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Ercoli T, Bagella CF, Frau C, Ruiu E, Othmani S, Gusinu G, Masala C, Sechi LA, Solla P, Defazio G. Phantosmia in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Phenomenology of Olfactory Hallucinations. Neurol Int 2023; 16:20-32. [PMID: 38251050 PMCID: PMC10801480 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a prevalent non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting approximately 65-90% of subjects. PD patients may also report odor perception in the absence of any external source, often referred to as olfactory hallucinations (OHs) or phantosmia. This study aims to explore the current understanding of OHs in PD and offer a comprehensive overview of their prevalence and characteristics. We conducted a systematic search of the literature published on PubMed from inception to July 2023 regarding OHs in PD, following PRISMA guidelines. From the 2875 studies identified through database searching, 29 studies fulfilled the necessary criteria and underwent data extraction. The frequency of OHs in PD patients varies widely, ranging from 0.5% to 18.2%, with female prevalence ranging from 36% to 75% of the patients. Olfactory experiences may vary widely, ranging from pleasant scents to unpleasant odors. Several studies have indicated the concurrent presence of other types of hallucinations alongside phantosmia, especially visual and auditory hallucinations. OHs in PD are a type of hallucination that has been largely overlooked. To gain a deeper understanding of OHs in PD patients, the next crucial step should involve the development and validation of a dedicated questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Ercoli
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (C.F.B.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (S.O.)
| | - Caterina Francesca Bagella
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (C.F.B.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (S.O.)
| | - Claudia Frau
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (C.F.B.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (S.O.)
| | - Elisa Ruiu
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (C.F.B.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (S.O.)
| | - Sabrine Othmani
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (C.F.B.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (S.O.)
| | - Giansalvo Gusinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Paolo Solla
- Department of Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (C.F.B.); (C.F.); (E.R.); (S.O.)
| | - Giovanni Defazio
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
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Mehanna R, Furr-Stimming E, Schiess M. Not just a difference in perception: What if olfactory hallucinations are more frequent that previously reported in Parkinson's’ disease patients? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 102:142-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Solla P, Masala C, Pinna I, Frau C, Ercoli T, Defazio G. Olfactory hallucinations in Parkinson's disease patients and the role of their evaluation in clinical practice. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 102:141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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