1
|
Chiliveri SC, Deshmukh MV. Recent excitements in protein NMR: Large proteins and biologically relevant dynamics. J Biosci 2017; 41:787-803. [PMID: 27966496 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The advent of Transverse Relaxation Optimized SpectroscopY (TROSY) and perdeuteration allowed biomolecular NMR spectroscopists to overcome the size limitation barrier (approx. 20 kDa) in de novo structure determination of proteins. The utility of these techniques was immediately demonstrated on large proteins and protein complexes (e.g. GroELGroES, ClpP protease, Hsp90-p53, 20S proteasome, etc.). Further, recent methodological developments such as Residual Dipolar Couplings and Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement allowed accurate measurement of long-range structural restraints. Additionally, Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG), rotating frame relaxation experiments (R1(rho)) and saturation transfer experiments (CEST and DEST) created never-before accessibility to the (mu)s-ms timescale dynamic parameters that led to the deeper understanding of biological processes. Meanwhile, the excitement in the field continued with a series of developments in the fast data acquisition methods allowing rapid structural studies on less stable proteins. This review aims to discuss important developments in the field of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy in the recent past, i.e., in the post TROSY era. These developments not only gave access to the structural studies of large protein assemblies, but also revolutionized tools in the arsenal of today's biomolecular NMR and point to a bright future of biomolecular NMR spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Boulton S, Melacini G. Advances in NMR Methods To Map Allosteric Sites: From Models to Translation. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6267-304. [PMID: 27111288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last five years have witnessed major developments in the understanding of the allosteric phenomenon, broadly defined as coupling between remote molecular sites. Such advances have been driven not only by new theoretical models and pharmacological applications of allostery, but also by progress in the experimental approaches designed to map allosteric sites and transitions. Among these techniques, NMR spectroscopy has played a major role given its unique near-atomic resolution and sensitivity to the dynamics that underlie allosteric couplings. Here, we highlight recent progress in the NMR methods tailored to investigate allostery with the goal of offering an overview of which NMR approaches are best suited for which allosterically relevant questions. The picture of the allosteric "NMR toolbox" is provided starting from one of the simplest models of allostery (i.e., the four-state thermodynamic cycle) and continuing to more complex multistate mechanisms. We also review how such an "NMR toolbox" has assisted the elucidation of the allosteric molecular basis for disease-related mutations and the discovery of novel leads for allosteric drugs. From this overview, it is clear that NMR plays a central role not only in experimentally validating transformative theories of allostery, but also in tapping the full translational potential of allosteric systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boulton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University , 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University , 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton L8S 4M1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee Y, Hong S, Cui M, Sharma PK, Lee J, Choi S. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonists: a patent review (2011 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:291-318. [PMID: 25666693 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1008449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel that can be activated by noxious heat, low pH and vanilloid compounds such as capsaicin. Since TRPV1 acts as an integrator of painful stimuli, TRPV1 antagonists can be used as promising therapeutics for new types of analgesics. AREAS COVERED This review article covers the patents that claim TRPV1 antagonists and were published during 2011 - 2014. The patent evaluation is organized according to the applicant companies, and the representative chemical entities with important in vitro and in vivo data are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Many pharmaceutical companies showed promising results in the discovery of potent small molecule TRPV1 antagonists, and recently, a number of small molecule TRPV1 antagonists have been advanced into clinical trials. Unfortunately, several candidate molecules showed critical side effects such as hyperthermia and impaired noxious heat sensation in humans, leading to their withdrawal from clinical trials. Some TRPV1 antagonists patented in recent years (2011 - 2014) overcame these undesirable side effects, making the development of TRPV1 antagonists much more promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Lee
- Ewha Womans University, National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global Top 5 Research Program , Seoul 120-750 , Korea +82 2 3277 4503 ; +82 2 3277 2851 ;
