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Zlomuzica A, Plank L, Dere E. A new path to mental disorders: Through gap junction channels and hemichannels. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104877. [PMID: 36116574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral disturbances related to emotional regulation, reward processing, cognition, sleep-wake regulation and activity/movement represent core symptoms of most common mental disorders. Increasing empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that normal functioning of these behavioral domains relies on fine graded coordination of neural and glial networks which are maintained and modulated by intercellular gap junction channels and unapposed pannexin or connexin hemichannels. Dysfunctions in these networks might contribute to the development and maintenance of psychopathological and neurobiological features associated with mental disorders. Here we review and discuss the evidence indicating a prominent role of gap junction channel and hemichannel dysfunction in core symptoms of mental disorders. We further discuss how the increasing knowledge on intercellular gap junction channels and unapposed pannexin or connexin hemichannels in the brain might lead to deeper mechanistic insight in common mental disorders and to the development of novel treatment approaches. We further attempt to exemplify what type of future research on this topic could be integrated into multidimensional approaches to understand and cure mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zlomuzica
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Laurin Plank
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Massenbergstraße 9-13, D-44787 Bochum, Germany; Sorbonne Université. Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, (IBPS), Département UMR 8256: Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, UFR des Sciences de la Vie, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Bâtiment B, 9 quai Saint Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Sauvet F, Erblang M, Gomez-Merino D, Rabat A, Guillard M, Dubourdieu D, Lefloch H, Drogou C, Van Beers P, Bougard C, Bourrrilhon C, Arnal P, Rein W, Mouthon F, Brunner-Ferber F, Leger D, Dauvilliers Y, Chennaoui M, Charvériat M. Efficacy of THN102 (a combination of modafinil and flecainide) on vigilance and cognition during 40-hour total sleep deprivation in healthy subjects: Glial connexins as a therapeutic target. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:2623-2633. [PMID: 31419329 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sauvet
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mégane Erblang
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Rabat
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Guillard
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Lefloch
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy, Clamart, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Van Beers
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Clément Bougard
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cyprien Bourrrilhon
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Pierrick Arnal
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Damien Leger
- EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Sleep Center, Hotel Dieu Hospital, APHP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, CHU Montpellier, INSERM U1061, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge, France.,EA 7330 VIFASOM, Hôtel Dieu, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Chronic Consumption of Fructose Induces Behavioral Alterations by Increasing Orexin and Dopamine Levels in the Rat Brain. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111722. [PMID: 30423806 PMCID: PMC6265759 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely described that chronic intake of fructose causes metabolic alterations which can be associated with brain function impairment. In this study, we evaluated the effects of fructose intake on the sleep–wake cycle, locomotion, and neurochemical parameters in Wistar rats. The experimental group was fed with 10% fructose in drinking water for five weeks. After treatment, metabolic indicators were quantified in blood. Electroencephalographic recordings were used to evaluate the sleep architecture and the spectral power of frequency bands. Likewise, the locomotor activity and the concentrations of orexin A and monoamines were estimated. Our results show that fructose diet significantly increased the blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Fructose modified the sleep–wake cycle of rats, increasing the waking duration and conversely decreasing the non-rapid eye movement sleep. Furthermore, these effects were accompanied by increases of the spectral power at different frequency bands. Chronic consumption of fructose caused a slight increase in the locomotor activity as well as an increase of orexin A and dopamine levels in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Specifically, immunoreactivity for orexin A was increased in the ventral tegmental area after the intake of fructose. Our study suggests that fructose induces metabolic changes and stimulates the activity of orexinergic and dopaminergic neurons, which may be responsible for alterations of the sleep–wake cycle.
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Gap Junctions and NCA Cation Channels Are Critical for Developmentally Timed Sleep and Arousal in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2018; 210:1369-1381. [PMID: 30323068 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential characteristic of sleep is heightened arousal threshold, with decreased behavioral response to external stimuli. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying arousal threshold changes during sleep are not fully understood. We report that loss of UNC-7 or UNC-9 innexin function dramatically reduced sleep and decreased arousal threshold during developmentally timed sleep in Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-7 function was required in premotor interneurons and UNC-9 function was required in motor neurons in this paradigm. Simultaneous transient overexpression of UNC-7 and UNC-9 was sufficient to induce anachronistic sleep in adult animals. Moreover, loss of UNC-7 or UNC-9 suppressed the increased sleep of EGL-4 gain-of-function animals, which have increased cyclic-GMP-dependent protein kinase activity. These results suggest C. elegans gap junctions may act downstream of previously identified sleep regulators. In other paradigms, the NCA cation channels act upstream of gap junctions. Consistent with this, diminished NCA channel activity in C. elegans robustly increased arousal thresholds during sleep bouts in L4-to-adult developmentally timed sleep. Total time in sleep bouts was only modestly increased in animals lacking NCA channel auxiliary subunit UNC-79, whereas increased channel activity dramatically decreased sleep. Loss of EGL-4 or innexin proteins suppressed UNC-79 loss-of-function sleep and arousal defects. In Drosophila, the ion channel narrow abdomen, an ortholog of the C. elegans NCA channels, drive the pigment dispersing factor (PDF) neuropeptide release, regulating circadian behavior. However, in C. elegans, we found that loss of the PDF receptor PDFR-1 did not suppress gain-of-function sleep defects, suggesting an alternative downstream pathway. This study emphasizes the conservation and importance of neuronal activity modulation during sleep, and unequivocally demonstrates that gap junction function is critical for normal sleep.
