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Lee JH, You HJ, Lee TY, Kang HJ. Current Status of Experimental Animal Skin Flap Models: Ischemic Preconditioning and Molecular Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5234. [PMID: 35563624 PMCID: PMC9103896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin flaps are necessary in plastic and reconstructive surgery for the removal of skin cancer, wounds, and ulcers. A skin flap is a portion of skin with its own blood supply that is partially separated from its original position and moved from one place to another. The use of skin flaps is often accompanied by cell necrosis or apoptosis due to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitor of kappa B (IκB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and oxygen free radicals are known causative agents of cell necrosis and apoptosis. To prevent I/R injury, many investigators have suggested the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, stem-cell therapies, and drug-based therapies. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a strategy used to prevent I/R injury. IPC is an experimental technique that uses short-term repetition of occlusion and reperfusion to adapt the area to the loss of blood supply. IPC can prevent I/R injury by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine activity. Various stem cell applications have been studied to facilitate flap survival and promote angiogenesis and vascularization in animal models. The possibility of constructing tissue engineered flaps has also been investigated. Although numerous animal studies have been published, clinical data with regard to IPC in flap reconstruction have never been reported. In this study, we present various experimental skin flap methods, IPC methods, and methods utilizing molecular factors associated with IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Hi-Jin You
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea; (H.-J.Y.); (T.-Y.L.)
| | - Tae-Yul Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea; (H.-J.Y.); (T.-Y.L.)
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea
- Core Research and Development Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Korea
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Barzegar M, Vital S, Stokes KY, Wang Y, Yun JW, White LA, Chernyshev O, Kelley RE, Alexander JS. Human placenta mesenchymal stem cell protection in ischemic stroke is angiotensin converting enzyme-2 and masR receptor-dependent. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1335-1348. [PMID: 34124808 PMCID: PMC8881785 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolic stroke remains a major cause of neurological disability and death. Current stroke treatments (aspirin, tissue plasminogen activator) are significantly limited by timing and risks for hemorrhage which have driven researchers to explore other approaches. Stem cell‐based therapy appears to be an effective option for ischemic stroke. Besides trans‐differentiation into neural cells, stem cells also provide acute protection via paracrine signaling pathways through which releasing neuroprotective factors. We previously reported that intraperitoneal administration of human placenta mesenchymal stem cell (hPMSC) therapy upon reperfusion significantly protected the brain against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)‐induced injury. In the present study, we specifically investigated the role of hPMSC‐derived angiotensin converting enzyme‐2 (ACE‐2) in protection of MCAO‐induced brain injury by measurement of brain tissue viability, cerebral blood flow, and neurological score. Here, we report for the first time that hPMSC expressing substantial amount of ACE‐2, which mediates hPMSC protection in the MCAO model. Strikingly, we found that the protective effects of hPMSC in MCAO‐induced brain injury could be attenuated by pretreatment of hPMSCs with MLN‐4760, a specific inhibitor of ACE‐2 activity, or by transfection of hPMSCs with ACE‐2‐shRNA‐lentivirus. The hPMSC‐derived ACE‐2 specific protective mechanism was further demonstrated by administration of PD123319, an Angiotensin type‐2 receptor antagonist, or A779, a MasR antagonist. Importantly, our study demonstrated that the protective effects of hPMSC in experimental stroke are ACE‐2/MasR dependent and this signaling pathway represents an innovative and highly promising approach for targeted stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Barzegar
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shantel Vital
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Karen Y Stokes
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yuping Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jungmi Winny Yun
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Luke A White
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Oleg Chernyshev
- Neurology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Roger E Kelley
- Neurology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Neurology, Ochsner-LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Li Y, Jiang QL, Van der Merwe L, Lou DH, Lin C. Preclinical efficacy of stem cell therapy for skin flap: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:28. [PMID: 33413598 PMCID: PMC7791712 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02103-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A skin flap is one of the most critical surgical techniques for the restoration of cutaneous defects. However, the distal necrosis of the skin flap severely restricts the clinical application of flap surgery. As there is no consensus on the treatment methods to prevent distal necrosis of skin flaps, more effective and feasible interventions to prevent skin flaps from necrosis are urgently needed. Stem therapy as a potential method to improve the survival rate of skin flaps is receiving increasing attention. Methods This review followed the recommendations from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statements. Twenty studies with 500 animals were included by searching Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases, up until October 8, 2020. Moreover, the references of the included articles were