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Wolf CJH, Spoelder M, Beurmanjer H, Bulthuis R, Schellekens AFA, Homberg JR. Individual differences in GHB consumption in a new voluntary GHB self-administration model in outbred rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:613-625. [PMID: 38334790 PMCID: PMC10884067 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use of the recreational drug gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has increased over the past decade, concomitantly leading to a higher incidence of GHB use disorder. Evidence-based treatment interventions are hardly available and cognitive effects of long-term GHB use remain elusive. In order to study the development of GUD and the causal effects of chronic GHB consumption, a GHB self-administration model is required. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Long Evans rats had access to GHB in their home cage according to a two-bottle choice procedure for 3 months. Intoxication and withdrawal symptoms were assessed using an automated sensor-based setup for longitudinal behavioral monitoring. Rats were trained in an operant environment according to a fixed ratio (FR) 1, 2, and 4 schedule of reinforcement. Addiction-like behaviors were assessed through progressive ratio-, non-reinforced-, and quinine-adulterated operant tests. In addition, the novel object recognition test and elevated plus maze test were performed before and after GHB self-administration to assess memory performance and anxiety-like behavior, respectively. KEY RESULTS All rats consumed pharmacologically relevant levels of GHB in their home cage, and their intake remained stable over a period of 3 months. No clear withdrawal symptoms were observed following abstinence. Responding under operant conditions was characterized by strong inter-individual differences, where only a subset of rats showed high motivation for GHB, habitual GHB-seeking, and/or continued responding for GHB despite an aversive taste. Male rats showed a reduction in long-term memory performance 3 months after home-cage GHB self-administration. Anxiety-like behavior was not affected by GHB self-administration. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The GHB self-administration model was able to reflect individual susceptibility for addiction-like behavior. The reduction in long-term memory performance upon GHB self-administration calls for further research into the cognitive effects of chronic GHB use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J H Wolf
- Donders Institute for Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Cognition, and Behaviour, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen Beurmanjer
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Novadic-Kentron Addiction Care, 5261 LX, Vught, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Cognition, and Behaviour, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lyashenko EN, Uzbekova LD, Polovinkina VV, Dorofeeva AK, Ibragimov SUSU, Tatamov AA, Avkaeva AG, Mikhailova AA, Tuaeva IS, Esiev RK, Mezentsev SD, Gubanova MA, Bondarenko NG, Maslova AY. Study of the Embryonic Toxicity of TiO 2 and ZrO 2 Nanoparticles. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:363. [PMID: 36838065 PMCID: PMC9961787 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the widespread use of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in various industries poses a risk in terms of their potential toxicity. A number of experimental studies provide evidence of the toxic effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on biological objects. In order to supplement the level of knowledge and assess the risks of toxicity and danger of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs, we decided to conduct a comprehensive experiment to study the embryonic toxicity of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs in pregnant rats. For the experiment, mongrel white rats during pregnancy received aqueous dispersions of powders of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. To characterize the effect of TiO2 and ZrO2 NPs on females and the postnatal ontogenesis of offspring, a complex of physiological and biochemical research methods was used. The results of the experiment showed that TiO2 NPs as ZrO2 NPs (100 mg/kg per os) cause few shifts of similar orientation in the maternal body. Neither TiO2 NPs nor ZrO2 NPs have an embryonic and teratogenic effect on the offspring in utero, but both modify its postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nikolaevna Lyashenko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Pediatrics, S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | | | - Valeri Vladimirovna Polovinkina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Pediatrics, S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | | | - Said-Umar Sithalil-ugli Ibragimov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Pediatrics, S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Inga Shamilevna Tuaeva
