Cunliffe G, Hogan MP, Yeo XY, Oh C, Jin B, Kang J, Park J, Kwon MS, Kim M, Jung S. Emergence of the brain-border immune niches and their contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380063. [PMID: 38863704 PMCID: PMC11165048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, the central nervous system (CNS) was regarded as 'immune-privileged', possessing its own distinct immune cell population. This immune privilege was thought to be established by a tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB), which prevented the crossing of peripheral immune cells and their secreted factors into the CNS parenchyma. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of peripheral immune cells in proximity to various brain-border niches such as the choroid plexus, cranial bone marrow (CBM), meninges, and perivascular spaces. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that peripheral immune cells may be able to infiltrate the brain through these sites and play significant roles in driving neuronal cell death and pathology progression in neurodegenerative disease. Thus, in this review, we explore how the brain-border immune niches may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We then discuss several emerging options for harnessing the neuroimmune potential of these niches to improve the prognosis and treatment of these debilitative disorders using novel insights from recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang Tan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Cunliffe
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Patrick Hogan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chansik Oh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohwan Jin
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmo Kang
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Bayram E, Coughlin DG, Rajmohan R, Litvan I. Sex differences for clinical correlates of substantia nigra neuron loss in people with Lewy body pathology. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:8. [PMID: 38243325 PMCID: PMC10797801 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lewy body dementia (LBD) phenotype is associated with the presence and degree of Lewy body, Alzheimer's pathologies, and substantia nigra neuron loss. Nigral neuron loss is associated with parkinsonism in LBD, and females with LBD are less likely than males to have parkinsonism. As sex differences were reported for clinical correlates of Lewy body and Alzheimer's pathologies, we aimed to investigate whether there are also sex differences for correlates of nigral neuron loss. METHODS Data were obtained from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center for females (n = 159) and males (n = 263) with brainstem, limbic, and neocortical Lewy body pathology. Sex differences for the nigral neuron loss' association with Lewy body pathology staging and core clinical LBD features (cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, parkinsonism) during follow-up were analyzed with generalized linear models adjusting for age and Alzheimer's pathology staging. Whether any of the core clinical features at the time of dementia onset can predict underlying nigral neuron loss for females and males were also analyzed with generalized linear models. RESULTS Compared to males, females died older and had higher levels of Braak tau staging, but had similar levels of Lewy body pathology staging and nigral neuron loss. Females were less likely than males to have a clinical Lewy body disease diagnosis during follow-up. More advanced Lewy body pathology staging was associated with more nigral neuron loss, more so for males than females. More nigral neuron loss was associated with parkinsonism and clinical LBD diagnosis during follow-up, more so for males than females. Across the subgroup with dementia (40 females, 58 males), core LBD features at first visit with dementia were not associated with nigral neuron loss. CONCLUSIONS Nigral neuron loss' association with Lewy body pathology staging and core LBD features can differ by sex. Compared to males, females with Lewy body pathology have a higher risk of underdiagnosis. There is a need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying sex differences for pathology and clinicopathological correlations to advance diagnostic and therapeutic efforts in LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Bayram
- Department of Neurosciences, Parkinson and other Movement Disorders Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0886, USA.
