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Cucca A, Manara CV, Catalan M, Liccari M, Antonutti L, Lombardo TMI, Cenacchi V, Rangan S, Mingolo S, Crisafulli C, Dore F, Murgia M, Agostini T, Manganotti P. Using illusions to understand hallucinations: differences in perceptual performances on illusory figures may underscore specific visuoperceptual impairments in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1256224. [PMID: 38125403 PMCID: PMC10732246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1256224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual hallucinations are prevalent, potentially disabling symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Multiple impairments in bottom-up sensory processing and top-down perceptual modulation are implicated in the pathophysiology of these phenomena. In healthy individuals, visual illusions are elicited by illusory figures through parametric manipulations of geometrical configurations, contrast, color, or spatial relationships between stimuli. These illusory percepts provide insight on the physiologic processes subserving conscious and unconscious perception. In this exploratory, cross-sectional, controlled study, perceptual performance on illusory figures was assessed on 11 PD patients with hallucinations, 10 non-hallucinating PD patients, and 10 age-matched healthy individuals. In order to characterize potential neural substrates of perceptual performances, patients' brain metabolic patterns on FDG PET were also analyzed. Illusions relying on attentional modulation and global perception were attenuated in PD patients without hallucinations. This pattern was no longer recognizable in hallucinating patients. Conversely, illusory effects normally counteracted by figure to background segregation and overlapping figures recognition were enhanced in PD patients with hallucinations. FDG PET findings further suggest that perceptual differences between PD patients might be linked to abnormal top-down perceptual modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cucca
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Mauro Catalan
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Liccari
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia Antonutti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Cenacchi
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sophie Rangan
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Mingolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carmelo Crisafulli
- Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Diagnostic Department University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Franca Dore
- Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Diagnostic Department University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Muñoz D, Barria P, Cifuentes CA, Aguilar R, Baleta K, Azorín JM, Múnera M. EEG Evaluation in a Neuropsychological Intervention Program Based on Virtual Reality in Adults with Parkinson's Disease. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090751. [PMID: 36140136 PMCID: PMC9496185 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, several strategies for treating neuropsychologic function loss in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been proposed, such as physical activity performance and developing games to exercise the mind. However, few studies illustrate the incidence of these therapies in neuronal activity. This work aims to study the feasibility of a virtual reality-based program oriented to the cognitive functions’ rehabilitation of PD patients. For this, the study was divided into intervention with the program, acquisition of signals, data processing, and results analysis. The alpha and beta bands’ power behavior was determined by evaluating the electroencephalography (EEG) signals obtained during the execution of control tests and games of the “Hand Physics Lab” Software, from which five games related to attention, planning, and sequencing, concentration, and coordination were taken. Results showed the characteristic performance of the cerebral bands during resting states and activity states. In addition, it was determined that the beta band increased its activity in all the cerebral lobes in all the tested games (p-value < 0.05). On the contrary, just one game exhibited an adequate performance of the alpha band activity of the temporal and frontal lobes (p-value < 0.02). Furthermore, the visual attention and the capacity to process and interpret the information given by the surroundings was favored during the execution of trials (p-value < 0.05); thus, the efficacy of the virtual reality program to recover cognitive functions was verified. The study highlights implementing new technologies to rehabilitate people with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Muñoz
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogota 111166, Colombia
| | - Patricio Barria
- Club de Leones Cruz del Sur Rehabilitation Center, Punta Arenas 6210133, Chile
- Electrical Engineering Deparment, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6210427, Chile
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab, Miguel Hernández University of Elche UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Carlos A. Cifuentes
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Rolando Aguilar
- Electrical Engineering Deparment, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6210427, Chile
| | - Karim Baleta
- Club de Leones Cruz del Sur Rehabilitation Center, Punta Arenas 6210133, Chile
| | - José M. Azorín
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, Brain-Machine Interface Systems Lab, Miguel Hernández University of Elche UMH, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Marcela Múnera
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogota 111166, Colombia
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Ba F, Sang TT, He W, Fatehi J, Mostofi E, Zheng B. Stereopsis and Eye Movement Abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease and Their Clinical Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:783773. [PMID: 35211005 PMCID: PMC8861359 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.783773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not exclusively a motor disorder. Among non-motor features, patients with PD possess sensory visual dysfunctions. Depth perception and oculomotor deficits can significantly impact patients’ motor performance. Stereopsis and eye behavioral study using 3D stimuli may help determine their implications in disease status. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate stereopsis and eye movement abnormalities in PD with reliable tools and their correlation with indicators of PD severity. We hypothesize that patients with PD exhibit different eye behaviors and that these differences may correlate to the severity of motor symptoms and cognitive status. Methods Control and PD participants were first evaluated for visual acuity, visual field, contrast acuity, and stereo perception with 2D and Titmus stereotests, followed by the assessment with a 3D active shutter system. Eye movement behaviors were assessed by a Tobii X2-60 eye tracker. Results Screening visual tests did not reveal any differences between the PD and control groups. With the 3D active shutter system, the PD group demonstrated significantly worse stereopsis. The preserved cognitive function was correlated to a more intact stereo function. Patients with PD had longer visual response times, with a higher number of fixations and bigger saccade amplitude, suggesting fixation stabilization difficulties. Such changes showed a positive correlation with the severity of motor symptoms and a negative correlation with normal cognitive status. Conclusion We assessed stereopsis with a 3D active shutter system and oculomotor behaviors with the Tobii eye tracker. Patients with PD exhibit poorer stereopsis and impaired oculomotor behaviors during response time. These deficits were correlated with PD motor and cognitive status. The visual parameters may potentially serve as the clinical biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ba
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Fang Ba,
| | - Tina T. Sang
- Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wenjing He
- Surgical Simulation Research Lab, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jaleh Fatehi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Emanuel Mostofi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bin Zheng
- Surgical Simulation Research Lab, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Feitosa-Santana C, Fernandes Costa M, Ballalai Ferraz H, Andrade LAF, Moura AL, Amaro E, Hamer RD, Fix Ventura D. Visual losses in early-onset and late-onset Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:A285-A293. [PMID: 32400706 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.382042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) manifest visual losses. However, it is not known whether these losses are equivalent in both early-onset (EOPD) and late-onset (LOPD) patients. We evaluated contrast sensitivity and color vision in EOPD and LOPD patients and in age-matched controls. Losses occurred in both patient groups but were more pronounced in EOPD, consistent with the notion that non-motor symptoms are affected by age of symptom onset. More studies of visual function in EOPD and LOPD patients are needed to understand how aging is related to the pathophysiology of non-motor PD symptomatology. This would permit earlier diagnosis and, perhaps, better management of the disease.