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and Prevention, North Ossetian State Medical Academy, 362019 Vladikavkaz, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Natalya Grigorevna Bondarenko
- Department of Philosophy of History of Law, Pyatigorsk Branch of North Caucasus Federal University, 357502 Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Alina Yurievna Maslova
- Faculty of Medicine, Stavropol State Medical University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia
- SocMedica, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Curcumin and metformin synergistically modulate peripheral and central immune mechanisms of pain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9713. [PMID: 35690654 PMCID: PMC9188603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a well-tolerated antidiabetic drug and has recently been repurposed for numerous diseases, including pain. However, a higher dose of metformin is required for effective analgesia, which can potentiate its dose-dependent gastrointestinal side effects. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol and has beneficial therapeutic effects on pain. Curcumin has been used as an analgesic adjuvant with several analgesic drugs, allowing synergistic antinociceptive effects. Nevertheless, whether curcumin can exert synergistic analgesia with metformin is still unknown. In the present study, the nature of curcumin-metformin anti-inflammatory interaction was evaluated in in vitro using lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage and BV-2 microglia cells. In both macrophage and microglia, curcumin effectively potentiates the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin, indicating potential synergistic effects in both peripheral and central pathways of pain. The nature of the interaction between curcumin and metformin was further recapitulated using a mouse model of formalin-induced pain. Coadministration of curcumin and metformin at a 1:1 fixed ratio of their ED50 doses significantly reduced the dose required to produce a 50% effect compared to the theoretically required dose in phase II of the formalin test with a combination index value of 0.24. Besides, the synergistic interaction does not appear to involve severe CNS side effects indicated by no motor alterations, no alterations in short-term and long-term locomotive behaviors, and the general well-being of mice. Our findings suggest that curcumin exerts synergistic anti-inflammation with metformin with no potential CNS adverse effects.
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Klein CJMI, Budiman T, Homberg JR, Verma D, Keijer J, van Schothorst EM. Measuring Locomotor Activity and Behavioral Aspects of Rodents Living in the Home-Cage. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:877323. [PMID: 35464142 PMCID: PMC9021872 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.877323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatization and technological advances have led to a larger number of methods and systems to monitor and measure locomotor activity and more specific behavior of a wide variety of animal species in various environmental conditions in laboratory settings. In rodents, the majority of these systems require the animals to be temporarily taken away from their home-cage into separate observation cage environments which requires manual handling and consequently evokes distress for the animal and may alter behavioral responses. An automated high-throughput approach can overcome this problem. Therefore, this review describes existing automated methods and technologies which enable the measurement of locomotor activity and behavioral aspects of rodents in their most meaningful and stress-free laboratory environment: the home-cage. In line with the Directive 2010/63/EU and the 3R principles (replacement, reduction, refinement), this review furthermore assesses their suitability and potential for group-housed conditions as a refinement strategy, highlighting their current technological and practical limitations. It covers electrical capacitance technology and radio-frequency identification (RFID), which focus mainly on voluntary locomotor activity in both single and multiple rodents, respectively. Infrared beams and force plates expand the detection beyond locomotor activity toward basic behavioral traits but discover their full potential in individually housed rodents only. Despite the great premises of these approaches in terms of behavioral pattern recognition, more sophisticated methods, such as (RFID-assisted) video tracking technology need to be applied to enable the automated analysis of advanced behavioral aspects of individual animals in social housing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. M. I. Klein
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- TSE Systems GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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5
