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Rossi M, Hamed M, Rodríguez-Antigüedad J, Cornejo-Olivas M, Breza M, Lohmann K, Klein C, Rajalingam R, Marras C, van de Warrenburg BP. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations for ATX-TBP (SCA17): MDSGene Systematic Review. Mov Disord 2023; 38:368-377. [PMID: 36374860 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 or ATX-TBP is a CAG/CAA repeat expansion disorder characterized by marked clinical heterogeneity. Reports of affected carriers with subthreshold repeat expansions and of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with expanded repeats have cast doubt on the established cutoff values of the expansions and the phenotypic spectrum of this disorder. The objective of this systematic review was to explore the genotype-phenotype relationships for repeat expansions in TBP to delineate the ATX-TBP phenotype and reevaluate the pathological range of repeat expansions. The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Genetic Mutation Database (MDSGene) standardized data extraction protocol was followed. Clinically affected carriers of reported ATX-TBP expansions were included. Publications that contained repeat sizes in screened cohorts of patients with PD and/or healthy individuals were included for a separate evaluation of cutoff values. Phenotypic and genotypic data for 346 ATX-TBP patients were curated. Overall, 97.7% of the patients had ≥41 repeats, while 99.6% of patients with PD and 99.9% of healthy individuals had ≤42 repeats, with a gray zone of reduced penetrance between 41 and 45 repeats. Pure parkinsonism was more common in ATX-TBP patients with 41 to 45 repeats than in the group with ≥46 repeats, which conversely more often presented with a complex phenotype with mixed movement disorders. An updated genotype-phenotype assessment for ATX-TBP is provided, and new repeat expansion cutoff values of reduced penetrance (41-45 expanded repeats) and full penetrance (46-66 expanded repeats) are proposed. These adjusted cutoff values will have diagnostic and counseling implications and may guide future clinical trial protocol. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Sección de Movimientos Anormales, Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Moath Hamed
- New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jon Rodríguez-Antigüedad
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marianthi Breza
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rajasumi Rajalingam
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Ijiro T, Yaguchi A, Yokoyama A, Kiguchi S. Rovatirelin ameliorates motor dysfunction in the cytosine arabinoside‐induced rat model of spinocerebellar degeneration via acetylcholine and dopamine neurotransmission. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:950-958. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ijiro
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
| | - Atsushi Yaguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
| | - Ayaka Yokoyama
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
| | - Sumiyoshi Kiguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. Nagano Japan
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Brooker SM, Edamakanti CR, Akasha SM, Kuo SH, Opal P. Spinocerebellar ataxia clinical trials: opportunities and challenges. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1543-1556. [PMID: 34019331 PMCID: PMC8283160 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of dominantly inherited diseases that share the defining feature of progressive cerebellar ataxia. The disease process, however, is not confined to the cerebellum; other areas of the brain, in particular, the brainstem, are also affected, resulting in a high burden of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no disease‐modifying treatments for the SCAs, but preclinical research has led to the development of therapeutic agents ripe for testing in patients. Unfortunately, due to the rarity of these diseases and their slow and variable progression, there are substantial hurdles to overcome in conducting clinical trials. While the epidemiological features of the SCAs are immutable, the feasibility of conducting clinical trials is being addressed through a combination of strategies. These include improvements in clinical outcome measures, the identification of imaging and fluid biomarkers, and innovations in clinical trial design. In this review, we highlight current challenges in initiating clinical trials for the SCAs and also discuss pathways for researchers and clinicians to mitigate these challenges and harness opportunities for clinical trial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Brooker
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sara M Akasha