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Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson disease psychopharmacology: Insights from circuit dynamics. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 165:83-121. [PMID: 31727232 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a complex pathophysiology characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. Persons with PD experience several motoric and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric features of PD include depression, anxiety, psychosis, impulse control disorders, and apathy. In this chapter, we will utilize the National Institutes of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to frame and integrate observations from two prevailing disease constructions: neurotransmitter anomalies and circuit physiology. When there is available evidence, we posit how unified translational observations may have clinical relevance and postulate importance outside of PD. Finally, we review the limited evidence available for pharmacologic management of these symptoms.
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Matthews J, Nagao K, Ding C, Newby R, Kempster P, Hohwy J. Raised visual contrast thresholds with intact attention and metacognition in functional motor disorder. Cortex 2020; 125:161-174. [PMID: 31991241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional motor disorders (FMDs) are distinguished by signs that lack congruence with recognised patterns of organic disease and show inconsistency over time. Their pathophysiology is poorly understood, but there is evidence that irregularities in perceptual and cognitive processing lie at the heart of these conditions. Here, we draw on a predictive coding account of functional neurological disorders to study perceptual decision-making in three groups: 20 patients with FMDs (14 with functional movements and 6 with functional weakness), 20 with phenotypically-matched organic motor disorders, and 20 age-matched healthy controls. We examine four cognitive domains with putative roles in FMD pathogenesis: attention, expectations, sensory processing (perceptual sensitivity), and metacognition (introspective evaluation of performance). We augmented a dual-task paradigm, manipulating the visual contrast required for target detection to examine these domains in one design. With sensory input (stimulus contrast) psychometrically adjusted to staircase target detection at a fixed level for all groups, the FMD group exhibited statistically equivalent attentional, expectational and metacognitive processing to healthy controls. However, we demonstrate Bayesian evidence and a frequentist trend that FMD patients require higher visual contrast than controls to maintain the same detection sensitivity (BF10 = 8.1, pholm = .066). This was statistically equivalent to the visual contrast required by the organic group, and unlikely to be accounted for by medication use or comorbid psychopathology. The organic group showed differences in processing of attention and expectations for target detection that were not observed in either healthy controls or the functional group. The distinctive behavioural profile of FMDs may arise from abnormalities in basic sensory processing, while higher attentional, expectational and metacognitive mechanisms remain intact. Conceptualising functional neurological disorders under a predictive coding account may consolidate and refine existing pathophysiological theories about them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Matthews
- Cognition & Philosophy Lab, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Kanae Nagao
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Catherine Ding
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Rachel Newby
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Peter Kempster
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Jakob Hohwy
- Cognition & Philosophy Lab, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Bernardinis M, Atashzar SF, Jog MS, Patel RV. Differential Temporal Perception Abilities in Parkinson's Disease Patients Based on Timing Magnitude. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19638. [PMID: 31873093 PMCID: PMC6928024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (PD) predate motor symptoms and substantially decrease quality of life; however, detection, monitoring, and treatments are unavailable for many of these symptoms. Temporal perception abnormalities in PD are generally attributed to altered Basal Ganglia (BG) function. Present studies are confounded by motor control facilitating movements that are integrated into protocols assessing temporal perception. There is uncertainty regarding the BG's influence on timing processes of different time scales and how PD therapies affect this perception. In this study, PD patients using Levodopa (n = 25), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS; n = 6), de novo patients (n = 6), and healthy controls (n = 17) completed a visual temporal perception task in seconds and sub-section timing scales using a computer-generated graphical tool. For all patient groups, there were no impairments seen at the smaller tested magnitudes (using sub-second timing). However, all PD groups displayed significant impairments at the larger tested magnitudes (using interval timing). Neither Levodopa nor DBS therapy led to significant improvements in timing abilities. Levodopa resulted in a strong trend towards impairing timing processes and caused a deterioration in perceptual coherency according to Weber's Law. It is shown that timing abnormalities in PD occur in the seconds range but do not extend to the sub-second range. Furthermore, observed timing deficits were shown to not be solely caused by motor deficiency. This provides evidence to support internal clock models involving the BG (among other neural regions) in interval timing, and cerebellar control of sub-second timing. This study also revealed significant temporal perception deficits in recently diagnosed PD patients; thus, temporal perception abnormalities might act as an early disease marker, with the graphical tool showing potential for disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bernardinis
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Canada.
- Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (CSTAR), London, Canada.
