Serum paraoxonase 1 activity and oxidant/antioxidant status in Saudi women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Evaluation of Pro/Antioxidant Imbalance in Blood of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Determination of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins and Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma Values

We investigated selected pro/antioxidant parameters in a group of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) divided according to age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (Quicki). We chose oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL-C) as a marker of oxidative stress and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a marker of antioxidant status. In women with PCOS, the values of BMI, WHR, age and concentration of glucose significantly affected oxLDL-C concentration and FRAP values. FRAP correlated with oxLDL-C level in the whole group and in women who were insulin sensitive (HOMA-IR < 2.0). There was a negative relationship between the concentration of Anti-Müllerian hormone and both oxLDL-C and FRAP. Furthermore, the value of FRAP was inversely correlated with luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and androstenedione, whereas it was positively correlated with the LH/FSH ratio. The concentration of oxLDL and the value of FRAP are significantly associated with selected metabolic and hormonal parameters in the course of PCOS.

HDL and Oxidation

In this chapter, we will focus on HDLs' activity of inhibiting LDL oxidation and neutralizing some other oxidants. ApoA-I was known as the main antioxidant component in HDLs. The regulation of antioxidant capacity of HDL is mainly exhibited in regulation of apoA-I and alterations at the level of the HDL lipidome and the modifications of the proteome, especially MPO and PON1. HDL oxidation will influence the processes of inflammation and cholesterol transport, which are important processes in atherosclerosis, metabolic diseases, and many other diseases. In a word, HDL oxidation might be an effective antioxidant target in treatment of many diseases.

Paraoxonase single nucleotide variants show associations with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is attributed to genetic and environmental factors. One environmental factor is oxidative stress. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme encoded by the PON1 gene. The PON1 gene has been implicated in the risk for PCOS, the influence of which appears to come from single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at multiple genetic loci. However, association study reports have been inconsistent which compels a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates.

METHODS

From 12 publications, extracted genotype data were used in two genetic procedures. First, linkage disequilibrium (LD) was used to group eight PON SNVs into three: LD1, LD2 and LD3. Second, frequencies of the variant (var), wild-type (wt) and heterozygous (het) genotypes were used for genetic modeling (allele-genotype for LD1 and standard for LD2 and LD3). Risk associations were expressed in terms of pooled odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P^a-values. Evidence was considered strong when significance was high (P^a < 0.0001) and heterogeneity absent (I² = 0%). Pooled effects were subjected to modifier (power), subgroup (Asian/Caucasian), outlier, sensitivity and publication bias treatments. Multiple comparisons were Bonferroni-corrected.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis generated 11 significant outcomes, five in LD1, six in LD2 and none in LD3. All six LD2 outcomes did not survive the Bonferroni-correction but two of the five in LD1 did. These two core LD1 findings conferred greater odds of PCOS to the var allele in the highly significant (P^a < 0.0001) overall (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24-1.67) and Asian (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.20-1.65) outcomes. Of these two core outcomes, the Asian effect was homogeneous (I² = 0%) but not the overall (I² = 29%).

CONCLUSIONS

Of the eight PON SNVs examined, two (rs854560 and rs662) were associated with PCOS risk. These 1.4-fold increased risk effects rendered Asians susceptible to PCOS. High statistical power, high significance, zero to low-level heterogeneity, robustness and lack of bias in the core outcomes underpinned the strong evidence for association.

Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Herbal Medicines for Treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common disorders of endocrinology in reproductive-age women. In this study, we reviewed data on the effects and underlying mechanisms of herbal medicines used in the treatment of PCOS in laboratory studies.

Methods

Articles published in English up to June 30, 2018 were searched in Medline and EMBASE. We extracted data regarding herbal intervention; target cell (or animal model) usage; method of herbal extraction; route of administration; dosage and periods; and outcomes of the compounds isolated from herbs, individual herbal extracts, and herbal formula decoctions. We summarized the actions and the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on PCOS.

