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Tansley C, Patron NJ, Guiziou S. Engineering Plant Cell Fates and Functions for Agriculture and Industry. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:998-1005. [PMID: 38573786 PMCID: PMC11036505 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Many plant species are grown to enable access to specific organs or tissues, such as seeds, fruits, or stems. In some cases, a value is associated with a molecule that accumulates in a single type of cell. Domestication and subsequent breeding have often increased the yields of these target products by increasing the size, number, and quality of harvested organs and tissues but also via changes to overall plant growth architecture to suit large-scale cultivation. Many of the mutations that underlie these changes have been identified in key regulators of cellular identity and function. As key determinants of yield, these regulators are key targets for synthetic biology approaches to engineer new forms and functions. However, our understanding of many plant developmental programs and cell-type specific functions is still incomplete. In this Perspective, we discuss how advances in cellular genomics together with synthetic biology tools such as biosensors and DNA-recording devices are advancing our understanding of cell-specific programs and cell fates. We then discuss advances and emerging opportunities for cell-type-specific engineering to optimize plant morphology, responses to the environment, and the production of valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Tansley
- Engineering
Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ United Kingdom
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA United
Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Patron
- Engineering
Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ United Kingdom
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA United
Kingdom
| | - Sarah Guiziou
- Engineering
Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ United Kingdom
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2
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Ramos FP, Iwamoto L, Piva VH, Teixeira SP. Updating the Knowledge on the Secretory Machinery of Hops ( Humulus lupulus L., Cannabaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:864. [PMID: 38592855 PMCID: PMC10974171 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cannabaceae species garner attention in plant research due to their diverse secretory structures and pharmacological potential associated with the production of secondary metabolites. This study aims to update our understanding of the secretory system in Hops (Humulus lupulus L.), an economically important species especially known for its usage in beer production. For that, stems, leaves, roots, and inflorescences were collected and processed for external morphology, anatomical, histochemical, ultrastructural and cytochemical analyses of the secretory sites. Our findings reveal three types of secretory structures comprising the secretory machinery of Hops: laticifer, phenolic idioblasts and glandular trichomes. The laticifer system is articulated, anastomosing and unbranched, traversing all plant organs, except the roots. Phenolic idioblasts are widely dispersed throughout the leaves, roots and floral parts of the species. Glandular trichomes appear as two distinct morphological types: capitate (spherical head) and peltate (radial head) and are found mainly in foliar and floral parts. The often-mixed chemical composition in the secretory sites serves to shield the plant from excessive UVB radiation, elevated temperatures, and damage inflicted by herbivorous animals or pathogenic microorganisms. Besides the exudate from peltate glandular trichomes (lupulin glands), latex and idioblast content are also likely contributors to the pharmacological properties of different Hop varieties, given their extensive presence in the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Paulino Ramos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (F.P.R.); (L.I.); (V.H.P.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas Iwamoto
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (F.P.R.); (L.I.); (V.H.P.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Vítor Hélio Piva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (F.P.R.); (L.I.); (V.H.P.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Simone Pádua Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (F.P.R.); (L.I.); (V.H.P.)
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Huber M. Latex - a potential plant defense against microbes. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:224-227. [PMID: 38220579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Laticifers - among the most common defensive reservoirs in plants - are hypothesized to benefit plant fitness by preventing microbes from entering wounds. I argue that while latex seals wounds, and can suppress microbial growth, direct evidence that these processes benefit plant fitness is scarce. I outline a roadmap for filling this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Huber
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Hu B, Yang N, Zhou Z, Shi X, Qin Y, Fang Y, Long X. Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of rubber biosynthesis and laticifer differentiation during rubber seed germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1337451. [PMID: 38328702 PMCID: PMC10847244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1337451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of natural rubber synthesis and laticifer differentiation have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted a time-series transcriptome analysis of five rubber tree tissues at four stages of seed germination. A total of 161,199 DEGs were identified between the two groups, including most 16,673 DEGs (A3 vs B3 and A3 vs C3) and lest 1,210 DEGs (C2 vs D2). We found that the maturation of the seed is accompanied by the formation of laticifer cells in cotyledon. Meanwhile, the analysis of hormones related genes expression may provide effective clues for us to promote the differentiation of laticifer cells in seeds by hormones in the future. In this study, hormone-related gene enrichment analyses revealed that IAA, GA, and CTK were activated in laticifer containing tissues. Similarly, GO and GEGG analysis showed that hormone pathways, especially the auxin pathway, are enriched. Gene expression clustering was analyzed using the short time-series expression miner (STEM), and the analysis revealed four distinct trends in the gene expression profiles. Moreover, we enriched transcription factor (TF) enrichment in cotyledon and embryonic axis tissues, and the MYB type exhibited the most significant difference. Furthermore, our findings revealed that genes related to rubber synthesis exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns during seed germination. Notably, key genes associated with rubber biosynthesis, specifically small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and cis-prenyltransferase (CPT), exhibited significant changes in expression in cotyledon and embryonic axis tissues, suggesting synchronous rubber synthesis with seed germination. Our staining results reveled that laticifer cells were exits in the cotyledon before seed imbibition stage. In conclusion, these results lay the foundation for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying laticifer differentiation and rubber synthesis during seed germination, deepening our understanding of the initiation stages of rubber biosynthesis and laticifer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zaihui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Danxin College, Hainan University, Danzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Qin