- Movement Disorders Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada.
| | - S Farokh Atashzar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University (NYU), New York City, United States of America.
| | - Mandar S Jog
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Canada
- Movement Disorders Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Rajni V Patel
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario (UWO), London, Canada
- Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (CSTAR), London, Canada
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Pretegiani E, Vanegas-Arroyave N, FitzGibbon EJ, Hallett M, Optican LM. Evidence From Parkinson's Disease That the Superior Colliculus Couples Action and Perception. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1680-1689. [PMID: 31633242 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action and perception should be coordinated for good visual-motor performance. The mechanism coupling action and perception may be a prominence map in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus that modulates motor and attentional/perceptual processes. This coordination comes with a cost: the misperception that briefly overlapping stimuli are separated in time. Our model predicts that abnormal intermediate layer of the superior colliculus inhibition, such as that arising from increased basal ganglia output, would affect the action and perception coupling, and it would worsen the misperception. OBJECTIVE To test the prominence map model by measuring reaction times and perceptions in human intermediate layer of the superior colliculus dysfunction. METHODS We measured the saccadic and perceptual reaction time changes and the percept for different temporal asynchronies between fixation point offset and peripheral target onset in Parkinson's disease (PD). RESULTS We found that increased basal ganglia inhibitory output to the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus prominence map disrupted the normal coupling of action and perception. With increasing temporal asynchronies, the PD perceptual reaction times increased approximately 3 times more than the increase of the saccadic reaction times. Also, PD subjects misperceive small overlaps as gaps for temporal asynchronies up to 3 times longer than controls. The results can be reproduced by an intermediate layer of the superior colliculus rostral-caudal gradient of inhibition. CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that a prominence map in the intermediate layer of the superior colliculus couples action and perception through modulation of attention. A dysfunction of this network quantifies abnormal basal ganglia output and could underlie visual deficits, including common, yet poorly understood, misperceptions and visual-motor deficits of PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pretegiani
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Vanegas-Arroyave
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edmond J FitzGibbon
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lance M Optican
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Current treatment of behavioral and cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 59:65-73. [PMID: 30852149 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive and behavioral symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease, may occur even in the prodromal stages of the disease, worsen with disease progression, and surpass motor symptoms as the major factors affecting patient quality of life and caregiver burden. The symptoms may be caused by the disease pathology or they may represent adverse effects of treatment, or both etiological factors may contribute. Although many of these symptoms are related to dopaminergic dysfunction or dopaminergic medication, other neurotransmitters are involved as well. Behavioral symptoms including impulse control disorders, apathy, psychosis, as well as mild cognitive impairment and dementia are reviewed with a special focus on current treatment approaches.
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10
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Sun L, Chan P. LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease patients have better stereopsis than idiopathic Parkinson disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 169:174-177. [PMID: 29705653 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visual dysfunctions are frequent and have several manifestations in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the characteristics of these complications in LRRK2 (leucine-rich kinase 2)-associated PD patients still lack systematic research. The purpose of this study is to assess visual functions of LRRK2-associated PD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five (25) PD patients with LRRK2 R1628P and G2385R variants were included in the study and compared to 28 PD patients without these variants and 28 age-matched healthy controls. The genotypes of PD patients were kept double-blinded. Information on age, sex, disease duration, the movement disorder society-unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (H&Y), Mini-Mental Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were included. Visual functions assessment included color perception, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis. RESULTS PD patients with or without LRRK2 R1628P and G2385R variants have declined contrast sensitivity, diminished color discrimination and damaged stereopsis. There was no significant difference in retinal level visual deficiency (color discrimination and contrast sensitivity) between PD with LRRK2 variants and those without, but cortex level visual function, i.e. stereopsis is better in PD with LRRK2 variants than non-carrier PD patients. The associated factors of stereopsis are different. The stereopsis is associated with MoCA scores independently in non-carrier PD patients, but with UPDRSIII scores in LRRK2-associated PD patients. CONCLUSIONS Visual functions are similarly affected in PD patients with and without LRRK2 R1628P and G2385R variants, but LRRK2-associated PD patients have better stereopsis than idiopathic PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.
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Wang L, Rangarajan KV, Gerfen CR, Krauzlis RJ. Activation of Striatal Neurons Causes a Perceptual Decision Bias during Visual Change Detection in Mice. Neuron 2018; 97:1369-1381.e5. [PMID: 29503185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are implicated in perceptual decision-making, although their specific contributions remain unclear. Here, we tested the causal role of the basal ganglia by manipulating neuronal activity in the dorsal striatum of mice performing a visual orientation-change detection (yes/no) task. Brief unilateral optogenetic stimulation caused large changes in task performance, shifting psychometric curves upward by increasing the probability of "yes" responses with only minor changes in sensitivity. For the direct pathway, these effects were significantly larger when the visual event was expected in the contralateral visual field, demonstrating a lateralized bias in responding to sensory inputs rather than a generalized increase in action initiation. For both direct and indirect pathways, the effects were specific to task epochs in which choice-relevant visual stimuli were present. These results indicate that the causal link between striatal activity and decision-making includes an additive perceptual bias in favor of expected or valued visual events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupeng Wang
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krsna V Rangarajan