Results

A total of 27 studies involving 22 herbal medicines reported their efficacy on PCOS. The herbal interventions in the 27 studies comprised four compounds isolated from herbs (6 studies), nine individual herbal extracts (11 studies), and nine herbal formula decoctions (10 studies). Herbal medicines normalized female hormones, diminished male hormones, recovered the estrous cycle, ameliorated insulin resistance, and improved lipid metabolism in PCOS. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on PCOS were found to be associated with anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, inhibition of autophagy and/or apoptosis, and ovarian nerve growth factor reduction.

Conclusions

Herbal medicines are thought to be promising resources in the development of effective therapeutic agents for PCOS. Further studies that include methodological quality assessment and quantitative synthesis of outcomes are recommended.

Quercetin and polycystic ovary syndrome, current evidence and future directions: a systematic review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a polygenic endocrine disorder and the most common gynecological endocrinopathy among reproductive-aged women. Current remedies are often used only to control its signs and symptoms, while they are not thoroughly able to prevent complications. Quercetin is an herbal bioactive flavonoid commonly used for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Thus, this systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of quercetin supplementation in subjects with PCOS. Databases until March 2019 were searched. All human clinical trials and animal models evaluating the effects of quercetin on PCOS women were included. Out of 253 articles identified in our search, 8 eligible articles (5 animal studies and 3 clinical trials) were reviewed. The majority of studies supported the beneficial effects of quercetin on the ovarian histomorphology, folliculogenesis, and luteinisation processes. The effects of quercetin on reducing the levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin resistance were also reported. Although quercetin improved dyslipidemia, no significant effect was reported for weight loss. It is suggested that the benefits of quercetin may be more closely related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features of quercetin rather than weight-reducing effects. Therefore, this review article provides evidence that quercetin could be considered as a potential agent to attenuate PCOS complications. However, due to the paucity of high-quality clinical trials, further studies are needed.

Status of Serum Copper, Magnesium, and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

This study evaluates serum copper and magnesium and total antioxidant capacity levels in PCOS patients. In this regard, the probable association of copper and magnesium with total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was investigated. In total, 150 women (60 PCOS patients and 90 healthy subjects) participated in this case-control study. PCOS was diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria (2003). Serum Cu, Mg, Ca, TAC, insulin levels, and insulin resistance indices were determined. Insulin was measured using ELISA methods. Serum Cu and Mg levels were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the Xylidyl Blue method respectively. The correlations between the parameters were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. Serum Cu level was significantly higher while TAC was significantly lower in the PCOS patients than those in the controls (p = 0.019 and p = 0.002 respectively). No significant difference was detected between the two groups in terms of serum Mg and Ca levels and Ca/Mg ratio. In insulin-resistant PCOS subjects, there was a negative correlation between Mg levels and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (r = - 0.449, p = 0.006) but a positive correlation between Mg levels and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (r = 0.480, p = 0.003). A negative correlation also existed between Mg levels and TAC in non-insulin-resistant PCOS patients (r = - 0.407, p = 0.04). According to the results, copper and magnesium seem to contribute to oxidative stress and insulin resistance in PCOS patients. Therefore, to prevent long-term metabolic complications in PCOS women, it is recommended that these elements be routinely monitored. Also, significantly lower levels of serum TAC in PCOS patients than in normal women may suggest increased oxidative stress in such patients.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is linked to increased oxidative stress in Omani women

Purpose

Literature emerging from Western countries has reported increased levels of serum oxidative stress markers among polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women. In the Arab region, there is limited research about the association between oxidative stress and PCOS. This study aimed to compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, sex hormones, and oxidative stress indices between PCOS women and non-PCOS women and to investigate the correlation between oxidative stress biomarkers and sex hormones.

Methods

This hospital-based case-control study was conducted among reproductive-aged women. The study included 51 women diagnosed with PCOS (as per Rotterdam 2003 criteria) and 45 control women who were not diagnosed with PCOS. Serum samples were collected to measure the mean levels of the following sex hormones: total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol and progesterone, as well as to measure biomarkers of oxidative stress including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).

Results

PCOS women exhibited clinical characteristics including irregular menses, hirsutism, and acne compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Significant differences were observed in the waist-hip ratio of PCOS women compared to controls (P=0.004). GPx and GR activity levels appeared to be higher among PCOS women compared to controls; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups (P>0.05). PCOS women had lower GSH and TAC levels compared to controls with a statistically significant difference observed for GSH levels (P=0.006). Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between estradiol and TAC in the total sample (r=-0.284, P=0.005).