| | - David G Coughlin
- Department of Neurosciences, Parkinson and other Movement Disorders Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0886, USA
| | - Ravi Rajmohan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA, 92697-3950, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, Parkinson and other Movement Disorders Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0886, USA
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de Wet S, Theart R, Loos B. Cogs in the autophagic machine-equipped to combat dementia-prone neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1225227. [PMID: 37720551 PMCID: PMC10500130 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1225227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are often characterized by hydrophobic inclusion bodies, and it may be the case that the aggregate-prone proteins that comprise these inclusion bodies are in fact the cause of neurotoxicity. Indeed, the appearance of protein aggregates leads to a proteostatic imbalance that causes various interruptions in physiological cellular processes, including lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as break down in calcium homeostasis. Oftentimes the approach to counteract proteotoxicity is taken to merely upregulate autophagy, measured by an increase in autophagosomes, without a deeper assessment of contributors toward effective turnover through autophagy. There are various ways in which autophagy is regulated ranging from the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to acetylation status of proteins. Healthy mitochondria and the intracellular energetic charge they preserve are key for the acidification status of lysosomes and thus ensuring effective clearance of components through the autophagy pathway. Both mitochondria and lysosomes have been shown to bear functional protein complexes that aid in the regulation of autophagy. Indeed, it may be the case that minimizing the proteins associated with the respective neurodegenerative pathology may be of greater importance than addressing molecularly their resulting inclusion bodies. It is in this context that this review will dissect the autophagy signaling pathway, its control and the manner in which it is molecularly and functionally connected with the mitochondrial and lysosomal system, as well as provide a summary of the role of autophagy dysfunction in driving neurodegenerative disease as a means to better position the potential of rapamycin-mediated bioactivities to control autophagy favorably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholto de Wet
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Rensu Theart
- Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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4
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Gambardella JC, Schoephoerster W, Bondarenko V, Yandell BS, Emborg ME. Expression of tau and phosphorylated tau in the brain of normal and hemiparkinsonian rhesus macaques. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1198-1216. [PMID: 37098996 PMCID: PMC10247506 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a neuronal protein involved in microtubule stabilization and intracellular vesicle transport in axons. In neurodegenerative disorders termed "tauopathies," like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and forms intracellular inclusions. Rhesus macaques are widely used for studying ageing processes and modeling neurodegenerative disorders, yet little is known about endogenous tau expression in their brains. In this study, immunohistochemical methods were used to map and characterize total tau, 3R- and 4R-tau isoforms, and phosphorylated tau (pThr231-tau and pSer202/Thr205-tau/AT8) expression bilaterally in 16 brain regions of normal and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced hemiparkinsonian adult rhesus macaques. Tau-immunoreactivity (-ir), including both 3R and 4R isoforms, was observed throughout the brain, with varying regional intensities. The anterior cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus displayed the most robust tau-ir, while the subthalamic nucleus and white matter regions had minimal expression. Tau was present in neurons of gray matter regions; it was preferentially observed in fibers of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra and in cell bodies of the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus. In white matter regions, tau was abundantly present in oligodendrocytes. Additionally, neuronal pThr231-tau-ir was abundant in all brain regions, but not AT8-ir. Differences in regional and intracellular protein expression were not detected between control subjects and both brain hemispheres of MPTP-treated animals. Specifically, tau-ir in the substantia nigra of all subjects colocalized with GABAergic neurons. Overall, this report provides an in-depth characterization of tau expression in the rhesus macaque brain to facilitate future investigations for understanding and modeling tau pathology in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Gambardella
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Wyatt Schoephoerster
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Viktoriya Bondarenko
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Marina E. Emborg
- Preclinical Parkinson’s Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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5