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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Souza BOF, Abou Rjeili M, Quintana C, Beaulieu JM, Casanova C. Spatial Frequency Selectivity Is Impaired in Dopamine D2 Receptor Knockout Mice. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29379422 PMCID: PMC5775240 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter implicated in several brain functions, including vision. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the lack of D2 dopamine receptors on the structure and function of the primary visual cortex (V1) of D2-KO mice using optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Retinotopic maps were generated in order to measure anatomo-functional parameters such as V1 shape, cortical magnification factor, scatter, and ocular dominance. Contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency selectivity (SF) functions were computed from responses to drifting gratings. When compared to control mice, none of the parameters of the retinotopic maps were affected by D2 receptor loss of function. While the contrast sensitivity function of D2-KO mice did not differ from their wild-type counterparts, SF selectivity function was significantly affected as the optimal SF and the high cut-off frequency (p < 0.01) were higher in D2-KO than in WT mice. These findings show that the lack of function of D2 dopamine receptors had no influence on cortical structure whereas it had a significant impact on the spatial frequency selectivity and high cut-off. Taken together, our results suggest that D2 receptors play a specific role on the processing of spatial features in early visual cortex while they do not seem to participate in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Abou Rjeili
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémentine Quintana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean M Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Casanova
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Muller AJ, O'Callaghan C, Walton CC, Shine JM, Lewis SJG. Retrospective Neuropsychological Profile of Patients With Parkinson Disease Prior to Developing Visual Hallucinations. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2017; 30:90-95. [PMID: 28067106 DOI: 10.1177/0891988716686830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Visual hallucinations (VH) are a common feature of Parkinson disease (PD); however, the cognitive profile preceding the onset of VH has not yet been established. The present study investigated longitudinal neuropsychological performance of patients with PD who developed VH during follow-up compared to a group who did not develop VH. The patient groups were matched for demographic and disease severity variables at their baseline assessments. Patients who developed VH displayed impaired performance at baseline on measures of psychomotor speed, executive functioning, reaction time, and attention compared to patients who did not develop VH. These results demonstrate a profile of cognitive deficits specific to patients with PD at risk of developing VH and implicate attentional dysfunction in the early pathogenesis of VH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana J Muller
- 1 Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire O'Callaghan
- 1 Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,2 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,3 Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Courtney C Walton
- 1 Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James M Shine
- 4 School of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,5 Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- 1 Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Khan MA, Quadri SA, Tohid H. A comprehensive overview of the neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's disease: A review. Bull Menninger Clin 2017; 81:53-105. [DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2017.81.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed A. Quadri
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Tohid
- Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis
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15
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Ffytche DH, Creese B, Politis M, Chaudhuri KR, Weintraub D, Ballard C, Aarsland D. The psychosis spectrum in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:81-95. [PMID: 28106066 PMCID: PMC5656278 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, the clinical and research profile of illusions, hallucinations, delusions and related symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD) was raised with the publication of a consensus definition of PD psychosis. Symptoms that were previously deemed benign and clinically insignificant were incorporated into a continuum of severity, leading to the rapid expansion of literature focusing on clinical aspects, mechanisms and treatment. Here, we review this literature and the evolving view of PD psychosis. Key topics include the prospective risk of dementia in individuals with PD psychosis, and the causal and modifying effects of PD medication. We discuss recent developments, including recognition of an increase in the prevalence of psychosis with disease duration, addition of new visual symptoms to the psychosis continuum, and identification of frontal executive, visual perceptual and memory dysfunction at different disease stages. In addition, we highlight novel risk factors - for example, autonomic dysfunction - that have emerged from prospective studies, structural MRI evidence of frontal, parietal, occipital and hippocampal involvement, and approval of pimavanserin for the treatment of PD psychosis. The accumulating evidence raises novel questions and directions for future research to explore the clinical management and biomarker potential of PD psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic H Ffytche
- KCL-PARCOG group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, UK. De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Byron Creese
- KCL-PARCOG group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- KCL-PARCOG group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- KCL-PARCOG group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College London/Kings College Hospital, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- KCL-PARCOG group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania 3615 Chestnut Street, #330, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Parkinson's Disease and Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centres (PADRECC and MIRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Centre 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Clive Ballard
- KCL-PARCOG group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Dag Aarsland
- KCL-PARCOG group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &Neuroscience, King's College London, UK. De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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16
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ffytche DH, Aarsland D. Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:585-622. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Walker RH. Evolution of visual art with dopaminergic therapy. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2016; 3:6. [PMID: 27004128 PMCID: PMC4800775 DOI: 10.1186/s40734-016-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A patient with right-side-predominant Parkinson’s disease presented visual artwork which improved in resemblance to the model which he was copying with increasing doses of levodopa. I propose that increased dopaminergic replacement resulted in improved attention to detail, mediated by circuitry in the left hemisphere.
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18
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Zhu J, Shen B, Lu L, Lan W, Pan Y, Zhang L, Dong J, Wang M, Zhang L. Prevalence and risk factors for visual hallucinations in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 372:471-476. [PMID: 27823833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Parkinson's disease (PD) patients frequently present visual hallucinations (VHs)·The determinants of VHs in Chinese PD patients remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to illuminate the prevalence and clinical correlates of VHs in the Chinese population with PD. METHODS A total of 371 consecutive, idiopathic PD patients were recruited into the study. Patients were categorized as hallucinators and nonhallucinators according to Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). RESULTS VHs were observed in 72 (19.4%) patients. Among them, 26.4% of the hallucinators experienced minor hallucinations, and 73.6% had complex visual hallucinations. The age, disease duration, percentage of patients using dopamine agonists, UPDRS part III, Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) stage, and Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMS-Quest) score in hallucinators were significantly greater than in nonhallucinators (P<0.05). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and PD Sleep Scale (PDSS) scores in nonhallucinators were significantly higher than in hallucinators (P<0.05). The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores were not different between the hallucinators and nonhallucinators. The forward binary logistic regression model showed that disease duration, dopamine agonist use, sleep quality, and cognition were associated with VHs in PD patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the high prevalence of VHs in patients with PD. The VHs are associated with duration, dopamine agonist use, sleep quality, and cognition, and should trigger further inquiry by neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Clinical Medicine School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Clinical Medicine School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyu Lu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Clinical Medicine School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenya Lan