Conclusion

This study provides supportive evidence that oxidative stress might play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS and, hence, oxidative stress parameters could be suggested as diagnostic markers for early diagnosis of high-risk groups. Also, the study provides supportive evidence that obesity and sex hormones, particularly estradiol, in PCOS may contribute to enhanced oxidative stress.

Association of PON1 gene polymorphisms with polycystic ovarian syndrome risk: a meta-analysis of case-control studies

PURPOSE

Evidences showed that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphism has an impact on women's susceptibility to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by influencing the expression and activity of PON1. However, the effects of three PON1 polymorphisms (- 108 C>T, L55M and Q192R) on the incidence of PCOS have generated inconsistent results. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between PON1 polymorphisms and PCOS risk.

METHODS

All eligible trials were identified via systematic searches of multiple literature databases. Outcome data were synthesized by using crude odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I² test. Publication bias and subgroup analyses were also performed.

RESULTS

A total of 2449 cases and 1977 controls from nine studies were selected for analysis. The pooled results showed a significant association between PCOS risk and PON1 - 108 C/T polymorphism in the following genetic models [allelic, 0.72 (0.56-0.92); homozygote, 0.51 (0.32-0.82); heterozygote, 0.44 (0.25-0.78); and dominant 0.47 (0.29-0.77)]. For the PON1 192 Q/R polymorphism, a significant relationship was found in the allelic model [0.62 (0.41-0.93)] and recessive model [0.61 (0.37-0.98)]. PCOS risk was also linked to PON1 L55M polymorphism in the heterozygote model [0.62 (0.39-0.98)] and dominant model [0.63 (0.41-0.96)].

CONCLUSIONS

Our study has shown that PON1 - 108 C/T polymorphism might be associated with increased risk of PCOS under the allelic, homozygote, heterozygote, and dominant models. Additionally, PON1 192 Q/R and L55M polymorphisms were significantly related only in the allelic and recessive model, and in the heterozygote and dominant model, respectively.

Association of oxidative stress marker ischemia modified albumin and polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent and young girls

Objective

The pathophysiologic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) seem to be a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. However, data regarding the exact effect of oxidative stress on PCOS is conflicting. This cross sectional and case-control study was designed to compare the serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA) levels in adolescent and young girls with and without PCOS.

Methods

A total of 41 non-obese adolescents and young girls (15–21 years) diagnosed as PCOS and 41 age and body mass index (BMI) matched controls were enrolled to study. The main features of PCOS and markers of chronic inflammation were determined together with serum IMA levels at the time of study enrollment.

Results

The C-reactive protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were within the normal ranges and also there were no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Serum levels of IMA were significantly increased in adolescents with PCOS respect to healthy controls (0.44±0.12 versus 0.35±0.10 absorbance units, p<0.001). And also there was a significant positive correlation between serum IMA and BMI in all groups (r=0.274, p=0.013).

Conclusion

Serum IMA levels were higher in PCOS patients than in the healthy controls. This elevation may contribute to the increased cardiovascular diseases risk in PCOS patients.

Selenium status parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. To date, no systematic study of interactions between selenium status parameters (SSPs: serum selenium concentration, plasma glutathione peroxidase, GPX3, plasma selenoprotein P, SELENOP), sex hormones, thyroid function parameters, and other laboratory parameters in patients with PCOS has been undertaken. Therefore we aimed to compare such parameters in women with PCOS and in the control groups, and to investigate the multidimensional interactions between various parameters in PCOS patients and in controls. The subjects were diagnosed either with PCOS (n=28, 25.4±5.2 y) or with PCOS+Hashimoto disease (n=13, 27.3±5.6 y). Female patients having normal menses were recruited into the first control group (n=70, 26.8±7.3 y) or to the second control group comprising women only with Hashimoto disease (n=10, 26.2±6.9 y). No apparent differences in SSPs between control subjects and patients with PCOS, also complicated with Hashimoto disease, were identified, though such differences were noticeable for total testosterone (tT), sex hormone binding globulin, free androgen index, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and insulin profile. The correlation between tT and DHEAS was found the strongest. The other group of mutually highly and positively correlated parameters consisted of GPX3, follicle stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine. All the latter parameters correlated negatively with vitamin D3. SSPs took part in interactions with thyroid hormones, sex hormones and some other parameters, but only for GPX3 such interactions were statistically significant. The significance of these findings remains open for further investigation, particularly in patients with PCOS and/or Hashimoto disease.