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Silva-Rodríguez J, Labrador-Espinosa MA, Moscoso A, Schöll M, Mir P, Grothe MJ. Differential Effects of Tau Stage, Lewy Body Pathology, and Substantia Nigra Degeneration on 18F-FDG PET Patterns in Clinical Alzheimer Disease. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:274-280. [PMID: 36008119 PMCID: PMC9902861 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.264213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbid Lewy body (LB) pathology is common in Alzheimer disease (AD). The effect of LB copathology on 18F-FDG PET patterns in AD is yet to be studied. We analyzed associations of neuropathologically assessed tau pathology, LB pathology, and substantia nigra neuronal loss (SNnl) with antemortem 18F-FDG PET hypometabolism in patients with a clinical AD presentation. Methods: Twenty-one patients with autopsy-confirmed AD without LB neuropathologic changes (LBNC) (pure-AD), 24 with AD and LBNC copathology (AD-LB), and 7 with LBNC without fulfilling neuropathologic criteria for AD (pure-LB) were studied. Pathologic groups were compared regarding regional and voxelwise 18F-FDG PET patterns, the cingulate island sign ratio (CISr), and neuropathologic ratings of SNnl. Additional analyses assessed continuous associations of Braak tangle stage and SNnl with 18F-FDG PET patterns. Results: Pure-AD and AD-LB showed highly similar patterns of AD-typical temporoparietal hypometabolism and did not differ in CISr, regional 18F-FDG SUVR, or SNnl. By contrast, pure-LB showed the expected pattern of pronounced posterior-occipital hypometabolism typical for dementia with LB (DLB), and both CISr and SNnl were significantly higher compared with the AD groups. In continuous analyses, Braak tangle stage correlated significantly with more AD-like, and SNnl with more DLB-like, 18F-FDG PET patterns. Conclusion: In autopsy-confirmed AD dementia patients, comorbid LB pathology did not have a notable effect on the regional 18F-FDG PET pattern. A more DLB-like 18F-FDG PET pattern was observed in relation to SNnl, but advanced SNnl was mostly limited to relatively pure LB cases. AD pathology may have a dominant effect over LB pathology in determining the regional neurodegeneration phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Silva-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Labrador-Espinosa
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain;,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain;,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Alexis Moscoso
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Michael Schöll
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and,Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Michel J. Grothe
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain;,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain;,Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
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Fujiwara Y, Ishida S, Matta Y, Kanamoto M, Kimura H. Atlas-based relaxometry and subsegment analysis of the substantia nigra pars compacta using quantitative MRI: a healthy volunteer study. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20210572. [PMID: 35357890 PMCID: PMC10996308 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20210572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). We aimed to perform atlas-based relaxometry using an anatomical SNpc atlas and obtain baseline values of SNpc regions in healthy volunteers. METHODS Neuromelanin (NM)-sensitive imaging of the midbrain and whole-brain 3D T1 weighted images of 27 healthy volunteers (20 males; aged 36.3 ± 11.5 years) were obtained. An anatomical SNpc atlas was created using NM-sensitive images in standard space, and divided into medial (MG), dorsal (DG), and ventrolateral (VG) groups. Proton density (PD), T1, and T2 values in these regions were obtained using quantitative MRI. The relationships between PD, T1, and T2 values in each SNpc region and age were evaluated. RESULTS The VG PD value was significantly higher than the MG and DG values. MG, DG, and VG T1 values were significantly different, whereas the T2 value of the MG was significantly lower than the DG and VG values. Moreover, a significant negative correlation between PD and T1 values of the MG and age was observed. CONCLUSION The PD, T1, and T2 values of the SNpc regions measured in standard space using an anatomical atlas can be used as baseline values. PD and T1 values of the SNpc regions may be associated with NM concentrations. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE An anatomical SNpc atlas was created using NM-sensitive MRI and can be used for the quantitative evaluation of subsegments of the SNpc in standard space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Medical Image Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences,
Kumamoto University, Kumamoto,
Japan
| | - Shota Ishida
- Radiological Center, University of Fukui
Hospital, Fukui,
Japan
| | - Yuki Matta
- Radiological Center, University of Fukui
Hospital, Fukui,
Japan
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Liu Z, Guo J, Li J, Zhao Y. Improvement effect of acupuncture on locomotor function in Parkinson disease via regulating gut microbiota and inhibiting inflammatory factor release. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-022-1297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Salkov VN, Khudoerkov RM, Voronkov DN, Sobolev VB, Kutukova KA. [Morphochemical changes in the substantia nigra cellular structures in Parkinson's disease]. Arkh Patol 2017; 79:3-9. [PMID: 29027522 DOI: 10.17116/patol20177953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM to clarify the features of morphochemical changes in the substantia nigra cellular structures in Parkinson's disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The structural characteristics of the substantia nigra were studied microscopically and quantified using computer morphometric methods at brain autopsies of individuals with Parkinson's disease who had died from intercurrent diseases and those who had no evidence of neurological disorders in their history (a control group). RESULTS This investigation could clarify the features of morphochemical changes in both the neural network structures and the glial populations of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. The number of neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase (a marker of dopamine neurons) in the compact part of the substantia nigra (a ventral region) was smaller and the density distribution of Lewy bodies was higher in the patients with Parkinson's disease than in the control group. The accumulation of iron (II) compounds in the cellular elements and neuropile and the increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Parkinson's disease were more pronounced than those in the controls. CONCLUSION Postmortem diagnosis in Parkinson's disease should be based on a full description of a set of neuronal and glial morphochemical and structural changes in the substantia nigra rather than on the identification of cellular markers for the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Salkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - V B Sobolev
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
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p62-Mediated mitochondrial clustering attenuates apoptosis induced by mitochondrial depolarization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1308-1317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Performance in Evaluation Tests for Executive Brain Functions. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 2017:9641392. [PMID: 28280646 PMCID: PMC5320384 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9641392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition, which compromises the motor functions and causes the alteration of some executive brain functions. The presence of changes in cognitive symptoms in PD could be due to the procedure of deep brain stimulation (DBS). We searched in several databases for studies that compared performance in executive function tests before and after the DBS procedure in PE and then performed a meta-analysis. After the initial search, there were 15 articles that specifically evaluated the functions of verbal fluency, working memory, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, and inhibition. It was found that there were differences in the evaluation of the cognitive functions in terms of the protocols, which generated heterogeneity in the results of the meta-analysis. Likewise, a tendency to diminish functions like verbal fluency and inhibition was found, being this consistent with similar studies. In the other functions evaluated, no difference was found between pre- and postsurgery scores. Monitoring of this type of function is recommended after the procedure.
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Halliday G, McCann H, Shepherd C. Evaluation of the Braak hypothesis: how far can it explain the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 12:673-86. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wakabayashi K, Tanji K, Odagiri S, Miki Y, Mori F, Takahashi H. The Lewy body in Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:495-508. [PMID: 22622968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of fibrillar aggregates referred to as Lewy bodies (LBs), in which α-synuclein is a major constituent. Pale bodies, the precursors of LBs, may serve the material for that LBs continue to expand. LBs consist of a heterogeneous mixture of more than 90 molecules, including PD-linked gene products (α-synuclein, DJ-1, LRRK2, parkin, and PINK-1), mitochondria-related proteins, and molecules implicated in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and aggresome formation. LB formation has been considered to be a marker for neuronal degeneration because neuronal loss is found in the predilection sites for LBs. However, recent studies have indicated that nonfibrillar α-synuclein is cytotoxic and that fibrillar aggregates of α-synuclein (LBs and pale bodies) may represent a cytoprotective mechanism in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of sporadic Parkinson's disease: evaluation and changes of concepts. Mov Disord 2011; 27:8-30. [PMID: 22081500 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders, is no longer considered a complex motor disorder characterized by extrapyramidal symptoms, but a progressive multisystem or-more correctly-multiorgan disease with variegated neurological and nonmotor deficiencies. It is morphologically featured not only by the degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, responsible for the core motor deficits, but by multifocal involvement of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system and other organs associated with widespread occurrence of Lewy bodies and dystrophic Lewy neurites. This results from deposition of abnormal α-synuclein (αSyn), the major protein marker of PD, and other synucleinopathies. Recent research has improved both the clinical and neuropathological diagnostic criteria of PD; it has further provided insights into the development and staging of αSyn and Lewy pathologies and has been useful in understanding the pathogenesis of PD. However, many challenges remain, for example, the role of Lewy bodies and the neurobiology of axons in the course of neurodegeneration, the relation between αSyn, Lewy pathology, and clinical deficits, as well as the interaction between αSyn and other pathologic proteins. Although genetic and experimental models have contributed to exploring the causes, pathomechanisms, and treatment options of PD, there is still a lack of an optimal animal model, and the etiology of this devastating disease is far from being elucidated.
