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Coutens B, Yrondi A, Rampon C, Guiard BP. Psychopharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of the antidepressant venlafaxine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2735-2752. [PMID: 35947166 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depression (MD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide. Currently, the first-line treatment for MD targets the serotonin system but these drugs, notably the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, usually need 4 to 6 weeks before the benefit is felt and a significant proportion of patients shows an unsatisfactory response. Numerous treatments have been developed to circumvent these issues as venlafaxine, a mixed serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor that binds and blocks both the SERT and NET transporters. Despite this pharmacological profile, it is difficult to have a valuable insight into its ability to produce more robust efficacy than single-acting agents. In this review, we provide an in-depth characterization of the pharmacological properties of venlafaxine from in vitro data to preclinical and clinical efficacy in depressed patients and animal models of depression to propose an indirect comparison with the most common antidepressants. Preclinical studies show that the antidepressant effect of venlafaxine is often associated with an enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission at low doses. High doses of venlafaxine, which elicit a concomitant increase in 5-HT and NE tone, is associated with changes in different forms of plasticity in discrete brain areas. In particular, the hippocampus appears to play a crucial role in venlafaxine-mediated antidepressant effects notably by regulating processes such as adult hippocampal neurogenesis or the excitatory/inhibitory balance. Overall, depending on the dose used, venlafaxine shows a high efficacy on depressive-like symptoms in relevant animal models but to the same extent as common antidepressants. However, these data are counterbalanced by a lower tolerance. In conclusion, venlafaxine appears to be one of the most effective treatments for treatment of major depression. Still, direct comparative studies are warranted to provide definitive conclusions about its superiority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Coutens
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Yrondi
- Département de psychiatrie, CHU Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Rampon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31000, Toulouse, France.
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Maratha S, Sharma V, Walia V. Possible involvement of NO-cGMP signaling in the antidepressant like Effect of Amantadine in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2067-2075. [PMID: 35666396 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, antidepressant like effect of amantadine was studied in mice using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). Further the effect of amantadine treatment on the brain nitrite, glutamate and serotonin levels was also determined. Amantadine (AMT) (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to the mice and after 30 min of administration the mice were subjected to TST and FST. It was observed that the administration of AMT (100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the immobility period of mice in TST and FST significantly as compared to control. The findings from the whole brain neurochemical assay suggested that the AMT (100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment decreased the brain nitrite and glutamate level but increased the brain serotonin significantly as compared to control. Further the influence of NO-cGMP signaling in the antidepressant like effect of amantadine was also determined. It was observed that the NO donor (i.e. L-Arginine (50 mg/kg, i.p.)) potentiated the effect elicited by AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) in FST and decreased the brain serotonin level of AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mice. Further the pretreatment of cGMP modulator (i.e. Sildenafil (1 mg/kg, i.p.)) potentiated the behavioral effect elicited by AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) in TST and FST and decreased the brain nitrite and glutamate level of AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mice. In conclusion, amantadine exerted antidepressant like effect in mice and NO-cGMP signaling influences the antidepressant like effect of amantadine in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Maratha
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram, India
| | - Vijay Sharma
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram, India
| | - Vaibhav Walia
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram, India.