Antioxidative activity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL): Mechanistic insights into potential clinical benefit

Uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles by macrophages represents a key step in the development of atherosclerotic plaques, leading to the foam cell formation. Chemical modification of LDL is however necessary to induce this process. Proatherogenic LDL modifications include aggregation, enzymatic digestion and oxidation. LDL oxidation by one-electron (free radicals) and two-electron oxidants dramatically increases LDL affinity to macrophage scavenger receptors, leading to rapid LDL uptake and fatty streak formation. Circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, primarily small, dense, protein-rich HDL3, provide potent protection of LDL from oxidative damage by free radicals, resulting in the inhibition of the generation of pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids. HDL-mediated inactivation of lipid hydroperoxides involves their initial transfer from LDL to HDL and subsequent reduction to inactive hydroxides by redox-active Met residues of apolipoprotein A-I. Several HDL-associated enzymes are present at elevated concentrations in HDL3 relative to large, light HDL2 and can be involved in the inactivation of short-chain oxidized phospholipids. Therefore, HDL represents a multimolecular complex capable of acquiring and inactivating proatherogenic lipids. Antioxidative function of HDL can be impaired in several metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Structural and compositional anomalies in the HDL proteome and lipidome underlie such functional deficiency. Concomitant normalization of the metabolism, circulating levels, composition and biological activities of HDL particles, primarily those of small, dense HDL3, can constitute future therapeutic target.

Roles of Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cancers

Oxidative stress (OS) has received extensive attention in the last two decades, because of the discovery that abnormal oxidation status was related to patients with chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cancer, and neurological diseases. OS is considered as a potential inducing factor in the pathogenesis of PCOS, which is one of the most common complex endocrine disorders and a leading cause of female infertility, affecting 4%–12% of women in the world, as OS has close interactions with PCOS characteristics, just as insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenemia, and chronic inflammation. It has also been shown that DNA mutations and alterations induced by OS are involved in cancer pathogenesis, tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and so on. Furthermore, recent studies show that the females with PCOS are reported to have an increasing risk of cancers. As a result, the more serious OS in PCOS is regarded as an important potential incentive for the increasing risk of cancers, and this study aims to analyze the possibility and potential pathogenic mechanism of the above process, providing insightful thoughts and evidences for preventing cancer potentially caused by PCOS in clinic.

Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with chronic otitis media

OBJECTIVES

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) prevents oxidative stress by inhibiting the oxidation of cell membrane lipids by the reactive oxygen species that form during acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate serum PON1 activity and oxidative stress in patients with chronic otitis media (COM).

METHODS

Fifty consecutive patients with COM and 55 controls were enrolled in the present study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of cholesteatoma. The serum PON1 arylesterase activities and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels were determined.

RESULTS

Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were significantly lower in the COM patients than in the controls (P < 0.001 for all comparisons), whereas the LOOH levels were significantly higher (P < 0.001).

DISCUSSION

These results indicated that a lower level of PON1 activity was associated with an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance. In addition, decreased PON1 activity may play an important role in the pathophysiology of COM.

PON1 polymorphisms are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility, related traits, and PON1 activity in Indian women with the syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms (L55M and Q192R) with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility and its related traits in Indian women.

DESIGN

Case-control study.

SETTING

Academic research institute, infertility, and endocrinology clinics.

PATIENT(S)

Controls (n = 326), women with PCOS (n = 482).

INTERVENTION(S)

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Genotypic and allelic frequency distribution, genotype-phenotype association, different PON1 activities (lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase).