searched manually to obtain other studies. All analyses were conducted using Review Manager V.5.3 software. Results Meta-analysis of all 20 studies demonstrated stem cell treatment has significant effects on reducing necrosis of skin flap compared with the control group (SMD: 3.20, 95% CI 2.47 to 3.93). Besides, subgroup analysis showed differences in the efficacy of stem cells in improving the survival rate of skin flaps in areas of skin flap, cell type, transplant types, and method of administration of stem cells. The meta-analysis also showed that stem cell treatment had a significant effect on increasing blood vessel density (SMD: 2.96, 95% CI 2.21 to 3.72) and increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, SMD: 4.34, 95% CI 2.48 to 6.1). Conclusions The preclinical evidence of our systematic review indicate that stem cell-based therapy is effective for promoting early angiogenesis by up regulating VEGF and ultimately improving the survival rate of skin flap. In summary, small area skin flap, the administration method of intra-arterial injection, ASCs and MSCs, and xenogenic stem cells from humans showed more effective for the survival of animal skin flaps. In general, stem cell-based therapy may be a promising method to prevent skin flap necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Lin Jiang
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Leanne Van der Merwe
- School of International Studies, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hao Lou
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Lin
- Department of Burn, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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Human placental mesenchymal stem cells improve stroke outcomes via extracellular vesicles-mediated preservation of cerebral blood flow. EBioMedicine 2020; 63:103161. [PMID: 33348090 PMCID: PMC7753936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Besides long-term trans-differentiation into neural cells, benefits of stem cell therapy (SCT) in ischemic stroke may include secretion of protective factors, which partly reflects extracellular vesicle (EVs) released by stem cell. However, the mechanism(s) by which stem cells/EVs limit stroke injury have yet to be fully defined. Methods We evaluated the protection effect of human placenta mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSC) as a potential form of SCT in experimental ischemic stroke ‘transient middle cerebral artery occusion (MCAO)/reperfusion’ mice model. Findings We found for the first time that intraperitoneal administration of hPMSCs or intravenous hPMSC-derived EVs, given at the time of reperfusion, significantly protected the ipsilateral hemisphere from ischemic injury. This protection was associated with significant restoration of normal blood flow to the post-MCAO brain. More importantly, EVs derived from hPMSC promote paracrine-based protection of SCT in the MCAO model in a cholesterol/lipid-dependent manner. Interpretation Together, our results demonstrated beneficial effects of hPMSC/EVs in experimental stroke models which could permit the rapid “translation” of these cells into clinical trials in the near-term.
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Shi Y, Lin H, Cao J, Cui C. Botulinum toxin type A induces protective autophagy in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells exposed to an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4379-4386. [PMID: 30542387 PMCID: PMC6257827 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) has been reported to increase the survival of ischemic skin flaps; however, the exact mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear and needs to be further established. The present study aimed to elucidate whether autophagy caused by BTXA functions as a protection mechanism and to identify the mechanisms of its regulation by BTXA in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury. HDMECs were harvested from the upper eyelid tissues of female blepharoplasty patients. HDMECs were exposed to BTXA treatment for 12 h and then subjected to hypoxia for 8 h, followed by reoxygenation for 24 h. Chloroquine diphosphate salt (CQ) was used as an autophagy inhibitor. H/R led to extreme injury to the HDMECs as indicated by the rise in the apoptosis rate, which was significantly attenuated by BTXA pretreatment. The outcomes demonstrated that H/R caused autophagy, as evidenced by a higher type II/type I ratio of light chain 3 (LC3), increased expression of Beclin-1 and increased autophagosome formation. BTXA enhanced autophagy and attenuated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, whereas CQ attenuated the BTXA antiapoptotic effects and inhibited the formation of autophagolysosomes, which caused clustering of the LC3-II in cells. In conclusion, autophagy promoted by BTXA serves as a potential protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Shi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Huang Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiankun Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Chao Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Huang S, Ren Y, Wang X, Lazar L, Ma S, Weng G, Zhao J. Application of Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Exogenous Gene Transfer in Treating Various Renal Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:127-138. [PMID: 30205715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal disease or acute renal injury could result in end-stage renal disease or renal failure. Sonoporation, induced by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), has evolved as a new technology for gene delivery. It increases the transfection efficiency of the genes into target kidney tissues. Moreover, UTMD-mediated gene delivery can directly repair the damaged tissues or improve the recruitment and homing of stem cells in the recovery of injured tissues, which has the potential to act as a non-viral and effective method to current gene therapy. This article reviews the mechanisms and applications of UTMD in terms of renal disease, including diabetic nephropathy, renal carcinoma, acute kidney injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, nephrotoxic nephritis, urinary stones, and acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Huang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lissy Lazar