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Duarte-Silva E, Filho AJMC, Barichello T, Quevedo J, Macedo D, Peixoto C. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: Shedding new light on the darkness of depression? J Affect Disord 2020; 264:138-149. [PMID: 32056743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). Recently, the antidepressant-like effect of PDE5Is was demonstrated in animal models of depression. In clinical settings, PDE5Is were studied only for ED associated depression. Hence, there are no studies evaluating the effects of PDE5Is for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) without ED. In this review article, we aimed to discuss the use of PDE5Is in the context of MDD, highlighting the roles of PDE genes in the development of MDD, the potential mechanisms by which PDE5Is can be beneficial for MDD and the potentials and limitations of PDE5Is repurposing to treat MDD. METHODS We used PubMed (MEDLINE) database to collect the studies cited in this review. Papers written in English language regardless the year of publication were selected. RESULTS A few preclinical studies support the antidepressant-like activity of PDE5Is. Clinical studies in men with ED and depression suggest that PDE5Is improve depressive symptoms. No clinical studies were conducted in subjects suffering from depression without ED. Antidepressant effect of PDE5Is may be explained by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of brain inflammation and modulation of neuroplasticity. LIMITATIONS The low number of preclinical and absence of clinical studies to support the antidepressant effect of PDE5Is. CONCLUSIONS No clinical trial was conducted to date evaluating PDE5Is in depressed patients without ED. PDE5Is' anti-inflammatory and neuroplasticity mechanisms may justify the potential antidepressant effect of these drugs. Despite this, clinical trials evaluating their efficacy in depressed patients need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina-UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - João Quevedo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina-UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Christina Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE), Recife, PE, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Management Strategies for Antidepressant-Related Sexual Dysfunction: A Clinical Approach. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101640. [PMID: 31591339 PMCID: PMC6832699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a serious mental disorder in which treatment with antidepressant medication is often associated with sexual dysfunction (SD). Given its intimate nature, treatment emergent sexual dysfunction (TESD) has a low rate of spontaneous reports by patients, and this side effect therefore remains underestimated in clinical practice and in technical data sheets for antidepressants. Moreover, the issue of TESD is rarely routinely approached by clinicians in daily praxis. TESD is a determinant for tolerability, since this dysfunction often leads to a state of patient distress (or the distress of their partner) in the sexually active population, which is one of the most frequent reasons for lack of adherence and treatment drop-outs in antidepressant use. There is a delicate balance between prescribing an effective drug that improves depressive symptomatology and also has a minimum impact on sexuality. In this paper, we detail some management strategies for TESD from a clinical perspective, ranging from prevention (carefully choosing an antidepressant with a low rate of TESD) to possible pharmacological interventions aimed at improving patients’ tolerability when TESD is present. The suggested recommendations include the following: for low sexual desire, switching to a non-serotoninergic drug, lowering the dose, or associating bupropion or aripiprazole; for unwanted orgasm delayal or anorgasmia, dose reduction, “weekend holiday”, or switching to a non-serotoninergic drug or fluvoxamine; for erectile dysfunction, switching to a non-serotoninergic drug or the addition of an antidote such as phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PD5-I); and for lubrication difficulties, switching to a non-serotoninergic drug, dose reduction, or using vaginal lubricants. A psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic approach should always be considered in cases with poorly tolerated sexual dysfunction.
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Nieoczym D, Socała K, Wlaź P. Evaluation of the role of different neurotransmission systems in the anticonvulsant action of sildenafil in the 6 Hz-induced psychomotor seizure threshold test in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1674-1681. [PMID: 30257385 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil influences seizure activity in animal seizure models, and its both proconvulsant and anticonvulsant effects were reported. We previously found that this PDE5 inhibitor significantly increased seizure threshold for the 6 Hz-induced psychomotor seizures in mice and therefore we aimed to investigate the influence of some modulators of neurotransmitter receptors, i.e., diazepam (GABA/benzodiazepine receptor agonist), flumazenil (GABA/benzodiazepine receptor antagonist), N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA glutamate receptor agonist), CGP 37849 (NMDA receptor antagonist), metergoline (serotonin receptor antagonist), 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) and β-funaltrexamine (μ opioid receptor antagonist), on the anticonvulsant effect of sildenafil in this test. Additionally, we estimated influence of the studied compounds and their combinations with sildenafil on the muscular strength (assessed in the grip strength test) and motor coordination (assessed in the chimney test) in mice. Our results indicate that anticonvulsant properties of sildenafil in the 6 Hz test in mice might be related to its interactions with the GABAergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic and adenosinergic neurotransmission. We did not find interactions between sildenafil and μ opioid receptors. Neither the studied ligands nor their combinations with sildenafil impaired muscular strength and motor coordination. In conclusion, sildenafil has complex and extensive influence on neurotransmission and seizure generation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Nieoczym
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Sun X, Zhu F, Zhou J, Chang X, Li L, Hu H, Wang Z, Xiao W. Anti-migraine and anti-depression activities of Tianshu capsule by mediating Monoamine oxidase. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:275-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Kara NZ, Stukalin Y, Einat H. Revisiting the validity of the mouse forced swim test: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of prototypic antidepressants. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:1-11. [PMID: 29128579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One problem area regarding animal models for affective disorders is unclear reproducibility, including external validity or generalizability. One way to evaluate external validity is with systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The current study presents a meta-analysis of the effects of prototypic antidepressants in the mouse forced swim test (FST). We identified studies that examined effects of antidepressants in the FST in mice and used standard protocol, male mice and acute drug administration. We calculated Effect sizes using Cohen's d, homogeneity using Q statistic and correlations using Pearson's correlation. Results indicate that all drugs reduce immobility in the FST. However, effect sizes for most drugs are heterogeneous and do not show a consistent dose/response relationship across variability factors. Reducing variability by examining only one strain or data from individual laboratories partially increases dose response relationship. These findings suggest that whereas the FST is a valid tool to qualitatively screen antidepressant effects its validity in the context of hierarchical comparison between doses or compounds might be relevant only to single experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Kara
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Israel; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Y Stukalin
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Israel
| | - H Einat
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Israel; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, United States.