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ, Palomo T. Staging neurodegenerative disorders: structural, regional, biomarker, and functional progressions. Neurotox Res 2011; 19:211-34. [PMID: 20393891 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The notion of staging in the neurodegenerative disorders is modulated by the constant and progressive loss of several aspects of brain structural integrity, circuitry, and neuronal processes. These destructive processes eventually remove individuals' abilities to perform at sufficient and necessary functional capacity at several levels of disease severity. The classification of (a) patients on the basis of diagnosis, risk prognosis, and intervention outcome, forms the basis of clinical staging, and (b) laboratory animals on the basis of animal model of brain disorder, extent of insult, and dysfunctional expression, provides the components for the clinical staging and preclinical staging, respectively, expressing associated epidemiological, biological, and genetic characteristics. The major focus of clinical staging in the present account stems from the fundamental notions of Braak staging as they describe the course and eventual prognosis for Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Mild cognitive impairment, which expresses the decline in episodic and semantic memory performance below the age-adjusted normal range without marked loss of global cognition or activities of daily living, and the applications of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging, major instruments for the monitoring of either disease progression in dementia, present important challenges for staging concepts. Although Braak notions present the essential basis for further developments, current staging conceptualizations seem inadequate to comply with the massive influx of information dealing with neurodegenerative processes in brain, advanced both under clinical realities, and discoveries in the laboratory setting. The contributions of various biomarkers of disease progression, e.g., amyloid precursor protein, and neurotransmitter system imbalances, e.g., dopamine receptor supersensitivity and interactive propensities, await their incorporation into the existing staging models thereby underlining the ongoing, dynamic feature of the staging of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Archer
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Box 500, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Filamentous protein inclusions in neurons (Lewy bodies, LB) and dystrophic neurites containing pathologic alpha-synuclein (alpha Syn) are the morphologic hallmarks of sporadic Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), but are also found in aged subjects and in a variety of neurogenerative disorders. They occur in the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system as an essential or coincident feature. Their formation runs through several phases from initial dust-like particles cross-linked with alpha Syn to aggregation of ubiquitinated dense filaments, formation of LBs, finally degradation and death of the afflicted neurons. Pathologic accumulation of alpha Syn/LBs proposed by Braak et al. (Neurobiol Aging 24:197-211, 2003), following a predictable sequence of lesions in six stages with ascending progression from medullary and olfactory nuclei to the cortex, has been considered to be linked to clinical dysfunctions. The consensus pathologic guidelines of DLB (Neurology 65:1863-1872, 2005), by semiquantitative scoring to alpha Syn pathology (LB density and distribution) in specific brain regions, distinguish three phenotypes (brainstem, transitional/limbic, and diffuse neocortical), and also consider concomitant Alzheimer-related pathology. alpha Syn pathology in the amygdala is often associated with Alzheimer disease. Although some retrospective clinico-pathologic studies have largely confirmed the Braak LB staging system, it shows neither correlation to the clinical severity and duration of parkinsonism nor to nigral alpha Syn burden and cell loss which significantly correlates with resulting striatal loss of dopamine, dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase, duration and severity of motor dysfunction. Between 6.3 and 43% of clinically manifested PD cases did not follow this pattern, and in 7-8.3% of those with alpha Syn-positive inclusions in midbrain and cortex the medullary nuclei were spared. On the other hand, 30-55% of elderly subjects with widespread Lewy pathology revealed no neuropsychiatric symptoms or were not classifiable. Therefore, detection and staging of Lewy pathology without assessment of neuronal loss in specific areas may not have clinical impact and its predictive validity is questionable. For demented patients, modified criteria for categorization of Lewy pathology were proposed. If robust correlations between clinical course and Lewy/alpha Syn pathology are to be confirmed by future studies, the currently used morphologic staging/classification systems should be revised accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, 1070, Vienna, Austria.
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Jellinger KA. A critical evaluation of current staging of α-synuclein pathology in Lewy body disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:730-40. [PMID: 18718530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology Kenyongasse 18, Vienna, Austria.