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Chen ML, Lin CC, Rosenthal LS, Opal P, Kuo SH. Rating scales and biomarkers for CAG-repeat spinocerebellar ataxias: Implications for therapy development. J Neurol Sci 2021; 424:117417. [PMID: 33836316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of dominantly-inherited cerebellar ataxias, among which CAG expansion-related SCAs are most common. These diseases have very high penetrance with defined disease progression, and emerging therapies are being developed to provide either symptomatic or disease-modifying benefits. In clinical trial design, it is crucial to incorporate biomarkers to test target engagement or track disease progression in response to therapies, especially in rare diseases such as SCAs. In this article, we review the available rating scales and recent advances of biomarkers in CAG-repeat SCAs. We divided biomarkers into neuroimaging, body fluid, and physiological studies. Understanding the utility of each biomarker will facilitate the design of robust clinical trials to advance therapies for SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chih-Chun Lin
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Li Y, Chang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Yan Y. Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 in a family with different phenotypes: Two case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17834. [PMID: 31725623 PMCID: PMC6867747 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) is a genetic disease, mainly characterized by ataxia. A number of other neurological symptoms also have been described, such as Parkinsonism, cognitive dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, even the signs of motor neuron disease and so on. Mostly, In the same family, clinical performance is the same in most cases. Here, we describe a father and his son who suffered from SCA2, but their first manifestations were different. PATIENT CONCERNS The father exhibited progressive bradykinesia and rigidity, which resulted in the dysfunction of walking and caring himself. He hoped to relieve his symptoms by taking medicine. But the son presented with ataxia which was mild that the discomfort did not affect his daily life with none treated. DIAGNOSIS Both of them were given SCA2 tests. Briefly, we designed primers around the CAG trinucleotide, repeated the spinal cerebellar ataxia subtype gene, performed PCR expansion, and then calculated the specific number of repetitions by capillary electrophoresis. Abnormal expansion was detected in them through SCA2 sequencing with different repeat numbers of CAG, and then they were diagnosed with SCA2 sequencing. INTERVENTIONS The father was treated with dopaminergic drugs, but the son was not administered treatment. OUTCOMES The father's symptoms are improved and he can take care of himself. The son has none difficulty in his daily life. LESSONS It is rare that different individuals in the same family with SCA2 have different manifestations. The genetic testing is a crucial method to diagnose the disease of SCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, China
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Comparable progression of spinocerebellar ataxias between Caucasians and Chinese. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 62:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Spinocerebellar ataxia 17: full phenotype in a 41 CAG/CAA repeats carrier. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2018; 5:7. [PMID: 29564144 PMCID: PMC5852964 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-018-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (SCA17) is one of the most heterogeneous forms of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias with a large clinical spectrum which can mimic other movement disorders such as Huntington disease (HD), dystonia and parkinsonism. SCA17 is caused by an expansion of CAG/CAA repeat in the Tata binding protein (TBP) gene. Normal alleles contain 25 to 40 CAG/CAA repeats, alleles with 50 or greater CAG/CAA repeats are pathological with full penetrance. Alleles with 43 to 49 CAG/CAA repeats were also reported and their penetrance is estimated between 50 and 80%. Recently few symptomatic individuals having 41 and 42 repeats were reported but it is still unclear whether CAG/CAA repeats of 41 or 42 are low penetrance disease-causing alleles. Thus, phenotypic variability like the disease course in subject with SCA17 locus restricted expansions remains to be fully understood. Case presentation The patients was a 63-year-old woman who, at 54 years, showed personality changes and increased frequency of falls. At 55 years of age neuropsychological tests showed executive attention and visuospatial deficit. At the age of 59 the patient developed dysarthria and a progressive cognitive deficit. The neurological examination showed moderate gait ataxia, dysdiadochokinesia and dysmetria, dysphagia, dysarthria and abnormal saccadic pursuit, severe axial asynergy during postural changes, choreiform dyskinesias. Molecular analysis of the TBP gene demonstrated an allele with 41 repeat suggesting that 41 CAG/CCG TBP repeats could be an allele associated with the full clinical spectrum of SCA17. Conclusions The described case with the other similar cases described in the literature suggests that 41 CAG/CAA trinucleotides should be considered as critical threshold in SCA17. We suggest that SCA17 diagnosis should be suspected in patients presenting with movement disorders associated with other neurodegenerative signs and symptoms.