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Troup M, Yap MH, Rohrscheib C, Grabowska MJ, Ertekin D, Randeniya R, Kottler B, Larkin A, Munro K, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Acute control of the sleep switch in Drosophila reveals a role for gap junctions in regulating behavioral responsiveness. eLife 2018; 7:37105. [PMID: 30109983 PMCID: PMC6117154 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a dynamic process in most animals, involving distinct stages that probably perform multiple functions for the brain. Before sleep functions can be initiated, it is likely that behavioral responsiveness to the outside world needs to be reduced, even while the animal is still awake. Recent work in Drosophila has uncovered a sleep switch in the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) of the fly’s central brain, but it is not known whether these sleep-promoting neurons also govern the acute need to ignore salient stimuli in the environment during sleep transitions. We found that optogenetic activation of the sleep switch suppressed behavioral responsiveness to mechanical stimuli, even in awake flies, indicating a broader role for these neurons in regulating arousal. The dFB-mediated suppression mechanism and its associated neural correlates requires innexin6 expression, suggesting that the acute need to reduce sensory perception when flies fall asleep is mediated in part by electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Troup
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melvyn Hw Yap
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chelsie Rohrscheib
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martyna J Grabowska
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deniz Ertekin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roshini Randeniya
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kottler
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife Larkin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Munro
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul J Shaw
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Vodovar D, Duchêne A, Wimberley C, Leroy C, Pottier G, Dauvilliers Y, Giaume C, Lin JS, Mouthon F, Tournier N, Charvériat M. Cortico-Amygdala-Striatal Activation by Modafinil/Flecainide Combination. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:687-696. [PMID: 29635319 PMCID: PMC6031015 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modafinil, a nonamphetaminic wake-promoting compound, is prescribed as first line therapy in narcolepsy, an invalidating disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Although its mode of action remains incompletely known, recent studies indicated that modafinil modulates astroglial connexin-based gap junctional communication as administration of a low dose of flecainide, an astroglial connexin inhibitor, enhanced the wake-promoting and procognitive activity of modafinil in rodents and healthy volunteers. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in glucose cerebral metabolism in rodents, induced by the combination of modafinil+flecainide low dose (called THN102). Methods The impact of THN102 on brain glucose metabolism was noninvasively investigated using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Positron Emission Tomography imaging in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Animals were injected with vehicle, flecainide, modafinil, or THN102 and further injected with 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose followed by 60-minute Positron Emission Tomography acquisition. 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose Positron Emission Tomography images were coregistered to a rat brain template and normalized from the total brain Positron Emission Tomography signal. Voxel-to-voxel analysis was performed using SPM8 software. Comparison of brain glucose metabolism between groups was then performed. Results THN102 significantly increased regional brain glucose metabolism as it resulted in large clusters of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake localized in the cortex, striatum, and amygdala compared with control or drugs administered alone. These regions, highly involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycle, emotions, and cognitive functions were hence quantitatively modulated by THN102. Conclusion Data presented here provide the first evidence of a regional brain activation induced by THN102, currently being tested in a phase II clinical trial in narcoleptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Vodovar
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | | | - Catriona Wimberley
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Claire Leroy
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Géraldine Pottier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy, CHU Montpellier, INSERM, France
| | - Christian Giaume
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Laboratory WAKING, CRNL-INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292-UCBL, Lyon, France
| | | | - Nicolas Tournier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
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Duchêne A, Perier M, Zhao Y, Liu X, Thomasson J, Chauveau F, Piérard C, Lagarde D, Picoli C, Jeanson T, Mouthon F, Dauvilliers Y, Giaume C, Lin JS, Charvériat M. Impact of Astroglial Connexins on Modafinil Pharmacological Properties. Sleep 2016; 39:1283-92. [PMID: 27091533 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Modafinil is a non-amphetaminic wake-promoting compound used as therapy against sleepiness and narcolepsy. Its mode of action is complex, but modafinil has been recently proposed to act as a cellular-coupling enhancer in glial cells, through modulation of gap junctions constituted by connexins. The present study investigated in mice the impact of connexins on the effects of modafinil using connexin inhibitors. METHODS Modafinil was administered alone or combined with inhibitors of astrocyte connexin, meclofenamic acid, or flecainide, respectively, acting on Cx30 and Cx43. Sleep-wake states were monitored in wild-type and narcoleptic orexin knockout mice. A spontaneous alternation task was used to evaluate working memory in wild-type mice. The effects of the compounds on astroglial intercellular coupling were determined using dye transfer in acute cortical slices. RESULTS Meclofenamic acid had little modulation on the effects of modafinil, but flecainide enhanced the wake-promoting and pro-cognitive effects of modafinil. Co-administration of modafinil/flecainide resulted in a marked decrease in the number and duration of direct transitions to rapid eye movement sleep, which are characteristic of narcoleptic episodes in orexin knockout mice. Furthermore, modafinil enhanced the connexin-mediated astroglial cell coupling, whereas flecainide reduced it. Finally, this modafinil-induced effect was reversed by co-administration with flecainide. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that flecainide impacts the pharmacological effects of modafinil, likely through the normalization of Cx30-dependent gap junctional coupling in astroglial networks. The enhancement of the wake-promoting, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes of modafinil demonstrated here with flecainide would open new perspectives in the management of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 1175.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magali Perier
- Laboratory Waking, CRNL, INSERM-U1028/CNRS-UMR5292, Claude Bernard University, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory Waking, CRNL, INSERM-U1028/CNRS-UMR5292, Claude Bernard University, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Xinhe Liu
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, France
| | - Julien Thomasson
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Frédéric Chauveau
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | | | - Didier Lagarde
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Christèle Picoli
- Theranexus, Lyon, France.,CEA/IMETI/Theranexus, Fontenayaux-Roses, France
| | - Tiffany Jeanson
- Theranexus, Lyon, France.,Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, France
| | | | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, CHU Montpellier, INSERM U1061, France
| | - Christian Giaume
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Laboratory Waking, CRNL, INSERM-U1028/CNRS-UMR5292, Claude Bernard University, Lyon Cedex, France
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Leyva-Gómez G, Cortés H, Magaña JJ, Leyva-García N, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Florán B. Nanoparticle technology for treatment of Parkinson's disease: the role of surface phenomena in reaching the brain. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:824-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Gastaldi L, Battaglia L, Peira E, Chirio D, Muntoni E, Solazzi I, Gallarate M, Dosio F. Solid lipid nanoparticles as vehicles of drugs to the brain: Current state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:433-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ballesteros-Zebadua P, Custodio V, Franco-Perez J, Rubio C, González E, Trejo C, Celis MA, Paz C. Whole-brain irradiation increases NREM sleep and hypothalamic expression of IL-1β in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 90:142-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.859767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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A neocortical delta rhythm facilitates reciprocal interlaminar interactions via nested theta rhythms. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10750-61. [PMID: 23804097 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0735-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta oscillations (1-4 Hz) associate with deep sleep and are implicated in memory consolidation and replay of cortical responses elicited during wake states. A potent local generator has been characterized in thalamus, and local generators in neocortex have been suggested. Here we demonstrate that isolated rat neocortex generates delta rhythms in conditions mimicking the neuromodulatory state during deep sleep (low cholinergic and dopaminergic tone). The rhythm originated in an NMDA receptor-driven network of intrinsic bursting (IB) neurons in layer 5, activating a source of GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition. In contrast, regular spiking (RS) neurons in layer 5 generated theta-frequency outputs. In layer 2/3 principal cells, outputs from IB cells associated with IPSPs, whereas those from layer 5 RS neurons related to nested bursts of theta-frequency EPSPs. Both interlaminar spike and field correlations revealed a sequence of events whereby sparse spiking in layer 2/3 was partially reflected back from layer 5 on each delta period. We suggest that these reciprocal, interlaminar interactions may represent a "Helmholtz machine"-like process to control synaptic rescaling during deep sleep.
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Franco-Pérez J, Ballesteros-Zebadúa P, Fernández-Figueroa EA, Ruiz-Olmedo I, Reyes-Grajeda P, Paz C. Sleep deprivation and sleep recovery modifies connexin36 and connexin43 protein levels in rat brain. Neuroreport 2012; 23:103-7. [PMID: 22158029 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834e8fcb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctional communication is mainly mediated by connexin36 and connexin43 in neurons and astrocytes, respectively. It has been suggested that connexin36 allows electrical coupling between neurons whereas connexin43 participates in several process including release of ATP. It was recently reported that blockage of gap junctional communication mediated by connexin36 can disrupt the sleep architecture of the rat. However, there is no experimental approach about effects of sleep deprivation on connexins expression. Therefore, we examined in adult male Wistar rats whether protein levels of connexin36 and connexin43 change in pons, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex after 24 h of total sleep deprivation and 4 h of sleep recovery. Western blot revealed that total sleep deprivation significantly decreases the levels of connexin36 in the hypothalamus and this decrease maintains after sleep recovery. Meanwhile, connexin43 is not altered by total sleep deprivation but interestingly the sleep recovery period induces an increase of this connexin. These results suggest that electrical coupling between hypothalamic neurons could be altered by sleep deprivation and that sleep recovery drives changes in connexin43 expression probably as a mechanism related to ATP release and energy regulation during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Franco-Pérez
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Autonomous University of Mexico, México DF, México.
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