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Wakabayashi K. [Lewy body formation in Parkinson's disease: neurodegeneration or neuroprotection?]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2009; 48:981-3. [PMID: 19198138 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.48.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The histological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of fibrillar aggregates called Lewy bodies (LBs). LB formation has been considered to be a marker for neuronal degeneration, because neuronal loss is found in the predilection sites for LBs. To date, more than 70 molecules have been identified in LBs, in which alpha-synuclein is a major constituent of LB fibrils. Alpha-synuclein immunohistochemistry reveals that diffuse cytoplasmic staining develops into pale bodies via compaction, and that LBs arise from the peripheral portion of pale bodies. Abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (diffuse cytoplasmic staining, pale bodies and LBs) is found in 10% of pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra and more than 50% of those in the locus ceruleus in PD. Recent studies have suggested that oligomers and protofibrils of alpha-synuclein are cytotoxic, and that pale bodies and LBs may represent a cytoprotective mechanism in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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Jellinger KA. A critical reappraisal of current staging of Lewy-related pathology in human brain. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:1-16. [PMID: 18592254 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Parkinson disease (sPD) or brainstem-predominant type of Lewy body (LB) disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the two most frequent alpha-synucleinopathies, are progressive multisystem neurodegenerative disorders with widespread occurrence of alpha-synuclein (AS) deposits in the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system. For both LB-related disorders, staging/classification systems based on semiquantitative assessment of the distribution and progression pattern of Lewy-related/AS pathology are used that are considered to be linked to clinical dysfunctions. In PD, a six-stage system (Braak) has been suggested to indicate a predictable sequence of lesions with ascending progression from medullary and olfactory nuclei to the cortex, the first two presymptomatic stages being related to incidental LB disease, stages 3 and 4 with motor symptoms, and the last two (cortical) stages may be frequently associated with cognitive impairment. DLB, according to consensus pathologic guidelines, by semiquantitative scoring of AS pathology (LB density and distribution) in specific brain regions, is distinguished into three phenotypes (brainstem, transitional/limbic, and diffuse neocortical), also considering concomitant Alzheimer-related pathology. Retrospective clinico-pathologic studies, although largely confirming the staging system, particularly for younger onset PD with long duration, have shown that between 6.3 and 43% of the cases did not follow the proposed caudo-rostral progression pattern of AS pathology. There was sparing of medullary nuclei in 7-8.3% of clinically manifested PD cases with AS inclusions in midbrain and cortex corresponding to Braak stages 4 and 5, whereas mild parkinsonian symptoms were already observed in stages 2 and 3. There is considerable clinical and pathologic overlap between PD (with or without dementia) and DLB, corresponding to Braak LB stages 5 and 6, both frequently associated with variable Alzheimer-type pathology. Dementia often does not correlate with progressed stages of LB pathology, but may also be related to concomitant Alzheimer lesions or mixed pathologies. There is no relationship between Braak LB stage and the clinical severity of PD, and the predictive validity of this concept is doubtful, since large unselected, retrospective autopsy series in 30-55% of elderly subjects with widespread AS/Lewy-related pathology (Braak stages 5 and 6) reported no definite neuropsychiatric symptoms, suggesting considerable cerebral compensatory mechanisms. Applying the original criteria to large dementia samples, 49% of positive cases were not classifiable. Therefore, modified criteria for the categorization of Lewy-related pathology were proposed for patients with a history of dementia. The causes and molecular basis of the not infrequent deviations from the current staging schemes of AS pathology in PD and DLB, its relation to the onset of classical parkinsonian symptoms and for the lack of definite clinical deficits despite widespread AS pathology in the nervous system remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, 1070, Vienna, Austria.
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Wakabayashi K, Tanji K, Mori F, Takahashi H. The Lewy body in Parkinson's disease: molecules implicated in the formation and degradation of alpha-synuclein aggregates. Neuropathology 2008; 27:494-506. [PMID: 18018486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The histological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of fibrillar aggregates called Lewy bodies (LBs). LB formation has been considered to be a marker for neuronal degeneration, because neuronal loss is found in the predilection sites for LBs. To date, more than 70 molecules have been identified in LBs, in which alpha-synuclein is a major constituent of LB fibrils. Alpha-synuclein immunohistochemistry reveals that diffuse cytoplasmic staining develops into pale bodies via compaction, and that LBs arise from the peripheral portion of pale bodies. This alpha-synuclein abnormality is found in 10% of pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra and more than 50% of those in the locus ceruleus in PD. Recent studies have suggested that oligomers and protofibrils of alpha-synuclein are cytotoxic, and that LBs may represent a cytoprotective mechanism in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Brückner G, Morawski M, Arendt T. Aggrecan-based extracellular matrix is an integral part of the human basal ganglia circuit. Neuroscience 2008; 151:489-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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