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Clinical Medicine School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingde Dong
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Fengler S, Kessler J, Timmermann L, Zapf A, Elben S, Wojtecki L, Tucha O, Kalbe E. Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Improving the Diagnostic Utility of the MoCA through Subtest Weighting. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159318. [PMID: 27437705 PMCID: PMC4954721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given the high prevalence of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD), cognitive screening is important in clinical practice. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a frequently used screening test in PD to detect mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PD-D). However, the proportion in which the subtests are represented in the MoCA total score does not seem reasonable. We present the development and preliminary evaluation of an empirically based alternative scoring system of the MoCA which aims at increasing the overall diagnostic accuracy. Methods In study 1, the MoCA was administered to 40 patients with PD without cognitive impairment (PD-N), PD-MCI, or PD-D, as defined by a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. The new MoCA scoring algorithm was developed by defining Areas under the Curve (AUC) for MoCA subtests in a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and by weighting the subtests according to their sensitivities and specificities. In study 2, an independent sample of 24 PD patients (PD-N, PD-MCI, or PD-D) was tested with the MoCA. In both studies, diagnostic accuracy of the original and the new scoring procedure was calculated. Results Diagnostic accuracy increased with the new MoCA scoring algorithm. In study 1, the sensitivity to detect cognitive impairment increased from 62.5% to 92%, while specificity decreased only slightly from 77.7% to 73%; in study 2, sensitivity increased from 68.8% to 81.3%, while specificity stayed stable at 75%. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrates that the sensitivity of the MoCA can be enhanced substantially by an empirically based weighting procedure and that the proposed scoring algorithm may serve the MoCA’s actual purpose as a screening tool in the detection of cognitive dysfunction in PD patients better than the original scoring of the MoCA. Further research with larger sample sizes is necessary to establish efficacy of the alternate scoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fengler
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Gerontology & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
| | - Josef Kessler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Zapf
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saskia Elben
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Wojtecki
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elke Kalbe
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Gerontology & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Intervention (CeNDI), University of Vechta, Vechta, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Zhu M, Li M, Ye D, Jiang W, Lei T, Shu K. Sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:685-92. [PMID: 26948282 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Anesthesiology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Dawei Ye
- Department of Neoplasm; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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21
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Theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:515-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Itthipuripat S, Serences JT. Integrating Levels of Analysis in Systems and Cognitive Neurosciences: Selective Attention as a Case Study. Neuroscientist 2015; 22:225-37. [PMID: 26307043 DOI: 10.1177/1073858415603312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuroscience is inherently interdisciplinary, rapidly expanding beyond its roots in biological sciences to many areas of the social and physical sciences. This expansion has led to more sophisticated ways of thinking about the links between brains and behavior and has inspired the development of increasingly advanced tools to characterize the activity of large populations of neurons. However, along with these advances comes a heightened risk of fostering confusion unless efforts are made to better integrate findings across different model systems and to develop a better understanding about how different measurement techniques provide mutually constraining information. Here we use selective visuospatial attention as a case study to highlight the importance of these issues, and we suggest that exploiting multiple measures can better constrain models that relate neural activity to animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawaj Itthipuripat
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Serences
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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23
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Orbitofrontal (18) F-DOPA Uptake and Movement Preparation in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:180940. [PMID: 26171275 PMCID: PMC4480935 DOI: 10.1155/2015/180940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) degeneration of mesocortical dopaminergic projections may determine cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Choice reaction time task is related to attention, working memory, and goal-directed behavior. Such paradigm involves frontal cortical circuits receiving mesocortical dopamine which are affected early in PD. The aim of this study is to characterize the role of dopamine on the cognitive processes that precede movement in a reaction time paradigm in PD. We enrolled 16 newly diagnosed and untreated patients with PD without cognitive impairment or depression and 10 control subjects with essential tremor. They performed multiple-choice reaction time task with the right upper limb and brain 18F-DOPA PET/CT scan. A significant inverse correlation was highlighted between average reaction time and 18F-DOPA uptake in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex. No correlations were found between reaction time and PD disease severity or between reaction time and 18F-DOPA uptake in controls. Our study shows that in PD, but not in controls, reaction time is inversely related to the levels of dopamine in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex. This novel finding underlines the role of dopamine in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the early stages of PD, supporting a relation between the compensatory cortical dopamine and movement preparation.
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24