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Galvanho JP, Manhães AC, Carvalho-Nogueira ACC, Silva JDM, Filgueiras CC, Abreu-Villaça Y. Profiling of behavioral effects evoked by ketamine and the role of 5HT 2 and D 2 receptors in ketamine-induced locomotor sensitization in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109775. [PMID: 31676464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine has addictive potential, a troublesome fact due to its promising use as a therapeutic drug. An important phenomenon associated with drug addiction is behavioral sensitization, usually characterized as augmented locomotion. However, other behaviors may also be susceptible to sensitization, and/or interfere with locomotor activity. Thus, this study drew a comprehensive behavioral 'profiling' in an animal model of repeated administration of ketamine. Adult Swiss mice received single daily ketamine injections (30 or 50 mg/Kg, i.p.), which were followed by open field testing for 7 days (acquisition period, ACQ). A ketamine challenge (sensitization test, ST) was carried out after a 5-day withdrawal. Locomotion, rearing, grooming, rotation and falling were assessed during ACQ and ST. All behaviors were affected from the first ACQ day onwards, with no indication of competition between locomotion and the other behaviors. Only locomotion in response to 30 mg/Kg of ketamine both escalated during ACQ and expressed increased levels at ST, evidencing development and expression of locomotor sensitization. Considering the involvement of serotonin 5HT(2) and dopamine D(2) receptors on addiction mechanisms, we further tested the involvement of these receptors in ketamine-induced sensitization. Ketanserin (5HT2 antagonist, 3 mg/Kg, s.c.) prevented ketamine-evoked development of locomotor sensitization. However, ketanserin pretreatment during ACQ failed to inhibit its expression during ST. Raclopride (D2 antagonist, 0.5 mg/Kg, s.c.) evoked less robust reductions in locomotion but prevented the development of ketamine-evoked sensitization. Pretreatment during ACQ further inhibited the expression of sensitization during ST. These results indicate that a partial overlap in serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlies ketamine-induced locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson P Galvanho
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cristina C Carvalho-Nogueira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Joyce de M Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil.
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6
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Ossato A, Bilel S, Gregori A, Talarico A, Trapella C, Gaudio RM, De-Giorgio F, Tagliaro F, Neri M, Fattore L, Marti M. Neurological, sensorimotor and cardiorespiratory alterations induced by methoxetamine, ketamine and phencyclidine in mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:167-180. [PMID: 30165078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances are intoxicating compounds developed to mimic the effects of well-established drugs of abuse. They are not controlled by the United Nations drug convention and pose serious health concerns worldwide. Among them, the dissociative drug methoxetamine (MXE) is structurally similar to ketamine (KET) and phencyclidine (PCP) and was created to purposely mimic the psychotropic effects of its "parent" compounds. Recent animal studies show that MXE is able to stimulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission and to induce KET-like discriminative and rewarding effects. In light of the renewed interest in KET and PCP analogs, we decided to deepen the investigation of MXE-induced effects by a battery of behavioral tests widely used in studies of "safety-pharmacology" for the preclinical characterization of new molecules. To this purpose, the acute effects of MXE on neurological and sensorimotor functions in mice, including visual, acoustic and tactile responses, thermal and mechanical pain, motor activity and acoustic startle reactivity were evaluated in comparisons with KET and PCP to better appreciate its specificity of action. Cardiorespiratory parameters and blood pressure were also monitored in awake and freely moving animals. Acute systemic administrations of MXE, KET and PCP (0.01-30 mg/kg i.p.) differentially alter neurological and sensorimotor functions in mice depending in a dose-dependent manner specific for each parameter examined. MXE and KET (1 and 30 mg/kg i.p.) and PCP (1 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) also affect significantly cardiorespiratory parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ossato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), 00191, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Talarico
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Gaudio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Forensic Pathology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Policlinico ''G.B. Rossi'', Verona, Italy; Institute of Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Margherita Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council (CNR), Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy; Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy.