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng Z, Hu G, Ma S, Xie XQ. Computational Advances for the Development of Allosteric Modulators and Bitopic Ligands in G Protein-Coupled Receptors. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1080-95. [PMID: 25940084 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which target at allosteric sites, have significant advantages against the corresponding orthosteric compounds including higher selectivity, improved chemical tractability or physicochemical properties, and reduced risk of receptor oversensitization. Bitopic ligands of GPCRs target both orthosteric and allosteric sites. Bitopic ligands can improve binding affinity, enhance subtype selectivity, stabilize receptors, and reduce side effects. Discovering allosteric modulators or bitopic ligands for GPCRs has become an emerging research area, in which the design of allosteric modulators is a key step in the detection of bitopic ligands. Radioligand binding and functional assays ([(35)S]GTPγS and ERK1/2 phosphorylation) are used to test the effects for potential modulators or bitopic ligands. High-throughput screening (HTS) in combination with disulfide trapping and fragment-based screening are used to aid the discovery of the allosteric modulators or bitopic ligands of GPCRs. When used alone, these methods are costly and can often result in too many potential drug targets, including false positives. Alternatively, low-cost and efficient computational approaches are useful in drug discovery of novel allosteric modulators and bitopic ligands to help refine the number of targets and reduce the false-positive rates. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art computational methods for the discovery of modulators and bitopic ligands. The challenges and opportunities for future drug discovery are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, 529 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Short CA, Cao AT, Wingfield MA, Doers ME, Jobe EM, Wang N, Levandoski MM. Subunit interfaces contribute differently to activation and allosteric modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 91:157-68. [PMID: 25486620 PMCID: PMC4332533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely distributed in the nervous system and are implicated in many normal and pathological processes. The structural determinants of allostery in nAChRs are not well understood. One class of nAChR allosteric modulators, including the small molecule morantel (Mor), acts from a site that is structurally homologous to the canonical agonist site but exists in the β(+)/α(-) subunit interface. We hypothesized that all nAChR subunits move with respect to each other during channel activation and allosteric modulation. We therefore studied five pairs of residues predicted to span the interfaces of α3β2 receptors, one at the agonist interface and four at the modulator interface. Substituting cysteines in these positions, we used disulfide trapping to perturb receptor function. The pair α3Y168-β2D190, involving the C loop region of the β2 subunit, mediates modulation and agonist activation, because evoked currents were reduced up to 50% following oxidation (H2O2) treatment. The pair α3S125-β2Q39, below the canonical site, is also involved in channel activation, in accord with previous studies of the muscle-type receptor; however, the pair is differentially sensitive to ACh activation and Mor modulation (currents decreased 60% and 80%, respectively). The pairs α3Q37-β2A127 and α3E173-β2R46, both in the non-canonical interface, showed increased currents following oxidation, suggesting that subunit movements are not symmetrical. Together, our results from disulfide trapping and further mutation analysis indicate that subunit interface movement is important for allosteric modulation of nAChRs, but that the two types of interfaces contribute unequally to receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Short
- Department of Chemistry and Programs in Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Angela T Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Programs in Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Molly A Wingfield
- Department of Chemistry and Programs in Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Matthew E Doers
- Department of Chemistry and Programs in Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Emily M Jobe
- Department of Chemistry and Programs in Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Programs in Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Mark M Levandoski
- Department of Chemistry and Programs in Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bollepalli MK, Fowler PW, Rapedius M, Shang L, Sansom MSP, Tucker SJ, Baukrowitz T. State-dependent network connectivity determines gating in a K+ channel. Structure 2014; 22:1037-46. [PMID: 24980796 PMCID: PMC4087272 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography has provided tremendous insight into the different structural states of membrane proteins and, in particular, of ion channels. However, the molecular forces that determine the thermodynamic stability of a particular state are poorly understood. Here we analyze the different X-ray structures of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir1.1) in relation to functional data we obtained for over 190 mutants in Kir1.1. This mutagenic perturbation analysis uncovered an extensive, state-dependent network of physically interacting residues that stabilizes the pre-open and open states of the channel, but fragments upon channel closure. We demonstrate that this gating network is an important structural determinant of the thermodynamic stability of these different gating states and determines the impact of individual mutations on channel function. These results have important implications for our understanding of not only K+ channel gating but also the more general nature of conformational transitions that occur in other allosteric proteins. Functional validation of different crystallographic states of Kir channels Presence of a state-dependent gating network revealed by large-scale mutagenesis Biased effect of mutations on Kir channel gating due to open-state destabilization Long-range allosteric coupling mediated by a physically connected residue network
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murali K Bollepalli
- Physiological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip W Fowler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Markus Rapedius
- Physiological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lijun Shang
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; OXION Ion Channel Initiative, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Stephen J Tucker
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK; OXION Ion Channel Initiative, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Thomas Baukrowitz