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Itthipuripat S, Cha K, Rangsipat N, Serences JT. Value-based attentional capture influences context-dependent decision-making. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:560-9. [PMID: 25995350 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00343.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Normative theories posit that value-based decision-making is context independent. However, decisions between two high-value options can be suboptimally biased by the introduction of a third low-value option. This context-dependent modulation is consistent with the divisive normalization of the value of each stimulus by the total value of all stimuli. In addition, an independent line of research demonstrates that pairing a stimulus with a high-value outcome can lead to attentional capture that can mediate the efficiency of visual information processing. Here we tested the hypothesis that value-based attentional capture interacts with value-based normalization to influence the optimality of decision-making. We used a binary-choice paradigm in which observers selected between two targets and the color of each target indicated the magnitude of their reward potential. Observers also had to simultaneously ignore a task-irrelevant distractor rendered in a color that was previously associated with a specific reward magnitude. When the color of the task-irrelevant distractor was previously associated with a high reward, observers responded more slowly and less optimally. Moreover, as the learned value of the distractor increased, electrophysiological data revealed an attenuation of the lateralized N1 and N2Pc responses evoked by the relevant choice stimuli and an attenuation of the late positive deflection (LPD). Collectively, these behavioral and electrophysiological data suggest that value-based attentional capture and value-based normalization jointly mediate the influence of context on free-choice decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawaj Itthipuripat
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Kexin Cha
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Napat Rangsipat
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John T Serences
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Lee CN, Ko D, Suh YW, Park KW. Cognitive functions and stereopsis in patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease using 3-dimensional television: a case controlled trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123229. [PMID: 25822839 PMCID: PMC4378891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereopsis or depth perception is an awareness of the distances of objects from the observer, and binocular disparity is a necessary component of recognizing objects through stereopsis. In the past studies, patients with neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer dementia, AD; Parkinson’s disease IPD) have problems of stereopsis but they did not have actual stimulation of stereopsis. Therefore in this study, we used a 3-dimensional (3D) movie on 3D television (TV) for actual stereopsis stimulation. We propose research through analyzing differences between the three groups (AD, IPD, and Controls), and identified relations between the results from the Titmus Stereo Fly Test, and the 3D TV test. The study also looked into factors that affect the 3D TV test. Before allowing the patients to watch TV, we examined Titmus stereo Fly Test and cognitive test. We used the 3D version of a movie, of 17 minutes 1 second duration, and carried out a questionnaire about stereopsis. The scores of the stereopsis questionnaire were decreased in AD patients, compared with in IPD and controls, although they did not have any difference of Titmus Stereo Fly Test scores. In IPD patients, cognitive function (Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA) scores were correlated with the scores of the stereopsis questionnaire. We could conclude that Titmus fly test could not distinguish between the three groups and cognitive dysfunction contributes to actual stereopsis perception in IPD patients. Therefore the 3D TV test of AD and IPD patients was more effective than Titmus fly test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Nyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deokwon Ko
- Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Suh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Woo Park
- Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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26
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Moustafa AA, Krishna R, Frank MJ, Eissa AM, Hewedi DH. Cognitive correlates of psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2015; 19:381-98. [PMID: 24446773 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2013.877385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychosis and hallucinations occur in 20-30% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In the current study, we investigate cognitive functions in relation to the occurrence of psychosis in PD patients. METHODS We tested three groups of subjects - PD with psychosis, PD without psychosis and healthy controls - on working memory, learning and transitive inference tasks, which are known to assess prefrontal, basal ganglia and hippocampal functions. RESULTS In the working memory task, results show that patients with and without psychosis were more impaired than the healthy control group. In the transitive inference task, we did not find any difference among the groups in the learning phase performance. Importantly, PD patients with psychosis were more impaired than both PD patients without psychosis and controls at transitive inference. We also found that the severity of psychotic symptoms in PD patients [as measured by the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Thought Disorder (UPDRS TD) item] is directly associated with the severity of cognitive impairment [as measured by the mini-mental status exam (MMSE)], sleep disturbance [as measured by the Scales for Outcome in Parkinson Disease (SCOPA) sleep scale] and transitive inference (although the latter did not reach significance). CONCLUSIONS Although hypothetical, our data may suggest that the hippocampus is a neural substrate underlying the occurrence of psychosis, sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- a Department of Veterans Affairs , New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange , NJ , USA
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27
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Chung EJ, Seok K, Kim SJ. A comparison of montreal cognitive assessment between patients with visual hallucinations and without visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2015; 130:98-100. [PMID: 25596487 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual hallucination (VH) is closely associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study is to analyze the domain of cognitive impairment related to the VH by analyzing cognition in PD. METHOD Twenty-six of 58 patients had VH (PD-VH), whereas 32 patients had no hallucinations (PD-NH); patients assigned to the PD-VH on the basis of having at least one VH per week for one month before participation in the study. All of the patients were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean test (MoCA-K). We analyzed the differences in cognition between PD-VH and PD-NH. RESULTS The Hoehn-Yahr (HY) stage and the Beck Depression Inventory version I (BDI) scores in PD-VH were significantly different from those in PD-NH. After adjusting for the HY stage and BDI, the language domain of the MoCA-K cognitive domains presents a significant difference between PD-VH and PD-NH. CONCLUSION Sentence processing and naming as the composition of the language domain in the MoCA-K have been associated in common with posterior cortical dysfunction. Although our result shows that the language domain of MoCA-K is sensitive to cognitive deficit in PD-VH patients, it needs further neuroimaging analysis for certifying the relationship between language impairment and posterior cortical deficit as the pathophysiology of PD-VH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Chung
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyngha Seok
- Institute of Statistical Information, Department of Data Science, Inje University, Kimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Krauzlis RJ, Bollimunta A, Arcizet F, Wang L. Attention as an effect not a cause. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:457-64. [PMID: 24953964 PMCID: PMC4186707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention is commonly thought to be important for managing the limited resources available in sensory areas of the neocortex. Here we present an alternative view that attention arises as a byproduct of circuits centered on the basal ganglia involved in value-based decision making. The central idea is that decision making depends on properly estimating the current state of the animal and its environment and that the weighted inputs to the currently prevailing estimate give rise to the filter-like properties of attention. After outlining this new framework, we describe findings from physiological, anatomical, computational, and clinical work that support this point of view. We conclude that the brain mechanisms responsible for attention employ a conserved circuit motif that predates the emergence of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Anil Bollimunta