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Redfern WS, Tse K, Grant C, Keerie A, Simpson DJ, Pedersen JC, Rimmer V, Leslie L, Klein SK, Karp NA, Sillito R, Chartsias A, Lukins T, Heward J, Vickers C, Chapman K, Armstrong JD. Automated recording of home cage activity and temperature of individual rats housed in social groups: The Rodent Big Brother project. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181068. [PMID: 28877172 PMCID: PMC5587114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the activity and temperature of rats is commonly required in biomedical research. Conventional approaches necessitate single housing, which affects their behavior and wellbeing. We have used a subcutaneous radiofrequency identification (RFID) transponder to measure ambulatory activity and temperature of individual rats when group-housed in conventional, rack-mounted home cages. The transponder location and temperature is detected by a matrix of antennae in a baseplate under the cage. An infrared high-definition camera acquires side-view video of the cage and also enables automated detection of vertical activity. Validation studies showed that baseplate-derived ambulatory activity correlated well with manual tracking and with side-view whole-cage video pixel movement. This technology enables individual behavioral and temperature data to be acquired continuously from group-housed rats in their familiar, home cage environment. We demonstrate its ability to reliably detect naturally occurring behavioral effects, extending beyond the capabilities of routine observational tests and conventional monitoring equipment. It has numerous potential applications including safety pharmacology, toxicology, circadian biology, disease models and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Redfern
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Tse
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Grant
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Keerie
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Simpson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Pedersen
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Rimmer
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Leslie
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie K. Klein
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha A. Karp
- Quantitative Biology, IMED, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building (Unit 310), Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tim Lukins
- Actual Analytics Ltd, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - J. Douglas Armstrong
- Actual Analytics Ltd, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Appleton Tower, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Zanda MT, Fadda P, Antinori S, Di Chio M, Fratta W, Chiamulera C, Fattore L. Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3333-3345. [PMID: 28718892 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Methoxetamine (MXE) is a novel psychoactive substance that is emerging on the Internet and induces dissociative effects and acute toxicity. Its pharmacological effects have not yet been adequately investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined a range of behavioural effects induced by acute administration of MXE (0.5-5 mg·kg-1 ; i.p.) in rats and whether it causes rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes. KEY RESULTS MXE (0.5-5 mg·kg-1 ) affected motor activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, inducing hypermotility and hypomotility at low and high doses respectively. At low and intermediate doses (0.5 and 1 mg·kg-1 ), MXE induced anxious and/or obsessive-compulsive traits (marble burying test), did not significantly increase sociability (social interaction test) or induce spatial anxiety (elevated plus maze test). At a high dose (5 mg·kg-1 ), MXE induced transient analgesia (tail-flick and hot-plate test), decreased social interaction time (social interaction test) and reduced immobility time while increasing swimming activity (forced swim test), suggesting an antidepressant effect. Acute MXE administration did not affect self-grooming behaviour at any dose tested. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that behaviourally active doses of MXE (1 and 5 mg·kg-1 ) increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MXE differentially affected motor activity, behaviour and emotional states in rats, depending on the dose tested. As reported for ketamine, phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 was increased in MXE-treated animals, thus providing a 'molecular snapshot' of rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes induced by behaviourally active doses of MXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Zanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - S Antinori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Di Chio
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - W Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Chiamulera
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience (IN-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
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9
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Action sequencing in the spontaneous swimming behavior of zebrafish larvae - implications for drug development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3191. [PMID: 28600565 PMCID: PMC5466685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
All motile organisms need to organize their motor output to obtain functional goals. In vertebrates, natural behaviors are generally composed of a relatively large set of motor components which in turn are combined into a rich repertoire of complex actions. It is therefore an experimental challenge to investigate the organizational principles of natural behaviors. Using the relatively simple locomotion pattern of 10 days old zebrafish larvae we have here characterized the basic organizational principles governing the swimming behavior. Our results show that transitions between different behavioral states can be described by a model combining a stochastic component with a control signal. By dividing swimming bouts into a limited number of categories, we show that similar types of swimming behavior as well as stand-stills between bouts were temporally clustered, indicating a basic level of action sequencing. Finally, we show that pharmacological manipulations known to induce alterations in the organization of motor behavior in mammals, mainly through basal ganglia interactions, have related effects in zebrafish larvae. This latter finding may be of specific relevance to the field of drug development given the growing importance of zebrafish larvae in phenotypic screening for novel drug candidates acting on central nervous system targets.
