1
|
Guarino A, Pignata P, Lovisari F, Asth L, Simonato M, Soukupova M. Cognitive comorbidities in the rat pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1392977. [PMID: 38872822 PMCID: PMC11171745 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1392977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy are prone to cognitive decline, depression, anxiety and other behavioral disorders. Cognitive comorbidities are particularly common and well-characterized in people with temporal lobe epilepsy, while inconsistently addressed in epileptic animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ascertain whether there is good evidence of cognitive comorbidities in animal models of epilepsy, in particular in the rat pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. We searched the literature published between 1990 and 2023. The association of spontaneous recurrent seizures induced by pilocarpine with cognitive alterations has been evaluated by using various tests: contextual fear conditioning (CFC), novel object recognition (NOR), radial and T-maze, Morris water maze (MWM) and their variants. Combination of results was difficult because of differences in methodological standards, in number of animals employed, and in outcome measures. Taken together, however, the analysis confirmed that pilocarpine-induced epilepsy has an effect on cognition in rats, and supports the notion that this is a valid model for assessment of cognitive temporal lobe epilepsy comorbidities in preclinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Guarino
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Pignata
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Lovisari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laila Asth
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie Soukupova
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tavassoli M, Ardjmand A. Pentylenetetrazol and Morphine Interaction in a State-dependent Memory Model: Role of CREB Signaling. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 11:557-572. [PMID: 33613894 PMCID: PMC7878041 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.4.1482.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: State-dependent (STD) memory is a process, in which the learned information can be optimally retrieved only when the subject is in the state similar to the encoding phase. This phenomenon has been widely studied with morphine. Several studies have reported that Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) impairs memory in experimental animal models. Due to certain mechanistic interactions between morphine and PTZ, it is hypothesized that PTZ may interfere with the morphine-STD. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate Response Element-Binding (CREB) is considered as the main downstream marker for long-term memory. This study was designed to determine the possible interaction between PTZ and morphine STD and the presumable changes in CREB mRNA. Methods: In an Inhibitory Avoidance (IA) model, posttraining morphine (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/ kg-i.p.) was used. The pre-test morphine was evaluated for morphine-induced STD memory. Moreover, the effect of a pre-test PTZ (60 mg/kg-i.p.) was studied along with morphine STD. Locomotion testing was carried out using open-field. Eventually, using real-time-PCR, the CREB mRNA changes in the hippocampus were evaluated. Results: Posttraining MOR (7.5 mg/kg-i.p.) impaired IA memory (P<0.001). The pre-test injection of similar doses of morphine recovered the morphine-induced memory impairment (P<0.001). The pre-test PTZ impaired the IA memory recall (P<0.001); however, the pre-test PTZ along with morphine STD potentiated the morphine-induced STD (P<0.001). Alterations in CREB mRNA were observed in all groups. No difference was seen in the locomotor activity. Conclusion: Presumably, the certain interactive effect of PTZ on morphine-induced STD is mediated through gamma-aminobutyric acid and opioid systems via CREB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Tavassoli
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ardjmand
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdanipour A, Tiraihi T, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Improvement of the pilocarpine epilepsy model in rat using bone marrow stromal cell therapy. Neurol Res 2013; 33:625-32. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132810y.0000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
4
|
Dorandeu F, Dhote F, Barbier L, Baccus B, Testylier G. Treatment of status epilepticus with ketamine, are we there yet? CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:411-27. [PMID: 23601960 PMCID: PMC6493567 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE), a neurological emergency both in adults and in children, could lead to brain damage and even death if untreated. Generalized convulsive SE (GCSE) is the most common and severe form, an example of which is that induced by organophosphorus nerve agents. First- and second-line pharmacotherapies are relatively consensual, but if seizures are still not controlled, there is currently no definitive data to guide the optimal choice of therapy. The medical community seems largely reluctant to use ketamine, a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor. However, a review of the literature clearly shows that ketamine possesses, in preclinical studies, antiepileptic properties and provides neuroprotection. Clinical evidences are scarcer and more difficult to analyze, owing to a use in situations of polytherapy. In absence of existing or planned randomized clinical trials, the medical community should make up its mind from well-conducted preclinical studies performed on appropriate models. Although potentially active, ketamine has no real place for the treatment of isolated seizures, better accepted drugs being used. Its best usage should be during GCSE, but not waiting for SE to become totally refractory. Concerns about possible developmental neurotoxicity might limit its pediatric use for refractory SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Dorandeu