RESULT(S)

The genotypic and allelic frequency distributions of the L55M polymorphism were significantly different between lean controls and lean women with PCOS, and this polymorphism reduced the risk of PCOS development in lean but not in obese Indian women. Furthermore, this polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased 2-hour glucose, apolipoprotein B, free and bioavailable T, and free androgen index concurrent with increased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and FSH levels only in lean women with PCOS. However, Q192R polymorphism showed comparable genotypic frequency distribution between controls and women with PCOS. PON1 lactonase and arylesterase activities were significantly decreased in women with PCOS compared with controls. PON1 polymorphisms were shown to influence its activities.

CONCLUSION(S)

Our study showed that L55M, but not Q192R, polymorphism is significantly associated with reduced PCOS susceptibility only in lean women and also impacts glucose metabolism, lipid parameters, and hyperandrogenemia in them. Our study therefore suggests the possibility of differential genetic pathophysiology of PCOS between lean and obese women.

Lactonase activity and status of paraoxonase 1 in Chinese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To study the relationship between the lactonase activities and status of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and its association with the PON1 genetic polymorphisms in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

DESIGN

A case-control study.

METHODS

A total of 455 PCOS patients and 441 control women were included in this study. The lactonase activities and concentrations of PON1 were assayed using 5-thiobutyl butyrolactone (TBBL) and 7-O-diethylphosphoryl-3-cyano-4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (DEPCyMC) respectively. A normalized lactonase activity (NLA) was estimated based on the ratio of TBBLase:DEPCyMCase activity. The PON1 genotypes, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and total antioxidant capacity were analyzed.

RESULTS

The lactonase activities and levels of PON1 were higher in PCOS patients than in the control women. However, the NLA did not significantly differ between groups. The -108C→T variation of the PON1 gene showed decreased lactonase activities and levels of PON1 in a genotype-dependent manner (CC>CT>TT); the 192Q→R variation of the PON1 gene showed increased PON1 lactonase activities and NLA; and the 55L→M variation of the PON1 gene showed decreased lactonase activities and levels of PON1 but an increased NLA. A multivariable regression analysis showed that the -108C/T, 192Q/R, and 55L/M variations of the PON1 gene, serum apolipoprotein A1, and MDA levels were significant predictors of PON1 lactonase activity, PON1 level, and NLA.

CONCLUSIONS

The serum lactonase activities and concentrations of PON1 are increased in PCOS patients. The increased oxidative stress and the -108C/T, 192Q/R, and 55L/M genetic polymorphisms of PON1 may be associated with these changes.

Association of -108 C>T PON1 polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is possibly the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of the -108 C>T polymorphism in the PON1 gene, which encodes the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1, with PCOS. A total of 118 women with PCOS and 108 control subjects were included in this case-control study. The PON1 polymorphism was genotyped, biochemical and clinical parameters were determined and the correlations between the parameters were statistically evaluated. The differences in the PON1 allele and genotype distributions between PCOS patients and controls did not reach a statistical significance. The serum fasting glucose (GLU) levels did not differ significantly between the PCOS patients and the controls. However, the serum fasting insulin (INS) concentration, INS/GLU ratio and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, although within the normal range, were significantly higher in the PCOS group. When considering PCOS patients and controls as separate groups or as a single group of patients, none of the analyzed biochemical or clinical parameters were found to be significantly correlated with the PON1 polymorphism. Therefore, the -108 C>T PON1 polymorphism was not found to be significantly associated with the presence of PCOS or with its particular clinical and biochemical characteristics in non-insulin resistant, non-obese patients.

Serum paraoxonase 1 status and its association with atherogenic indexes in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats treated with coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is a natural antioxidant and scavenger of free radicals. In the present study, we examined the effect of coenzyme Q10 on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, lipid profile, atherogenic indexes and relationship of PON 1 activity by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and atherogenic indexes in gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups to receive saline; GM, 100 mg/kg/d; and GM plus coenzyme Q10 by 15 mg/kg i.p daily, respectively. After 12 days, animals were anaesthetized, blood samples were also collected before killing to measure the levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), HDL, atherogenic indexes and the activities of PON1 of all groups were analyzed. Data were analyzed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (using SPSS 13 software). Coenzyme Q10 significantly decreased TG, C, LDL, VLDL, atherogenic index, atherogenic coefficient and cardiac risk ratio. HDL level and PON1 activity were significantly increased when treated with coenzyme Q10. Also, the activity of PON 1 correlated positively with HDL and negatively with atherogenic coefficient, cardiac risk ratio 1 and cardiac risk ratio 2. This study showed that coenzyme Q10 exerts beneficial effects on PON1 activity, lipid profile, atherogenic index and correlation of PON 1 activity with HDL and atherogenic index in GM -induced nephrotoxicity rats.