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Marín de Mas I, Marín S, Pachón G, Rodríguez-Prados JC, Vizán P, Centelles JJ, Tauler R, Azqueta A, Selivanov V, López de Ceraín A, Cascante M. Unveiling the Metabolic Changes on Muscle Cell Metabolism Underlying p-Phenylenediamine Toxicity. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:8. [PMID: 28321398 PMCID: PMC5338303 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis is a disorder characterized by acute damage of the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle leading to release of potentially toxic muscle cell components into the circulation, most notably creatine phosphokinase (CK) and myoglobulin, and is frequently accompanied by myoglobinuria. In the present work, we evaluated the toxicity of p-phenylenediamine (PPD), a main component of hair dyes which is reported to induce rhabdomyolysis. We studied the metabolic effect of this compound in vivo with Wistar rats and in vitro with C2C12 muscle cells. To this aim we have combined multi-omic experimental measurements with computational approaches using model-driven methods. The integrative study presented here has unveiled the metabolic disorders associated to PPD exposure that may underlay the aberrant metabolism observed in rhabdomyolys disease. Animals treated with lower doses of PPD (10 and 20 mg/kg) showed depressed activity and myoglobinuria after 10 h of treatment. We measured the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) in rats after 24, 48, and 72 h of PPD exposure. At all times, treatment with PPD at higher doses (40 and 60 mg/kg) showed an increase of AST and ALT, and also an increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CK after 24 h. Blood packed cell volume and hemoglobin levels, as well as organs weight at 48 and 72 h, were also measured. No significant differences were observed in these parameters under any condition. PPD induce cell cycle arrest in S phase and apoptosis (40% or early apoptotic cells) on mus musculus mouse C2C12 cells after 24 h of treatment. Incubation of mus musculus mouse C2C12 cells with [1,2-13C2]-glucose during 24 h, subsequent quantification of 13C isotopologues distribution in key metabolites of glucose metabolic network and a computational fluxomic analysis using in-house developed software (Isodyn) showed that PPD is inhibiting glycolysis, non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen turnover, and ATPAse reaction leading to a reduction in ATP synthesis. These findings unveil the glucose metabolism collapse, which is consistent with a decrease in cell viability observed in PPD-treated C2C12 cells and with the myoglubinuria and other effects observed in Wistar Rats treated with PPD. These findings shed new light on muscle dysfunction associated to PPD exposure, opening new avenues for cost-effective therapies in Rhabdomyolysis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Marín de Mas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasBarcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Marín
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Pachón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C Rodríguez-Prados
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Vizán
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep J Centelles
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vitaly Selivanov
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Ceraín
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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Ketamine increases striatal dopamine release and hyperlocomotion in adult rats after postnatal functional blockade of the prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:229-37. [PMID: 23958806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder that may result from defective connectivity, of neurodevelopmental origin, between several integrative brain regions. Different anomalies consistent with brain development failures have been observed in patients' left prefrontal cortex (PFC). A striatal dopaminergic functional disturbance is also commonly acknowledged in schizophrenia and could be related to a dysfunctioning of dopamine-glutamate interactions. Non-competitive NMDA antagonists, such as ketamine, can induce psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals and worsen these symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Our study set out to investigate the consequences of neonatal functional blockade of the PFC for dopaminergic and behavioral reactivity to ketamine in adult rats. Following tetrodotoxin (TTX) inactivation of the left PFC at postnatal day 8, dopaminergic responses induced by ketamine (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg sc) were monitored using in vivo voltammetry in the left part of the dorsal striatum in freely moving adult rats. Dopaminergic responses and locomotor activity were followed in parallel. Compared to PBS animals, in rats microinjected with TTX, ketamine challenge induced a greater release of dopamine in the dorsal striatum for the highest dose (20 mg/kg sc) and the intermediate dose (10mg/kg sc). A higher increase in locomotor activity in TTX animals was observed only for the highest dose of ketamine (20 mg/kg sc). These data suggest transient inactivation of the PFC during early development results in greater behavioral and striatal dopaminergic reactivity to ketamine in adulthood. Our study provides an anatomo-functional framework that may contribute toward a better understanding of the involvement of NMDA glutamatergic receptors in schizophrenia.
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