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabrice Arcizet
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lupeng Wang
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Karádi K, Lucza T, Aschermann Z, Komoly S, Deli G, Bosnyák E, Acs P, Horváth R, Janszky J, Kovács N. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease: the role of laterality. Laterality 2014; 20:112-27. [PMID: 25341015 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2014.936444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry is one of the unique and mysterious features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Motor symptoms develop unilaterally either on the left (LPD) or the right side (RPD). Incongruent data are available whether the side of onset has an impact on cognition in PD. The objective of this study is to compare the visuospatial performance of RPD and LPD patients. Seventy-one non-demented, non-depressive and right-handed patients were categorized into RBD (n = 36) and LPD (n = 35) groups. Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF) was evaluated by both the Taylor's and Loring's scoring systems. Subsequently, we also performed subgroup analyses on patients having short disease duration (≤5 years, 15 RBD and 15 LPD patients). The standard analysis of ROCF (Taylor's system) did not reveal any differences; however, the utilization of the Loring's system demonstrated that LPD patients had significantly worse visuospatial performance than the RPD subjects (3.0 vs. 2.0 points, median, p = 0.002). Correlation between the number of spatial errors and the degree of asymmetry was significant (r = -0.437, p = 0.001). However, this difference could not be observed in PD patients with short disease duration. LPD patients had worse visuospatial performance than the RPD subjects and the number of errors tightly correlated with the degree of asymmetry and long disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kázmér Karádi
- a Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
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Sun L, Zhang H, Gu Z, Cao M, Li D, Chan P. Stereopsis impairment is associated with decreased color perception and worse motor performance in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Med Res 2014; 19:29. [PMID: 24886673 PMCID: PMC4046158 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-19-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted this study is to investigate the correlation between stereopsis dysfunction and color perception, as well as whether stereopsis impairment is associated with motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHOD Our present study included 45 PD patients and 50 non-PD control patients attending the Movement Disorder Center at Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University in Beijing from July 2011 to November 2011. Neurologic evaluations and visual function assessments were conducted, and the results between two groups of patients were compared. RESULTS We found that the total error scores (TESs) and partial error scores (PESs) for red, green, blue and purple were all significantly higher in PD patients than in control patients. The limited grade on the FLY Stereo Acuity Test with LEA Symbols was significantly lower in PD patients than in control patients (P = 0.0001), whereas the percentage of abnormal stereopsis in PD patients was significantly higher than in control patients (42.2% vs. 12%; P = 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that PD patients with higher Hoehn and Yahr Scale stage, and those with decreased stereopsis had higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores and worse motor function. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that the UPDRS motor scores and total average number of the Purdue Pegboard Test scores of PD patients were significantly improved when they had taken their medications, and the TESs and PESs for green were lower in when they were off their medications. CONCLUSION Our results provide more information on the underlying mechanisms of vision, motor and stereopsis impairments in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
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Ho SC, Hsu CC, Yu CH, Huang WN, Tikhonova MA, Ho MC, Hung CS, Amstislavskaya TG, Ho YJ. Measuring attention in a Parkinson's disease rat model using the 5-arm maze test. Physiol Behav 2014; 130:176-81. [PMID: 24690450 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty to thirty percent of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from not only motor disorder, but also symptoms of dementia, named Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Cognitive deficits in PDD include memory, recognition, and attention. Although patients with PDD show fluctuation of internal attention when taking an attentional test, they perform better when provided with an external cue, indicating that they have normal external attention. We examined visuospatial attention in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD animal model using the 5-arm maze test. After an 8-day training period, followed by a 2-day pre-lesion test in the 5-arm maze, male Wistar rats received a microinfusion of MPTP into the substantia nigra pars compacta, while controls underwent a sham operation procedure. Nine days after MPTP lesioning, the rats underwent an open field test, followed by a 2-day post-lesion test in the maze. The results showed that: (1) no motor impairment was observed 9 days after MPTP lesioning; and (2) in the post-lesion 5-arm maze test, cue illumination lasting 0.5s resulted in a decrease in the percentage of correct responses compared to a 2 second cue in both the sham-operated and MPTP-lesioned groups and no difference was observed between these two groups. As far as we are aware, this is the first study examining visuospatial attention in the PD rat model using the 5-arm maze test. These results suggest that, as in patients with PDD, MPTP-induced PD rats show normal external attention function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Ho
- School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung Metrohabor Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Nung Huang
- School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Maria A Tikhonova
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, State Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ming-Chou Ho
- School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, State Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, ROC.
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Murray LL, Rutledge S. Reading comprehension in Parkinson's disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2014; 23:S246-S258. [PMID: 24686432 DOI: 10.1044/2014_ajslp-13-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) self-report reading problems and experience difficulties in cognitive-linguistic functions that support discourse-level reading, prior research has primarily focused on sentence-level processing and auditory comprehension. Accordingly, the authors investigated the presence and nature of reading comprehension in PD, hypothesizing that (a) individuals with PD would display impaired accuracy and/or speed on reading comprehension tests and (b) reading performances would be correlated with cognitive test results. METHOD Eleven adults with PD and 9 age- and education-matched control participants completed tests that evaluated reading comprehension; general language and cognitive abilities; and aspects of attention, memory, and executive functioning. RESULT The PD group obtained significantly lower scores on several, but not all, reading comprehension, language, and cognitive measures. Memory, language, and disease severity were significantly correlated with reading comprehension for the PD group. CONCLUSION Individuals in the early stages of PD without dementia or broad cognitive deficits can display reading comprehension difficulties, particularly for high- versus basic-level reading tasks. These reading difficulties are most closely related to memory, high-level language, and PD symptom severity status. The findings warrant additional research to delineate further the types and nature of reading comprehension impairments experienced by individuals with PD.