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Effect of sildenafil on the activity of some antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive shock treatment in the forced swim test in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:339-349. [PMID: 28013355 PMCID: PMC5346141 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil, a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5, is used clinically to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is often taken by patients suffering from depression and receiving antidepressant drug treatment. However, its influence on the efficacy of antidepressant treatment was not sufficiently studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of sildenafil on the anti-immobility action of several antidepressant drugs (i.e., sertraline, fluvoxamine, citalopram, maprotiline, trazodone, and agomelatine) as well as on antidepressant-like effect of electroconvulsive stimulations in the forced swim test in mice. The obtained results showed that acute sildenafil treatment enhanced the antidepressant-like activity of all of the studied drugs. The observed effects were not due to the increase in locomotor activity. The interactions between sildenafil and sertraline, maprotiline, and trazodone were pharmacodynamic in nature, as sildenafil did not affect concentrations of these drugs neither in serum nor in brain tissue. Increased concentrations of fluvoxamine, citalopram, and agomelatine in brain tissue evoked by sildenafil co-administration suggest that pharmacokinetic interactions between sildenafil and these drugs are very likely. Sildenafil injected acutely did not alter the antidepressant-like efficacy of electroconvulsive stimulations in mice, as assessed in the forced swim test. Interestingly, repeated (14 days) administration of sildenafil decreased the anti-immobility action of the electroconvulsive stimulations. In conclusion, the present study shows that sildenafil may alter the effectiveness of antidepressant treatment. Further studies are warranted to better characterize the influence of sildenafil on the activity of antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive therapy.
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Future Targets for Female Sexual Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2016; 13:1147-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Moreno LCGEAI, Rolim HML, Freitas RM, Santos-Magalhães NS. Antidepressant-like activity of liposomal formulation containing nimodipine treatment in the tail suspension test, forced swim test and MAOB activity in mice. Brain Res 2016; 1646:235-240. [PMID: 27270234 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that intracellular calcium ion dysfunction may be an etiological factor in affective illness. Nimodipine (NMD) is a Ca(2+) channel blocker that has been extensively investigated for therapy of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this work, we have evaluated the antidepressant-like activity of nimodipine encapsulated into liposomes (NMD-Lipo) in mice through tail suspension and forced swim assays, as well as MAOB activity. During the tail suspension test, the administration of NMD-Lipo at 0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg was able to promote a reduction in the immobility time of animals greater than the positive control (imipramine). In the forced swim test, the immobility time of mice treated with NMD-Lipo was reduced. This reduction was significantly greater than that found in the animals treated with imipramine and paroxetine. This may suggest that NMD-Lipo provides more antidepressant-like activity than in positive controls. The groups that received a combination of liposomal NMD and antidepressant drugs showed lower immobility time than the groups, which were treated only with imipramine or paroxetine. The mice treated with the combination of NMD-Lipo and reserpine presented an increase in the time of immobility compared with animals treated only with NMD-Lipo. There was a significant decrease in MAOB activity in animals treated with NMD-Lipo compared with untreated animals. The results of the tail suspension test, forced swim test and MAOB activity suggested that the antidepressant activity of NMD-Lipo may be related to an increase in the cerebral monoamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Clara Gayoso E Almendra Ibiapina Moreno
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry Research, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Immunophatology Keizo-Asami Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hercília Maria Lins Rolim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry Research, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Rivelilson Mendes Freitas
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry Research, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