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées - Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), La Tronche Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brewster AL, Lugo JN, Patil VV, Lee WL, Qian Y, Vanegas F, Anderson AE. Rapamycin reverses status epilepticus-induced memory deficits and dendritic damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57808. [PMID: 23536771 PMCID: PMC3594232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are prominent sequelae of prolonged continuous seizures (status epilepticus; SE) in humans and animal models. While often associated with dendritic injury, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is hyperactivated following SE. This pathway modulates learning and memory and is associated with regulation of neuronal, dendritic, and glial properties. Thus, in the present study we tested the hypothesis that SE-induced mTORC1 hyperactivation is a candidate mechanism underlying cognitive deficits and dendritic pathology seen following SE. We examined the effects of rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, on the early hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits associated with an episode of pilocarpine-induced SE. Rapamycin-treated SE rats performed significantly better than the vehicle-treated rats in two spatial memory tasks, the Morris water maze and the novel object recognition test. At the molecular level, we found that the SE-induced increase in mTORC1 signaling was localized in neurons and microglia. Rapamycin decreased the SE-induced mTOR activation and attenuated microgliosis which was mostly localized within the CA1 area. These findings paralleled a reversal of the SE-induced decreases in dendritic Map2 and ion channels levels as well as improved dendritic branching and spine density in area CA1 following rapamycin treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that mTORC1 hyperactivity contributes to early hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits and dendritic dysregulation associated with SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Brewster
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joaquin N. Lugo
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vinit V. Patil
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wai L. Lee
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yan Qian
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fabiola Vanegas
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Anderson
- Cain Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wong-Goodrich SJE, Glenn MJ, Mellott TJ, Liu YB, Blusztajn JK, Williams CL. Water maze experience and prenatal choline supplementation differentially promote long-term hippocampal recovery from seizures in adulthood. Hippocampus 2010; 21:584-608. [PMID: 20232399 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) in adulthood dramatically alters the hippocampus and produces spatial learning and memory deficits. Some factors, like environmental enrichment and exercise, may promote functional recovery from SE. Prenatal choline supplementation (SUP) also protects against spatial memory deficits observed shortly after SE in adulthood, and we have previously reported that SUP attenuates the neuropathological response to SE in the adult hippocampus just 16 days after SE. It is unknown whether SUP can ameliorate longer-term cognitive and neuropathological consequences of SE, whether repeatedly engaging the injured hippocampus in a cognitive task might facilitate recovery from SE, and whether our prophylactic prenatal dietary treatment would enable the injured hippocampus to more effectively benefit from cognitive rehabilitation. To address these issues, adult offspring from rat dams that received either a control (CON) or SUP diet on embryonic days 12-17 first received training on a place learning water maze task (WM) and were then administered saline or kainic acid (KA) to induce SE. Rats then either remained in their home cage, or received three additional WM sessions at 3, 6.5, and 10 weeks after SE to test spatial learning and memory retention. Eleven weeks after SE, the brains were analyzed for several hippocampal markers known to be altered by SE. SUP attenuated SE-induced spatial learning deficits and completely rescued spatial memory retention by 10 weeks post-SE. Repeated WM experience prevented SE-induced declines in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and dentate gyrus neurogenesis, and attenuated increased glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) levels. Remarkably, SUP alone was similarly protective to an even greater extent, and SUP rats that were water maze trained after SE showed reduced hilar migration of newborn neurons. These findings suggest that prophylactic SUP is protective against the long-term cognitive and neuropathological effects of KA-induced SE, and that rehabilitative cognitive enrichment may be partially beneficial.
