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Demesa-Arevalo E, Narasimhan M, Simon R. Intercellular Communication in Shoot Meristems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:319-344. [PMID: 38424066 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-035342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The shoot meristem of land plants maintains the capacity for organ generation throughout its lifespan due to a group of undifferentiated stem cells. Most meristems are shaped like a dome with a precise spatial arrangement of functional domains, and, within and between these domains, cells interact through a network of interconnected signaling pathways. Intercellular communication in meristems is mediated by mobile transcription factors, small RNAs, hormones, and secreted peptides that are perceived by membrane-localized receptors. In recent years, we have gained deeper insight into the underlying molecular processes of the shoot meristem, and we discuss here how plants integrate internal and external inputs to control shoot meristem activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Demesa-Arevalo
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Madhumitha Narasimhan
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany;
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Dupouy G, Dong Y, Herzog E, Chabouté ME, Berr A. Nuclear envelope dynamics in connection to chromatin remodeling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:963-981. [PMID: 37067011 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus is a central organelle of eukaryotic cells undergoing dynamic structural changes during cellular fundamental processes such as proliferation and differentiation. These changes rely on the integration of developmental and stress signals at the nuclear envelope (NE), orchestrating responses at the nucleo-cytoplasmic interface for efficient genomic functions such as DNA transcription, replication and repair. While in animals, correlation has already been established between NE dynamics and chromatin remodeling using last-generation tools and cutting-edge technologies, this topic is just emerging in plants, especially in response to mechanical cues. This review summarizes recent data obtained in this field with more emphasis on the mechanical stress response. It also highlights similarities/differences between animal and plant cells at multiples scales, from the structural organization of the nucleo-cytoplasmic continuum to the functional impacts of NE dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Dupouy
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yihan Dong
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Herzog
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Berr
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS- Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer,, F-67084, Strasbourg, France
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Merkulov P, Serganova M, Petrov G, Mityukov V, Kirov I. Long-read sequencing of extrachromosomal circular DNA and genome assembly of a Solanum lycopersicum breeding line revealed active LTR retrotransposons originating from S. Peruvianum L. introgressions. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:404. [PMID: 38658857 PMCID: PMC11044480 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are a major force in the evolution of plant genomes. Differences in the transposition activities and landscapes of TEs can vary substantially, even in closely related species. Interspecific hybridization, a widely employed technique in tomato breeding, results in the creation of novel combinations of TEs from distinct species. The implications of this process for TE transposition activity have not been studied in modern cultivars. In this study, we used nanopore sequencing of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) and identified two highly active Ty1/Copia LTR retrotransposon families of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), called Salsa and Ketchup. Elements of these families produce thousands of eccDNAs under controlled conditions and epigenetic stress. EccDNA sequence analysis revealed that the major parts of eccDNA produced by Ketchup and Salsa exhibited low similarity to the S. lycopersicum genomic sequence. To trace the origin of these TEs, whole-genome nanopore sequencing and de novo genome assembly were performed. We found that these TEs occurred in a tomato breeding line via interspecific introgression from S. peruvianum. Our findings collectively show that interspecific introgressions can contribute to both genetic and phenotypic diversity not only by introducing novel genetic variants, but also by importing active transposable elements from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Merkulov
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Melania Serganova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Georgy Petrov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vladislav Mityukov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kirov
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550, Moscow, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
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Tsuji H, Sato M. The Function of Florigen in the Vegetative-to-Reproductive Phase Transition in and around the Shoot Apical Meristem. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:322-337. [PMID: 38179836 PMCID: PMC11020210 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Plants undergo a series of developmental phases throughout their life-cycle, each characterized by specific processes. Three critical features distinguish these phases: the arrangement of primordia (phyllotaxis), the timing of their differentiation (plastochron) and the characteristics of the lateral organs and axillary meristems. Identifying the unique molecular features of each phase, determining the molecular triggers that cause transitions and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these transitions are keys to gleaning a complete understanding of plant development. During the vegetative phase, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) facilitates continuous leaf and stem formation, with leaf development as the hallmark. The transition to the reproductive phase induces significant changes in these processes, driven mainly by the protein FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) in Arabidopsis and proteins encoded by FT orthologs, which are specified as 'florigen'. These proteins are synthesized in leaves and transported to the SAM, and act as the primary flowering signal, although its impact varies among species. Within the SAM, florigen integrates with other signals, culminating in developmental changes. This review explores the central question of how florigen induces developmental phase transition in the SAM. Future research may combine phase transition studies, potentially revealing the florigen-induced developmental phase transition in the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Moeko Sato