PON1-108 TT and PON1-192 RR genotypes are more frequently encountered in Greek PCOS than non-PCOS women, and are associated with hyperandrogenaemia

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the frequencies of three paraoxonase (PON)1 polymorphisms in Greek polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and non-PCOS women, and their genotypes association with hyperandrogenaemia and insulin resistance.

DESIGN

Case-control genetic association study.

SETTING

University Hospital Endocrine Unit.

PATIENTS

A total of 142 PCOS cases (NIH criteria) and 112 controls.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Genotyping of the c.-108C>T (PON1-108), the c.163T>A (PON1-55) and the c.575A>G (PON1-192) polymorphisms and measurement of baseline androgen and insulin resistance profile.

RESULTS

The PON1-108 TT and PON1-192 RR genotypes were more frequently encountered in the PCOS than in the control group. The PON1-192 R allele frequency was greater in the PCOS than in the control group. Comparing the PCOS and the control groups, statistical significances favoured a recessive and a dominant genetic model, respectively, for the single PON1-108 T and PON1-192 R alleles. Free Androgen Index (FAI) levels were higher in patients with PON1-108 TT, whereas Testosterone, FAI and Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels were higher in patients with PON1-192 RR than patients with the wild or the heterozygous genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

The decreased PON1 activity-associated PON1-108 TT and the PON1-192 RR genotypes are more frequently found in Greek PCOS women and are associated with hyperandrogenaemia. Hyperandrogenaemia must depend also on other genetic factors because the same genotypes were not associated with hyperandrogenaemia in the control group. Through identification of the involved polymorphisms, women with PCOS could potentially have a better therapeutic screening.

Plasma selenium levels in Turkish women with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE(S)

To evaluate selenium (Se) levels in serum and their relation with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance (IR) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in control subjects.

STUDY DESIGN

Women with any gynecological problem who presented to the Kahramanmaras Sutcuimam University Medical Faculty Gynecology and Obstetric Outpatient Clinic were invited to participate. Group 1 consisted of 36 cases with a diagnosis of PCOS according to the 2003 Rotterdam Consensus Criteria, and Group 2 (control group) consisted of 33 age- and BMI-matched healthy women. In all cases, serum total testosterone (tT), dihydroepiandrostenedione-sulfate (DHEAS), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), insulin, glucose (mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC) (mg/dL), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (mg/dL), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (mg/dL), triglyceride (TG) (mg/dL) and Se levels were measured.

RESULTS

The level of FSH was significantly lower, and the levels of LH, E2, tT, and DHEAS were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (p<0.05). The hirsutism score was significantly higher among PCOS women compared to the control group (p<0.05). Although insulin levels and HOMA-IR were markedly increased in the PCOS group compared to the control group, the differences were not significant (p>0.05). The plasma Se level was significantly lower in PCOS women compared to the control group (p<0.05). When we combined the all women in two groups, regarding them as one group (combined group, n=69), a negative correlation between Se and LH and tT was present (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION(S)

Our results show decreased plasma concentrations of Se and a negative correlation between Se and LH, tT in women with PCOS. These results indicate that Se may play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS related with hyperandrogenism.