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Poleszak E, Szopa A, Wyska E, Wośko S, Serefko A, Wlaź A, Pieróg M, Wróbel A, Wlaź P. The influence of caffeine on the activity of moclobemide, venlafaxine, bupropion and milnacipran in the forced swim test in mice. Life Sci 2015; 136:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Demirci D, Mutlu O, Akar F, Komsuoglu Celikyurt I, Ulak G. Sildenafil enhances locomotor activity in young mice and exerts anxiogenic effects in both young and aged mice. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2014; 20:15-21. [PMID: 24500039 PMCID: PMC3936918 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.890280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sildenafil is a selective PDE5 inhibitor that increases cGMP levels in the target tissues and is an effective treatment agent for erectile dysfunction. The nitric oxide-cGMP pathway might be implicated in regulation of certain CNS functions, including locomotor activity and anxiety. Material/Methods The aim of the current study was to investigate effects of sildenafil (3 and 10 mg/kg) on anxiety and locomotor activity in open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests in young and aged mice. Results Sildenafil (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the percent of time spent in the open arms compared to the control group in young animals in the EPM test, but only the 10 mg/kg dose significantly decreased the percentage of total number of entries to the open arms in young animals. Sildenafil (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the percentage of total number of entries to the open arms in aged animals in the EPM test, but it significantly increased total distance moved and speed of the animals in the locomotor activity test in young animals. The total distance moved and the speed of the animals significantly decreased in aged animals compared to the young control group, although sildenafil (3 and 10 mg/kg) did not alter these parameters in aged mice. Conclusions Our results show that sildenafil had anxiogenic effects in young as well as aged mice, but it enhanced locomotor activity only in the young mice in the EPM test. Thus, sildenafil seems to exert different effects on anxiety and locomotion in young and aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Demirci
- Department of Trainer Education, Kocaeli University Physical Education and Sports School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Oguz Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Akar
- Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | - Guner Ulak
- Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University Medical Faculty, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Carvalho MM, Campos FL, Coimbra B, Pêgo JM, Rodrigues C, Lima R, Rodrigues AJ, Sousa N, Salgado AJ. Behavioral characterization of the 6-hydroxidopamine model of Parkinson's disease and pharmacological rescuing of non-motor deficits. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:14. [PMID: 23621954 PMCID: PMC3653696 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by motor symptoms as a result of dopaminergic degeneration, particularly in the mesostriatal pathway. However, in recent years, a greater number of clinical studies have focused on the emergence of non-motor symptoms in PD patients, as a consequence of damage on the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic networks, and on their significant impact on the quality of life of PD patients. Herein, we performed a thorough behavioral analysis including motor, emotional and cognitive dimensions, of the unilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB) 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned model of PD, and further addressed the impact of pharmacological interventions with levodopa and antidepressants on mood dimensions. RESULTS Based on apomorphine-induced turning behaviour and degree of dopaminergic degeneration, animals submitted to MFB lesions were subdivided in complete and incomplete lesion groups. Importantly, this division also translated into a different severity of motor and exploratory impairments and depressive-like symptoms; in contrast, no deficits in anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors were found in MFB-lesioned animals. Subsequently, we found that the exploratory and the anhedonic behavioural alterations of MFB-lesioned rats can be partially improved with the administration of both levodopa or the antidepressant bupropion, but not paroxetine. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that this model is a relevant tool to study the pathophysiology of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In addition, the present data shows that pharmacological interventions modulating dopaminergic transmission are also relevant to revert the non-motor behavioral deficits found in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa L Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José M Pêgo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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