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Groth CL, Berman BD. Spinocerebellar Ataxia 27: A Review and Characterization of an Evolving Phenotype. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2018; 8:534. [PMID: 29416937 PMCID: PMC5801325 DOI: 10.7916/d80s0zjq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is an uncommon form of progressive cerebellar ataxia with multiple genetic causes and marked variability in phenotypic expression even across patients with identical genetic abnormalities. SCA27 is a recently identified SCA caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 gene, with a phenotypic expression that is only beginning to be fully appreciated. We report here a case of a 70-year-old male who presented with slowly worsening tremor and gait instability that began in his early adulthood along with additional features of parkinsonism on examination. Work-up revealed a novel pathogenic mutation in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 gene, and symptoms improved with amantadine and levodopa. We also provide a review of the literature in order to better characterize the phenotypic expression of this uncommon condition. Methods Case report and review of the literature. Results Review of the literature revealed a total of 32 previously reported clinical cases of SCA27. Including our case, we found that early-onset tremor (12.1 ± 10.5 years) was present in 95.8%, while gait ataxia tended to present later in life (23.7 ± 16.7 years) and was accompanied by limb ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. Other features of SCA27 that may distinguish it from other SCAs include the potential for episodic ataxia, accompanying psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Discussion Testing for SCA27 should be considered in individuals with ataxia who report tremor as an initial or early symptom, as well as those with additional findings of episodic ataxia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Groth
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brian D. Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neurology Section, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Kim YE, Jeon B, Farrer MJ, Scott E, Guella I, Park SS, Kim JM, Park HY, Kim A, Son YD, Cho ZH. SCA2 family presenting as typical Parkinson's disease: 34 year follow up. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 40:69-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shin JH, Park H, Ehm GH, Lee WW, Yun JY, Kim YE, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Kim JM, Jeon BS, Park SS. The Pathogenic Role of Low Range Repeats in SCA17. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135275. [PMID: 26267067 PMCID: PMC4534202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SCA17 is an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with expansion of the CAG/CAA trinucleotide repeats in the TATA-binding protein (TBP) gene. SCA17 can have various clinical presentations including parkinsonism, ataxia, chorea and dystonia. SCA17 is diagnosed by detecting the expanded CAG repeats in the TBP gene; however, in the literature, pathologic repeat numbers as low as 41 overlap with normal repeat numbers. METHODS The subjects in this study included patients with involuntary movement disorders such as cerebellar ataxia, parkinsonism, chorea and dystonia who visited Seoul National University Hospital between Jan. 2006 and Apr. 2014 and were screened for SCA17. Those who were diagnosed with other genetic diseases or nondegenerative diseases were excluded. DNA from healthy subjects who did not have a family history of parkinsonism, ataxia, psychiatric symptoms, chorea or dystonia served as the control. In total, 5242 chromosomes from 2099 patients and 522 normal controls were analyzed. RESULTS The total number of patients included in the analysis was 2099 (parkinsonism, 1706; ataxia, 345; chorea, 37; and dystonia, 11). In the normal control, up to 44 repeats were found. In the 44 repeat group, there were 7 (0.3%) patients and 1 (0.2%) normal control. In 43 repeat group, there were 8 (0.4%) patients and 2 (0.4%) normal controls. In the 42 repeat group, there were 16 (0.8%) patients and 3 (0.6%) normal controls. In 41 repeat group, there were 48 (2.3%) patients and 8 (1.5%) normal controls. Considering the overlaps and non-significant differences in allelic frequencies between the patients and the normal controls with low-expansions, we could not determine a definitive cutoff value for the pathologic CAG repeat number of SCA17. CONCLUSION Because the statistical analysis between the normal controls and patients with low range expansions failed to show any differences so far, we must consider that clinical cases with low range expansions could be idiopathic movement disorders showing coincidental CAG/CAA expansions. Thus, we need to reconsider the pathologic role of low range expansions (41-42). Long term follow up and comprehensive investigations using autopsy and imaging studies in patients and controls with low range expansions are necessary to determine the cutoff value for the pathologic CAG repeat number of SCA17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Shin
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Hee Ehm
- Department of Neurology, Myongi Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine and Ewha Medical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sung-Sup Park
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Predominant pathologic laughing and crying in a SCA17 patient. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:547-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Parkinsonism in spinocerebellar ataxia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:125273. [PMID: 25866756 PMCID: PMC4383270 DOI: 10.1155/2015/125273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) presents heterogeneous clinical phenotypes, and parkinsonism is reported in diverse SCA subtypes. Both levodopa responsive Parkinson disease (PD) like phenotype and atypical parkinsonism have been described especially in SCA2, SCA3, and SCA17 with geographic differences in prevalence. SCA2 is the most frequently reported subtype of SCA related to parkinsonism worldwide. Parkinsonism in SCA2 has unique genetic characteristics, such as low number of expansions and interrupted structures, which may explain the sporadic cases with low penetrance. Parkinsonism in SCA17 is more remarkable in Asian populations especially in Korea. In addition, an unclear cutoff of the pathologic range is the key issue in SCA17 related parkinsonism. SCA3 is more common in western cohorts. SCA6 and SCA8 have also been reported with a PD-like phenotype. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiologic, clinical, genetic, and pathologic features of parkinsonism in SCAs.