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Usai G, Fambrini M, Pugliesi C, Simoni S. Exploring the patterns of evolution: Core thoughts and focus on the saltational model. Biosystems 2024; 238:105181. [PMID: 38479653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The Modern Synthesis, a pillar in biological thought, united Darwin's species origin concepts with Mendel's laws of character heredity, providing a comprehensive understanding of evolution within species. Highlighting phenotypic variation and natural selection, it elucidated the environment's role as a selective force, shaping populations over time. This framework integrated additional mechanisms, including genetic drift, random mutations, and gene flow, predicting their cumulative effects on microevolution and the emergence of new species. Beyond the Modern Synthesis, the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis expands perspectives by recognizing the role of developmental plasticity, non-genetic inheritance, and epigenetics. We suggest that these aspects coexist in the plant evolutionary process; in this context, we focus on the saltational model, emphasizing how saltation events, such as dichotomous saltation, chromosomal mutations, epigenetic phenomena, and polyploidy, contribute to rapid evolutionary changes. The saltational model proposes that certain evolutionary changes, such as the rise of new species, may result suddenly from single macromutations rather than from gradual changes in DNA sequences and allele frequencies within a species over time. These events, observed in domesticated and wild higher plants, provide well-defined mechanistic bases, revealing their profound impact on plant diversity and rapid evolutionary events. Notably, next-generation sequencing exposes the likely crucial role of allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy (saltational events) in generating new plant species, each characterized by distinct chromosomal complements. In conclusion, through this review, we offer a thorough exploration of the ongoing dissertation on the saltational model, elucidating its implications for our understanding of plant evolutionary processes and paving the way for continued research in this intriguing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Usai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Samuel Simoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Hoffmann G, Incarbone M. A resilient bunch: stem cell antiviral immunity in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1415-1420. [PMID: 38058221 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are vital for plant development and reproduction. The stem cells within shoot apical meristems are known to possess exceptionally effective antiviral defenses against pathogenic viruses which preclude their infection, yet how this is achieved remains poorly understood and scarcely investigated. In this Tansley Insight, we connect very recent experimental results with previous work to summarize the known molecular mechanisms determining stem cell antiviral immunity. More broadly, we attempt to define the viral features triggering immunity and the global consequences of virus infection in these essential cells. This brief article will highlight how these phenomena are fascinating, complex and often crucial for virus-host interactions, while emphasizing the potential for discovery in their investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), 1 Am Mühlenberg Strasse, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marco Incarbone
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), 1 Am Mühlenberg Strasse, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Zeng J, Zhao X, Liang Z, Hidalgo I, Gebert M, Fan P, Wenzl C, Gornik SG, Lohmann JU. Nitric oxide controls shoot meristem activity via regulation of DNA methylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8001. [PMID: 38049411 PMCID: PMC10696095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of Nitric Oxide (NO) as signaling molecule in both plant and animal development, the regulatory mechanisms downstream of NO remain largely unclear. Here, we show that NO is involved in Arabidopsis shoot stem cell control via modifying expression and activity of ARGONAUTE 4 (AGO4), a core component of the RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM) pathway. Mutations in components of the RdDM pathway cause meristematic defects, and reduce responses of the stem cell system to NO signaling. Importantly, we find that the stem cell inducing WUSCHEL transcription factor directly interacts with AGO4 in a NO dependent manner, explaining how these two signaling systems may converge to modify DNA methylation patterns. Taken together, our results reveal that NO signaling plays an important role in controlling plant stem cell homeostasis via the regulation of de novo DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zeng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xin'Ai Zhao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Inés Hidalgo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Gebert
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- CureVac, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pengfei Fan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Wenzl
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian G Gornik
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Chen Y, Hung FY, Sugimoto K. Epigenomic reprogramming in plant regeneration: Locate before you modify. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102415. [PMID: 37437389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess remarkable abilities for regeneration, and this developmental capability is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Previous research has highlighted the positive effects of wound signaling and warm temperature on plant regeneration, and recent studies suggest that light and nutrient signals also influence the regenerative efficiencies. Several epigenetic factors, such as histone acetyl-transferases (HATs), POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2), and H2A variants, play crucial roles in regulating the expression of genes implicated in plant regeneration. However, how these epigenetic factors recognize specific genomic regions to regulate regeneration genes is still unclear. In this article, we describe the latest studies of epigenetic regulation and discuss the functional coordination between transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers in plant regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Fu-Yu Hung
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan.