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Suya Ma
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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Tang YH, Thompson RW, Nathan C, Alexander JS, Lian T. Stem cells enhance reperfusion following ischemia: Validation using laser speckle imaging in predicting tissue repair. Laryngoscope 2018; 128:E198-E205. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.27110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hui Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology/HNSLSU Health Sciences CenterShreveport Louisiana U.S.A
| | - R. Will Thompson
- Department of Otolaryngology/HNSLSU Health Sciences CenterShreveport Louisiana U.S.A
| | - Cherie‐Ann Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology/HNSLSU Health Sciences CenterShreveport Louisiana U.S.A
| | | | - Timothy Lian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyLSU Health Sciences CenterShreveport Louisiana U.S.A
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Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 α Alleviates Calcium-Sensing Receptor Activation-Mediated Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Caspase-3/Caspase-9-Induced Cell Apoptosis in Rat Free Flaps. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8945850. [PMID: 29568770 PMCID: PMC5820583 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8945850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Surgical flaps are frequently affected by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) are closely associated with myocardial I/R injury. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of applying SDF-1α to counteract CaSR activation-mediated I/R injury in ischemic free flaps. Free flaps that underwent ischemia for 3 h were equally randomized into five groups: CaCl2, NPS2143 + CaCl2, SDF-1α + CaCl2, AMD3100 + SDF-1α + CaCl2, and normal saline. The free flaps were harvested to evaluate flap necrosis and neovascularization after 2 h or 7 d of reperfusion. p-CaSR/CaSR was extensively expressed in vascular endothelial cells of free flaps after I/R injury, and activation of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and NPS2143 could reduce the expression of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, FAS, Cyt-c, and Bax and increase Bcl-2 expression; the opposite was true after CaSR activation. Interestingly, initiation of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis might abrogate CaSR activation-induced I/R injury through enhancement of microvessel density. In conclusion, CaSR might become a novel therapeutic target of free flaps affected by I/R injury. Activation of the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and NPS2143 could counteract CaSR activation-mediated I/R injury and promote free flap survival through inhibition of caspase-3/caspase-9-related cell apoptosis and enhancement of neovascularization.
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Huang L. Beneficial effect of botulinum toxin A on secondary ischaemic injury of skin flaps in rats. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 56:144-147. [PMID: 28964666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) protects against primary ischaemia of skin flaps, but its effect on secondary ischaemia is unknown. We induced secondary arterial or venous ischaemia in skin flaps of 32 Wistar rats, and tested the effectiveness of BTX injected subcutaneously 12hours before the flap was raised. The animals were divided into two groups of 16 (arterial or venous). Eight animals in each group were then treated with saline 1ml (control), and eight with BTX-A 5 IU (treatment). Ischaemia and necrosis were assessed after five days. There was no significant difference in necrosis between the two treatments in either group, but the amount of ischaemia did differ significantly (p=0.031 in the artetial ishcemia and p=0.015 in the venous ischemia group). BTX helped to salvage poor reperfusion in secondary ischaemia of skin flaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Huang
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
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Enhanced survival of ischemic skin flap by combined treatment with bone marrow-derived stem cells and low-level light irradiation. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Leng X, Fan Y, Wang Y, Sun J, Cai X, Hu C, Ding X, Hu X, Chen Z. Treatment of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Skin Flap Using Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUC-MSCs) Transfected with "F-5" Gene. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2751-2764. [PMID: 28586321 PMCID: PMC5469319 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that skin flap transplantation technique plays an important role in surgical procedures. However, there are many problems in the process of skin flap transplantation surgeries, especially ischemia-reperfusion injury, which directly affects the survival rate of the skin flap and patient prognosis after surgeries. Material/Methods In this study, we used a new method of the “stem cells-gene” combination therapy. The “F-5” gene fragment of heat shock protein 90-α (Hsp90-α) was transfected into human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) by genetic engineering technique. Results The synergistic effects of “F-5” gene and hUC-MSCs in the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the skin flap were confirmed by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Conclusions This study showed that the hUC-MSCs transfected with “F-5” gene can effectively improve the repair of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Leng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yongle Fan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Chunnan Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | | | - Xiaoying Hu
- The Eighth People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhengyu Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
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