Circulating markers of oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress might be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but relatively small studies published to date do not permit reaching a definitive conclusion. We aimed at conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating circulating markers of oxidative stress in patients with PCOS. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies reporting circulating markers of oxidative stress in women with PCOS and controls published up to June 2012, using Entrez PubMed and EMBASE online facilities. Meta-analysis calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (95CI). RESULTS From 1633 potential studies identified electronically, 68 studies, including 4933 PCOS patients and 3671 controls, were selected. For each of nine circulating markers of oxidative stress, an individual meta-analysis was conducted. Compared with control women, patients with PCOS presented higher circulating concentrations of homocysteine (23% increase, SMD 0.6, 95CI, 0.4-0.8), malondialdehyde (47% increase, SMD 1.9, 95CI 1.2-2.6) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (36% increase, SMD 1.1, 95CI 0.6-1.6), and increased superoxide dismutase activity (34% increase, SMD 1.0, 95CI 0.5-1.4) and decreased glutathione levels (50% decrease, SMD -3.7, 95CI -6.2 to -1.2) and paraoxonase-1 activity (32% decrease, SMD -0.9, 95CI -1.3 to -0.4). Similar results were found when restricting the analyses to studies in which patients and controls were matched for age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Circulating markers of oxidative stress are abnormal in women with PCOS independent of weight excess. This finding suggests that oxidative stress may participate in the pathophysiology of this common disorder.

Benefits of omega-3 Fatty acids supplementation on serum paraoxonase 1 activity and lipids ratios in polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ef¬fects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum paraoxonase 1 activity and lipids ratios in polycystic ovary syndrome.

METHODS

This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 PCOS pa¬tients with 20-35 years old. Thirty two of the subjects had taken 4 g/day omega -3 fatty acids and 32 patients were given placebo for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measure¬ments and dietary intakes were collected at the beginning and the end of the study. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-C were measured using the enzymatic methods. LDL-C con¬centration was calculated by the Friedewald formula and arylesterase activity of serum PON1 was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

RESULTS

Omega-3 fatty acids significantly decreased TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios (P = 0.009 for both) and significantly increased serum PON1 activity (P = 0.048) compared with placebo. Changes in TG/HDL-C ratio were not statistically significant in omega-3 fatty acids group at the end of the study in comparison to placebo group. Reduction in TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C ratios and increase in serum PON1 activity were also significant in omega-3 fatty acids group at the end of the study compared with baseline values (P <0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Omega-3 fatty acids may decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease through the improvement in paraxonase-1 activity and reduction in some lipids ratio in PCOS women.

Paraoxonase lactonase activity (PON-HTLase), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activity in non-obese women with PCOS

OBJECTIVE

Paraoxonase1 (PON1), exhibits both esterase activity (PON1-AREase) and homocysteine thiolactonase activity (PON1-HTLase) which respectively prevent LDL oxidation and detoxify homocysteine thiolactone (HTL). Platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is an antioxidant enzyme preventing LDL oxidation by hydrolysis of oxidized phospholipids. Both of these enzymes exhibit a proatherogenic role. ADMA is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis causing endothelial dysfunction. The aim was to compare non-obese PCOS patients with a BMI matched control group using the following characteristics: serum PON1-HTLase, ADMA, PAF-AH, and lipid and hormonal parameters.

RESULTS

77 women with PCOS and 25 healthy subject were recruited for this study, The controls were non-obese BMI and age matched with the patients. There were no significant differences with respect to age, BMI, FSH, free testosterone, DHEA, androstenadion, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL, fasting glucose/insulin ratio and HOMA-IR among the groups (p > 0.05). However, total testosterone and fasting glucose levels were significantly higher in the PCOS group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, PON1-HTLase levels (39.6 ± 5.77 vs. 33.8 ± 8.2, p = 0.02) were significantly lower in the PCOS group while ADMA levels (1.14 ± 0.6 vs. 3.37 ± 6.4, p = 0.004) were significantly higher in the PCOS group. However, there was no significant difference in PAF-AH activity among the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Decreased PON1-HTLase and increased ADMA levels might be a relevant marker for the development of future atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD) in non-obese PCOS patients. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.

Impact of Serum Estradiol on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Ovulatory Women

Background

Estrogens are thought to possess antioxidant properties in vivo, with estradiol being the most biologically active and available. Unlike ovulatory women, those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a relative steady-state serum estradiol concentration across a typical month. To better understand the antioxidant role of serum estradiol in premenopausal women, we evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress at two time points in both ovulatory and anovulatory cycles (ie, women with PCOS).

Methods

A total of 16 women (7 PCOS, 9 ovulatory) completed this study. Ovulatory women were tested on cycle day 3, and again on cycle day 21. Women with PCOS were tested at a random time and returned to the clinic 14 days later. At each visit, blood was collected for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). Estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were also measured.