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan.
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Donà M, Bradamante G, Bogojevic Z, Gutzat R, Streubel S, Mosiolek M, Dolan L, Mittelsten Scheid O. A versatile CRISPR-based system for lineage tracing in living plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1169-1184. [PMID: 37403571 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual cells give rise to diverse cell lineages during the development of multicellular organisms. Understanding the contribution of these lineages to mature organisms is a central question of developmental biology. Several techniques to document cell lineages have been used, from marking single cells with mutations that express a visible marker to generating molecular bar codes by CRISPR-induced mutations and subsequent single-cell analysis. Here, we exploit the mutagenic activity of CRISPR to allow lineage tracing within living plants with a single reporter. Cas9-induced mutations are directed to correct a frameshift mutation that restores expression of a nuclear fluorescent protein, labelling the initial cell and all progenitor cells with a strong signal without modifying other phenotypes of the plants. Spatial and temporal control of Cas9 activity can be achieved using tissue-specific and/or inducible promoters. We provide proof of principle for the function of lineage tracing in two model plants. The conserved features of the components and the versatile cloning system, allowing for easy exchange of promoters, are expected to make the system widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Donà
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Bradamante
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zorana Bogojevic
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruben Gutzat
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanna Streubel
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Mosiolek
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030, Vienna, Austria
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Li J, Li C, Deng Y, Wei H, Lu S. Characteristics of Salvia miltiorrhiza methylome and the regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation in tanshinone biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad114. [PMID: 37577393 PMCID: PMC10419789 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a model medicinal plant with significant economic and medicinal value. Its roots produce a group of diterpenoid lipophilic bioactive components, termed tanshinones. Biosynthesis and regulation of tanshinones has attracted widespread interest. However, the methylome of S. miltiorrhiza has not been analysed and the regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation in tanshinone production is largely unknown. Here we report single-base resolution DNA methylomes from roots and leaves. Comparative analysis revealed differential methylation patterns for CG, CHG, and CHH contexts and the association between DNA methylation and the expression of genes and small RNAs. Lowly methylated genes always had higher expression levels and 24-nucleotide sRNAs could be key players in the RdDM pathway in S. miltiorrhiza. DNA methylation variation analysis showed that CHH methylation contributed mostly to the difference. Go enrichment analysis showed that diterpenoid biosynthetic process was significantly enriched for genes with downstream overlapping with hypoCHHDMR in July_root when comparing with those in March_root. Tanshinone biosynthesis-related enzyme genes, such as DXS2, CMK, IDI1, HMGR2, DXR, MDS, CYP76AH1, 2OGD25, and CYP71D373, were less CHH methylated in gene promoters or downstream regions in roots collected in July than those collected in March. Consistently, gene expression was up-regulated in S. miltiorrhiza roots collected in July compared with March and the treatment of DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine significantly promoted tanshinone production. It suggests that DNA methylation plays a significant regulatory role in tanshinone biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza through changing the levels of CHH methylation in promoters or downstreams of key enzyme genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People' s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Caili Li
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People' s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxing Deng
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People' s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People' s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
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