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjun Fang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xiangyu Long
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Marques HKO, Figueiredo MGF, de Souza Pio WS, Ribeiro LM, de Azevedo IFP, Duarte LP, de Sousa GF, de Aguilar MG, Mercadante-Simões MO. Laticifer ontogenesis and the chemical constituents of Marsdenia zehntneri (Apocynaceae) latex in a semiarid environment. PLANTA 2022; 257:19. [PMID: 36538159 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anastomosed laticifers with intrusive growth produce latex containing methyl comate and betulin with economic and ecological value in arid environments. Climatic factors influence laticifer development in the apical meristem and vascular cambium. Latex is a complex emulsion with high medicinal as well as ecological value related to plant survival. Marsdenia zehntneri is a shrubby plant that grows on limestone outcrops in the semiarid regions of Brazil. We sought to characterize the ontogenesis of the laticifers of this species and to relate that process to climatic seasonality and phenology through anatomical, ultrastructural, and micro-morphometric evaluations of the apical meristem and vascular cambium. The histochemistry of the secretory structure was investigated and the chemical composition of the latex was analyzed. Phenological assessments were performed by monitoring phenological events for 1 year. The laticifers network of M. zehntneri permeates the entire primary and secondary body of the plant, providing a wide distribution system of defensive compounds. Its laticifers, of a distinct mixed type (anastomosed, with intrusive growth), are numerous and voluminous in the apical meristem but scarce and minute in the secondary phloem. Latex secretion involves the participation of oleoplasts, polysomes, and dictyosomes. Methyl 2,3-dihydroxy-ursan-23-oate, methyl 3-hydroxy-ursan-23-oate, and betulin are encountered in high proportions in the latex and have ecological and medicinal functions. The development of primary laticifers is related to the resumption of apical meristem activity with increasing day length at the end of the austral winter. The development of secondary laticifers is related to high summer temperatures and rainfall that favor vascular cambium activity. The wide distribution of laticifers, their seasonal pattern of secretion, and their latex composition contribute to the adaptation of M. zehntneri to its natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Karla Oliveira Marques
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Ferreira Figueiredo
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Willian Samuel de Souza Pio
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Monteiro Ribeiro
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Islaine Franciely Pinheiro de Azevedo
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Lucienir Pains Duarte
- Chemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Grasiely Faria de Sousa
- Chemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana Guerra de Aguilar
- Chemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Olívia Mercadante-Simões
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil.
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Medina MC, Sousa-Baena MS, Van Sluys MA, Demarco D. Laticifer growth pattern is guided by cytoskeleton organization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:971235. [PMID: 36262651 PMCID: PMC9574190 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.971235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laticifers are secretory structures that produce latex, forming a specialized defense system against herbivory. Studies using anatomical approaches to investigate laticifer growth patterns have described their origin; however, their mode of growth, i.e., whether growth is intrusive or diffuse, remains unclear. Studies investigating how cytoskeleton filaments may influence laticifer shape establishment and growth patterns are lacking. In this study, we combined microtubule immunostaining and developmental anatomy to investigate the growth patterns in different types of laticifers. Standard anatomical methods were used to study laticifer development. Microtubules were labelled through immunolocalization of α-tubulin in three types of laticifers from three different plant species: nonanastomosing (Urvillea ulmacea), anastomosing unbranched with partial degradation of terminal cell walls (Ipomoea nil), and anastomosing branched laticifers with early and complete degradation of terminal cell walls (Asclepias curassavica). In both nonanastomosing and anastomosing laticifers, as well as in differentiating meristematic cells, parenchyma cells and idioblasts, microtubules were perpendicularly aligned to the cell growth axis. The analyses of laticifer microtubule orientation revealed an arrangement that corresponds to those cells that grow diffusely within the plant body. Nonanastomosing and anastomosing laticifers, branched or not, have a pattern which indicates diffuse growth. This innovative study on secretory structures represents a major advance in the knowledge of laticifers and their growth mode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diego Demarco
- *Correspondence: Maria Camila Medina, ; Diego Demarco,
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Identification of Sieve Element Occlusion Gene (SEOs) Family in Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Provides Insights to the Mechanism of Laticifer Plugging. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
P proteins encoded by SEOs (sieve element occlusion) have been shown to be associated with the blockage of sieve tubes after injury in many plants, but the presence of SEO genes and their association with rubber tree laticifer plugging and latex yield remain unclear. Through a systematic identification and analysis, seven SEO genes were identified from the rubber tree genome. The physicochemical properties of their proteins, gene structures, conserved domains, and locations on chromosomes were analyzed. According to their phylogenetic distance, HbSEOs were divided into two clusters. The transcript levels of HbSEO genes varied with tissues, in which HbSEO3 and HbSEO4 were most highly expressed in leaf, bark, and latex. HbSEOs could be induced by ethephon, methyl jasmonate, mechanical injury, and tapping; furthermore, they were highly expressed in trees with short flow duration, suggesting their possible association with rubber tree laticifer plugging and latex yield. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HbSEOs in rubber trees. It provides us with a better understanding of the mechanism of laticifer plugging.
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