Results

There were no significant differences observed in any oxidative stress biomarker between ovulatory and PCOS women. Estradiol levels were positively correlated with TEAC in women with PCOS (r = 0.57; P = 0.03), but not in ovulatory women. While not statistically significant, negative correlations were noted between estradiol and MDA and estradiol and H2O2 in women with PCOS but not in ovulatory subjects.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that oxidative stress biomarkers do not differ between PCOS and ovulatory women. The changing estrogen level that occurs throughout ovulatory cycles does not appear to impact overall oxidative status when compared to the relative steady-state estradiol levels in PCOS subjects in our study. Furthermore, estradiol may be associated with antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in women with PCOS but not in those with regular menstrual cycles.

Paraoxonase-1 is not affected in polycystic ovary syndrome without metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, but oxidative stress is altered

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity is decreased in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) having metabolic syndrome (MetS) or insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to assess PON1 activity and oxidative stress in PCOS without MetS or IR. Metabolic and hormonal parameters, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), oxidative stress parameters (total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative stress (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), total free sulfhydryl (--SH) groups), PON and arylesterase were analyzed in 30 normal weighed patients with PCOS without MetS or IR and 20 normal controls. Hs-CRP, PON, arylesterase, and TAS levels of PCOS and control groups were similar. LOOH, TOS, and OSI of PCOS group were higher than in the controls (p < 0.05; p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). - SH group levels showed a positive correlation with free testosterone (fT). TOS positively correlated with free androgen index (FAI), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), LOOH, and OSI. This study showed that oxidative stress is increased in PCOS even in the absence of MetS or IR. PON1 activity appears not to be affected in PCOS without MetS and IR. Several metabolic and antropometric risk factors may aggravate this altered oxidative state in PCOS.

Oxidative stress markers are not valuable markers in lean and early age of polycystic ovary syndrome patients

BACKGROUND

Early atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been reported in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Oxidative stress is an accepted risk factor for the development of CVD.

AIM

To evaluate the association between oxidative stress markers [ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) levels], carotid intima- media thickness (CIMT), endocrine and metabolic parameters in patients with PCOS. MATERIALS, SUBJECTS, AND METHODS: We studied 52 patients with PCOS and 36 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. The diagnosis of PCOS was made according to the Rotterdam criteria. Metabolic, hormonal parameter and IMA, TAS, TOS levels were measured.

RESULTS

No statistically significant difference was determined in relation to age, BMI and waist-hip ratio, IMA, TAS, and TOS levels between groups. Mean IMA level was higher in PCOS patients, however, statistical significant difference was not observed. Mean CIMT and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels were significantly higher in patients with PCOS than in control subjects.

CONCLUSION

Our study has shown that although CIMT levels, showing CVD risk, were higher in PCOS patients, TAS and TOS oxidative stress markers were found to be similar between groups, IMA was higher in PCOS patients however the difference was not reach statistical significant. The present results suggest that CIMT increases before the state of ischemia and shows preischemic state of vasculature, while oxidative stress markers are considered to be indicators of ischemia and reperfusion injury in progressive vascular disease. Further studies are needed to show the association between oxidative stress markers, CVD and PCOS.

Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present study was to determine serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in tuberculosis, nontuberculosis pulmonary disease and healthy subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this case-control study we determined the serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in 36 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 38 nontuberculosis pulmonary disease and 49 healthy controls.

RESULTS

The results showed that serum paraoxonase (PON) activity was significantly lower in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (61.10±51.62IU/L) than healthy controls (98.79±68.79IU/L) (p<0.05). In addition we found that the level of PON activity was significantly lower in patients with nontuberculosis pulmonary disease (67.49±47.88IU/L) than normal individuals (p<0.05). There was no significant differences regarding PON activity between patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and nontuberculosis pulmonary disease (p>0.05). The arylesterase activity was significantly lower in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis than nontuberculosis pulmonary disease and normal subjects (p<0.05).

DISCUSSION

The lower paraoxonase and aryesterase activities in pulmonary tuberculosis patients compared to healthy subjects might be due to imbalance of oxidant/antioxidant systems in pulmonary tuberculosis patients which needs more clarification.