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease manifested as spastic paraplegia: A clinical and genetic study. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:417-420. [PMID: 25574208 PMCID: PMC4280951 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to conduct a familial investigation and provide a genetic diagnosis to a family presenting with spastic paraplegia and clinically diagnosed with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Blood samples were obtained from the family, and mutations in the gene causing spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3)/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), known as MJD1, were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction, 8% denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and T-vector ligation and sequencing. The trinucleotide repeat number of the mutant allele was 80, leading to a genetic diagnosis of SCA3/MJD. This suggests that patients with SCA3/MJD characteristically present with typical spastic paraplegia without evident manifestations of ataxia. For those families with HSP involving the nervous system and showing genetic anticipation, an MJD1 genetic diagnosis should be considered to assist in clinical diagnosis of HSP.
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Yamashita C, Tomiyama H, Funayama M, Inamizu S, Ando M, Li Y, Yoshino H, Araki T, Ichikawa T, Ehara Y, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Hattori N. Evaluation of polyglutamine repeats in autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1779.e17-21. [PMID: 24534762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the contributions of various polyglutamine (polyQ) disease genes to Parkinson's disease (PD). We compared the distributions of polyQ repeat lengths in 8 common genes (ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, CACNA1A, ATXN7, TBP, ATN1, and HTT) in 299 unrelated patients with autosomal dominant PD (ADPD) and 329 normal controls. We also analyzed the possibility of genetic interactions between ATXN1 and ATXN2, ATXN2 and ATXN3, and ATXN2 and CACNA1A. Intermediate-length polyQ expansions (>24 Qs) of ATXN2 were found in 7 ADPD patients and no controls (7/299 = 2.34% and 0/329 = 0%, respectively; p = 0.0053 < 0.05/8 after Bonferroni correction). These patients showed typical L-DOPA-responsive PD phenotypes. Conversely, no significant differences in polyQ repeat lengths were found between the ADPD patients and the controls for the other 7 genes. Our results may support the hypothesis that ATXN2 polyQ expansion is a specific predisposing factor for multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Funayama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Inamizu
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maya Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Yoshino
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Araki
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Naka-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Prefectural Rehablitation Center, Ageo-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ehara
- Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Assmus J, Kleffe J, Schmitt AO, Brockmann GA. Equivalent indels--ambiguous functional classes and redundancy in databases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62803. [PMID: 23658777 PMCID: PMC3642179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in studying sequenced variations. However, while the positions of substitutions are uniquely identifiable by sequence alignment, the location of insertions and deletions still poses problems. Each insertion and deletion causes a change of sequence. Yet, due to low complexity or repetitive sequence structures, the same indel can sometimes be annotated in different ways. Two indels which differ in allele sequence and position can be one and the same, i.e. the alternative sequence of the whole chromosome is identical in both cases and, therefore, the two deletions are biologically equivalent. In such a case, it is impossible to identify the exact position of an indel merely based on sequence alignment. Thus, variation entries in a mutation database are not necessarily uniquely defined. We prove the existence of a contiguous region around an indel in which all deletions of the same length are biologically identical. Databases often show only one of several possible locations for a given variation. Furthermore, different data base entries can represent equivalent variation events. We identified 1,045,590 such problematic entries of insertions and deletions out of 5,860,408 indel entries in the current human database of Ensembl. Equivalent indels are found in sequence regions of different functions like exons, introns or 5' and 3' UTRs. One and the same variation can be assigned to several different functional classifications of which only one is correct. We implemented an algorithm that determines for each indel database entry its complete set of equivalent indels which is uniquely characterized by the indel itself and a given interval of the reference sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Assmus
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kleffe
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Bioinformatik, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin O. Schmitt
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun A. Brockmann
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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