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Development and Evaluation of Cannabidiol Orodispersible Tablets Using a 23-Factorial Design. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071467. [PMID: 35890362 PMCID: PMC9324952 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) are pharmaceutical formulations used to obtain fast therapeutic effects, usually recommended for geriatric and pediatric patients due to their improved compliance, bioavailability, ease of administration, and good palatability. This study aimed to develop ODTs with cannabidiol (CBD) phytocannabinoid extracted from Cannabis sativa used in the treatment of Lennox–Gastaut and Dravet syndromes. The tablets were obtained using an eccentric tableting machine and 9 mm punches. To develop CBD ODTs, the following parameters were varied: the Poloxamer 407 concentration (0 and 10%), the type of co-processed excipient (Prosolv® ODT G2—PODTG2 and Prosolv® EasyTab sp—PETsp), and the type of superdisintegrant (Croscarmellose—CCS, and Soy Polysaccharides—Emcosoy®—EMCS), resulting in eleven formulations (O1–O11). The following dependent parameters were evaluated: friability, disintegration time, crushing strength, and the CBD dissolution at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min. The dependent parameters were verified according to European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) requirements. All the tablets obtained were in accordance with quality requirements in terms of friability (less than 1%), and disintegration time (less than 180 s). The crushing strength was between 19 N and 80 N. Regarding the dissolution test, only four formulations exhibited an amount of CBD released higher than 80% at 30 min. Taking into consideration the results obtained and using the Modde 13.1 software, an optimal formulation was developed (O12), which respected the quality criteria chosen (friability 0.23%, crushing strength of 37 N, a disintegration time of 27 s, and the target amount of CBD released in 30 min of 99.3 ± 6%).
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A critical appraisal of MAO-B inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:723-736. [PMID: 35107654 PMCID: PMC9188534 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, the MAO-B inhibitors have gained considerable status in the therapy of the Parkinson's disease. In addition to the symptomatic effect in mono- and combination therapies, a neuroprotective effect has repeatedly been a matter of some discussion, which has unfortunately led to a good many misunderstandings. Due to potential interactions, selegiline has declined in significance in the field. For the MAO-B inhibitor safinamide, recently introduced to the market, an additional inhibition of pathological release of glutamate has been postulated. At present, rasagiline and selegiline are being administered in early therapy as well as in combination with levodopa. Safinamide has been approved only for combination therapy with levodopa when motor fluctuations have occurred. MAO-B inhibitors are a significant therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease, an option which is too often not appreciated properly.
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Drug Delivery Innovations to Address Global Health Challenges for Pediatric and Geriatric Populations (Through Improvements in Patient Compliance). J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3188-3198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Non-oral dopaminergic therapies for Parkinson's disease: current treatments and the future. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2:16023. [PMID: 28725704 PMCID: PMC5516582 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract has now been recognized to affect all stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The consequences lead to problems with absorption of oral medication, erratic treatment response, as well as silent aspiration, which is one of the key risk factors in developing pneumonia. The issue is further complicated by other gut abnormalities, such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and an altered gut microbiota, which occur in PD with variable frequency. Clinically, these gastrointestinal abnormalities might be associated with symptoms such as nausea, early-morning “off”, and frequent motor and non-motor fluctuations. Therefore, non-oral therapies that avoid the gastrointestinal system seem a rational option to overcome the problems of oral therapies in PD. Hence, several non-oral strategies have now been actively investigated and developed. The transdermal rotigotine patch, infusion therapies with apomorphine, intrajejunal levodopa, and the apomorphine pen strategy are currently in clinical use with a few others in development. In this review, we discuss and summarize the most recent developments in this field with a focus on non-oral dopaminergic strategies (excluding surgical interventions such as deep brain stimulation) in development or to be licensed for management of PD.
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Ghavami S, Shojaei S, Yeganeh B, Ande SR, Jangamreddy JR, Mehrpour M, Christoffersson J, Chaabane W, Moghadam AR, Kashani HH, Hashemi M, Owji AA, Łos MJ. Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:24-49. [PMID: 24211851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are basic physiologic processes contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses pathways that target long-lived cytosolic proteins and damaged organelles. It involves a sequential set of events including double membrane formation, elongation, vesicle maturation and finally delivery of the targeted materials to the lysosome. Apoptotic cell death is best described through its morphology. It is characterized by cell rounding, membrane blebbing, cytoskeletal collapse, cytoplasmic condensation, and fragmentation, nuclear pyknosis, chromatin condensation/fragmentation, and formation of membrane-enveloped apoptotic bodies, that are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells. Neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in the Western societies, with larger percentage of members living to an older age. They have to be seen not only as a health problem, but since they are care-intensive, they also carry a significant economic burden. Deregulation of autophagy plays a pivotal role in the etiology and/or progress of many of these diseases. Herein, we briefly review the latest findings that indicate the involvement of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. We provide a brief introduction to autophagy and apoptosis pathways focusing on the role of mitochondria and lysosomes. We then briefly highlight pathophysiology of common neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Then, we describe functions of autophagy and apoptosis in brain homeostasis, especially in the context of the aforementioned disorders. Finally, we discuss different ways that autophagy and apoptosis modulation may be employed for therapeutic intervention during the maintenance of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Maryam Mehrpour
- INSERM U845, Research Center "Growth & Signaling" Paris Descartes University Medical School, France
| | - Jonas Christoffersson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wiem Chaabane
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Hessam H Kashani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali A Owji
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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Tábi T, Szökő É, Vécsei L, Magyar K. The pharmacokinetic evaluation of selegiline ODT for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:629-36. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.781152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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