Collapse
|
7
|
Intrahippocampal cholinesterase inhibition induces epileptogenesis in mice without evidence of neurodegenerative events. Neuroscience 2009; 162:1351-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Mao RR, Tian M, Yang YX, Zhou QX, Xu L, Cao J. Effects of pentylenetetrazol-induced brief convulsive seizures on spatial memory and fear memory. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 15:441-4. [PMID: 19570727 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model, recurrent seizures either impair or have no effect on learning and memory. However, the effects of brief seizures on learning and memory remain unknown. Here, we found that a single injection of a convulsive dose of PTZ (50 mg/kg, ip) induced brief seizures in Sprague-Dawley rats. Administration of PTZ before training impaired the acquisition of spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) and fear memory in contextual fear conditioning. However, the administration of PTZ immediately after training did not affect memory consolidation in either task. These findings suggest that brief seizures have different effects on acquisition and consolidation of spatial and fear memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mach QH, Persinger MA. Behavioral changes with brief exposures to weak magnetic fields patterned to stimulate long-term potentiation. Brain Res 2009; 1261:45-53. [PMID: 19210956 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brief whole body exposures of rats to weak (1 microT) complex magnetic fields whose patterns induce long term potential (LTP) when applied as electric current to hippocampal slices produced powerful behavioral changes. Rats exposed for 30 min before but not 30 min after hourly training sessions for spatial memory displayed impairments comparable to those elicited by complete electrode-induced saturation of hippocampal activity. Exposure to the same LTP-patterned magnetic fields after weaning during the induction of limbic seizures produced diminished learning of conditioned contextual fear during adulthood. However exposure to magnetic fields designed to simulate a "virtual" hippocampal state during acquisition of a timed inhibitory task (DRL) facilitated performance. These results show that physiologically-patterned magnetic fields can produce dramatic changes in behavior when they are applied during states associated with marked synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Hao Mach
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Auvin S. Therapeutic proposals for childhood status epilepticus-induced excitotoxic neuronal injury. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 37:306; author reply 306-7. [PMID: 17903682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Kemppainen EJS, Nissinen J, Pitkänen A. Fear conditioning is impaired in systemic kainic acid and amygdala-stimulation models of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006; 47:820-9. [PMID: 16686646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lateral nucleus of the amygdala is critical for fear conditioning, a paradigm of emotional learning, which requires recognition of an unconditioned stimulus as aversive and association of conditioned stimuli with an unconditioned stimulus. Some patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have amygdaloid damage associated with impaired emotional learning. Fear conditioning also is impaired at least in some animal models of epilepsy. We studied whether contextual or tone-cued fear conditioning is impaired in two status epilepticus models of epilepsy and whether impairment correlates with the extent of damage in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. METHODS We induced epilepsy in rats by either systemic kainic acid administration or electrical amygdala stimulation. Behavioral reactions in all phases of fear conditioning were analyzed from videotapes. Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala was analyzed from thionin-stained sections both histologically and by volumetry. RESULTS Immediate reflexive responses to unconditioned and conditioned stimuli were preserved, whereas the freezing response to an unconditioned stimulus was reduced. Contextual conditioning was severely impaired, whereas tone-cued conditioning was better preserved. The lateral nucleus pathology did not correlate with impaired fear conditioning. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that processing of complex contextual stimuli is severely affected in experimental epilepsy, whereas conditioning to simple cues is better preserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Samuli Kemppainen
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
McKay BE, Persinger MA. Weak, physiologically patterned magnetic fields do not affect maze performance in normal rats, but disrupt seized rats normalized with ketamine: possible support for a neuromatrix concept? Epilepsy Behav 2006; 8:137-44. [PMID: 16388988 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a neuromatrix as a determinant of behavior proposes that complex neuroelectromagnetic patterns supported by specific spatial configurations of neurons underlie the generation of behaviors. When the pattern of neuronal connectivity is changed, as occurs during limbic epilepsy, neuroelectromagnetic patterns change in parallel to sustain behavioral output. Thus, a testable prediction of the neuromatrix concept is that the "normal" behaviors of animals with markedly reorganized neuroelectromagnetic patterns are vulnerable to specific stimuli that are ineffective when applied to a normal population. Because rats treated with ketamine after being induced to seize with pilocarpine exhibit behaviors indistinguishable from those of control populations despite marked changes in brain structure, they represent an ideal population in which to examine this hypothesis. Ketamine-treated pilocarpine-seized rats and normal rats were exposed continuously either to a complex sequence magnetic field or to control conditions during the acquisition of a radial arm maze task for 8 consecutive days. After 14 days of subsequent exposure to a frequency-modulated field (7-500 nT), during which time there was no training, the rats that had been induced to seize and had been exposed continuously to this magnetic configuration exhibited conspicuously slower response durations per arm than rats that had been induced to seize and exposed to control conditions or normal rats that had been exposed to either magnetic fields or control conditions. Thus, the behaviors of rats who have sustained multiple, discrete injuries throughout the brain may be seriously disrupted by the appropriate pattern of exogenous weak magnetic fields. Our results represent the first empirical support for the concept of the neuromatrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E McKay
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont., Canada P3E 2C6
| | | |
Collapse
|