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Wang Q, Zhang Z, Li L, Wen H, Xu Q. Assessment of cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease: prevalence and risk factors. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:275-81. [PMID: 24550669 PMCID: PMC3926705 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s47367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) is clinically characterized by motor symptoms, cognitive impairment is one of the most disabling non-motor symptoms. Despite it attracting increasing attention worldwide, less is known about its prevalence in the Chinese population. The objective of this study was to assess cognitive impairment and related risk factors in Chinese PD patients. Methods We collected the demographic, diagnostic, and treatment information of 901 PD patients from 42 centers throughout the People’s Republic of China, then administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, to assess motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Results Overall, 193 of 901 (21.4%) PD patients met the criteria for dementia (PD-D), and 206 (22.8%) met the criteria for mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI). Visuospatial dysfunction and attention/executive impairment predominated. Increased severity of cognitive impairment was associated with greater motor impairment. Patients with psychiatric symptoms, such as depression and hallucinations, were more likely to have dementia. Potentially, the younger-aged and more educated are shown less cognitive impairment, but age at onset, and levodopa equivalent dose, were not associated with the presence of cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion The prevalence and profile of cognitive impairment in Chinese PD patients, as well as the risk factors, are similar as those reported for other races, but the frequency of nonamnestic cognitive domains differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Wen
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Moustafa AA, Poletti M. Neural and behavioral substrates of subtypes of Parkinson's disease. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:117. [PMID: 24399940 PMCID: PMC3872046 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder, associated with rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremor, among other motor symptoms. In addition, patients with PD also show cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction, including dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), depression, hallucinations, among others. Interestingly, the occurrence of these symptoms—motor, cognitive, and psychiatric—vary among individuals, such that a subgroup of PD patients might show some of the symptoms, but another subgroup does not. This has prompted neurologists and scientists to subtype PD patients depending on the severity of symptoms they show. Neural studies have also mapped different motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms in PD to different brain networks. In this review, we discuss the neural and behavioral substrates of most common subtypes of PD patients, that are related to the occurrence of: (a) resting tremor (vs. nontremor-dominant); (b) MCI; (c) dementia; (d) impulse control disorders (ICD); (e) depression; and/or (f) hallucinations. We end by discussing the relationship among subtypes of PD subgroups, and the relationship among motor, cognitive, psychiatric factors in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System East Orange, NJ, USA ; School of Social Sciences and Psychology and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, AUSL of Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Stuart S, Alcock L, Galna B, Lord S, Rochester L. The measurement of visual sampling during real-world activity in Parkinson's disease and healthy controls: a structured literature review. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 222:175-88. [PMID: 24291711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual sampling techniques are used to investigate the complex role of vision during real-world activities in Parkinson's disease. Earlier research is limited to static simple tasks or measurement of eye movements alone, but more recent investigations involve more real-world activities. The approach to the objective measurement of eye movements varies with respect to instrumentation, testing protocols, and mediating factors that may influence visual sampling. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to examine previous work measuring visual sampling during real-world activities in Parkinson's disease to inform the development of robust protocols. Within this review a real-world activity was considered to be a goal-orientated motor task involving more than one body segment such as reaching or walking. METHODS Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and the Cochrane library databases were searched. Two independent reviewers and an adjudicator screened articles that described quantitative visual sampling in people with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. RESULTS Twenty full-text articles were screened and 15 met inclusion/exclusion criteria. A wide range of instruments and outcome measures were reported which were generally used in a task-dependent manner. Instrument reliability and validity was insufficiently reported in all studies. Few studies considered mediators of visual sampling such as visual or cognitive deficits. CONCLUSIONS Future research is required to accurately characterise visual impairments in Parkinson's disease and during real-world activities. Composite use of instruments may be required to achieve reliability and validity of visual sampling outcomes which need to be standardised. Recommendations also include assessment of cognition and basic visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stuart
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Alcock
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Brook Galna
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Lord
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.
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Bessinis DP, Dalla C, Kokras N, Pitychoutis PM, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Sex-dependent neurochemical effects of environmental enrichment in the visual system. Neuroscience 2013; 254:130-40. [PMID: 24042032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the visual system have been reported in aspects of human vision, such as color perception, peripheral vision and even in the activation of the primary visual cortex. Similarly sex differences have been identified in the visual system of laboratory animals such as monkeys and rats. On the other hand, environmental enrichment (EE) has long been known to affect visual tissues. Taking into consideration the variation in the experimental approaches concerning EE and the sex differences in the visual system, we investigated in male and female rats the serotonergic and dopaminergic effects of EE in the retina and the visual cortex at different time points (i.e. P0-25, P0-P90 and P90-P150). Early EE in adulthood increased the serotonergic activity of the male visual cortex and the female retina (P0-P90). In addition early enrichment (P0-P90) increased dopaminergic activity in the female retina and in the visual cortex of both sexes. Late enrichment increased the serotonergic activity in the retina and visual cortex of both sexes (P90-P150), but increased the dopaminergic activity in the visual cortex only in male animals. In the present study we expose marked sex differences in the neurochemistry of visual tissues and we demonstrate for the first time that EE can in fact modify the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the retina and visual cortex. Overall, the present study underpins the sex-dependent neurochemical status of the visual system and provides insights into the different mechanisms underlying visual processing in the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Bessinis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Israeli-Korn SD, Hocherman S, Hassin-Baer S, Cohen OS, Inzelberg R. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation does not improve visuo-motor impairment in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65270. [PMID: 23776460 PMCID: PMC3679151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate how bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) affects visuo-motor coordination (VMC) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). BACKGROUND VMC involves multi-sensory integration, motor planning, executive function and attention. VMC deficits are well-described in PD. STN-DBS conveys marked motor benefit in PD, but pyscho-cognitive complications are recognized and the effect on VMC is not known. METHODS Thirteen PD patients with bilateral STN-DBS underwent neurological, cognitive, and mood assessment before VMC testing with optimal DBS stimulation parameters ('on-stimulation') and then, on the same day without any medication changes, after DBS silencing and establishing motor function deterioration ('off-stimulation'). Twelve age-matched healthy controls performed 2 successive VMC testing sessions, with a break of similar duration to that of the PD group. The computer cursor was controlled with a dome-shaped 'mouse' hidden from view that minimized tremor effects. Movement duration, hand velocity, tracking continuity, directional control variables, and feedback utilization variables were measured. MANOVA was performed on (1) clinically measured motor function, (2) VMC performance and (3) mood and attention, looking for main and interaction effects of: (1) group (controls/PD), (2) test-order (controls: first/second, PD: on-stimulation/off-stimulation), (3) path (sine/square/circle) and (4) hand (dominant/non-dominant). RESULTS Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III worsened off-stimulation versus on-stimulation (mean: 42.3 versus 21.6, p = 0.02), as did finger tapping (p = 0.02), posture-gait (p = 0.01), upper limb function (p<0.001) and backwards digit span (p = 0.02). Stimulation state did not affect mood. PD patients performed worse in non-velocity related VMC variables than controls (F(5,18) = 8.5, p<0.001). In the control group there were significant main effects of hand (dominant/non-dominant), path (sine/square/circle) and test-order (Test_1/Test_2). In the PD group, hand and path effects, but no test-order (on-stimulation/off-stimulation), were found. CONCLUSIONS 'Low-level' clinically-measured motor function responds to STN-DBS but 'high-level' motor and cognitive functions relating to VMC may be unresponsive to STN-DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Israeli-Korn
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Sagol Neuroscience Center and Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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