- Physiological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Allostery is the most direct and efficient way for regulation of biological macromolecule function, ranging from the control of metabolic mechanisms to signal transduction pathways. Allosteric modulators target to allosteric sites, offering distinct advantages compared to orthosteric ligands that target to active sites, such as greater specificity, reduced side effects, and lower toxicity. Allosteric modulators have therefore drawn increasing attention as potential therapeutic drugs in the design and development of new drugs. In recent years, advancements in our understanding of the fundamental principles underlying allostery, coupled with the exploitation of powerful techniques and methods in the field of allostery, provide unprecedented opportunities to discover allosteric proteins, detect and characterize allosteric sites, design and develop novel efficient allosteric drugs, and recapitulate the universal features of allosteric proteins and allosteric modulators. In the present review, we summarize the recent advances in the repertoire of allostery, with a particular focus on the aforementioned allosteric compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Asymmetric perturbations of signalling oligomers. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 114:153-69. [PMID: 24650570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on rapid and reversible noncovalent interactions for symmetric oligomers of signalling proteins. Symmetry mismatch, transient symmetry breaking and asymmetric perturbations via chemical (ligand binding) and physical (electric or mechanic) effects can initiate the signalling events. Advanced biophysical methods can reveal not only structural symmetries of stable membrane-bound signalling proteins but also asymmetric functional transition states. Relevant techniques amenable to distinguish between symmetric and asymmetric architectures are discussed including those with the capability of capturing low-populated transient conformational states. Typical examples of signalling proteins are overviewed for symmetry breaking in dimers (GPCRs, growth factor receptors, transcription factors); trimers (acid-sensing ion channels); tetramers (voltage-gated cation channels, ionotropic glutamate receptor, CNG and CHN channels); pentameric ligand-gated and mechanosensitive channels; higher order oligomers (gap junction channel, chaperonins, proteasome, virus capsid); as well as primary and secondary transporters. In conclusion, asymmetric perturbations seem to play important functional roles in a broad range of communicating networks.
Collapse
|
9
|
Valdes G, Schulte RW, Ostermeier M, Iwamoto KS. The High-Affinity Maltose Switch MBP317-347 has Low Affinity for Glucose: Implications for Targeting Tumors with Metabolically Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:266-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilmer Valdes
- Department of Radiation Oncology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; 10833 LeConte Ave. Los Angeles CA 90095-1714 USA
| | - Reinhard W. Schulte
- Department of Radiation Medicine; Loma Linda University Medical Center; B121 Loma Linda CA 92354 USA
| | - Marc Ostermeier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Keisuke S. Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; 10833 LeConte Ave. Los Angeles CA 90095-1714 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wilkins AD, Venner E, Marciano DC, Erdin S, Atri B, Lua RC, Lichtarge O. Accounting for epistatic interactions improves the functional analysis of protein structures. Bioinformatics 2013; 29:2714-21. [PMID: 24021383 PMCID: PMC3799481 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: The constraints under which sequence, structure and function coevolve are not fully understood. Bringing this mutual relationship to light can reveal the molecular basis of binding, catalysis and allostery, thereby identifying function and rationally guiding protein redesign. Underlying these relationships are the epistatic interactions that occur when the consequences of a mutation to a protein are determined by the genetic background in which it occurs. Based on prior data, we hypothesize that epistatic forces operate most strongly between residues nearby in the structure, resulting in smooth evolutionary importance across the structure. Methods and Results: We find that when residue scores of evolutionary importance are distributed smoothly between nearby residues, functional site prediction accuracy improves. Accordingly, we designed a novel measure of evolutionary importance that focuses on the interaction between pairs of structurally neighboring residues. This measure that we term pair-interaction Evolutionary Trace yields greater functional site overlap and better structure-based proteome-wide functional predictions. Conclusions: Our data show that the structural smoothness of evolutionary importance is a fundamental feature of the coevolution of sequence, structure and function. Mutations operate on individual residues, but selective pressure depends in part on the extent to which a mutation perturbs interactions with neighboring residues. In practice, this principle led us to redefine the importance of a residue in terms of the importance of its epistatic interactions with neighbors, yielding better annotation of functional residues, motivating experimental validation of a novel functional site in LexA and refining protein function prediction. Contact:lichtarge@bcm.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Wilkins
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, CIBR Center for Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research and Program in Structural and Computational Biology & Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Allostery is largely associated with conformational and functional transitions in individual proteins. This concept can be extended to consider the impact of conformational perturbations on cellular function and disease states. Here, we clarify the concept of allostery and how it controls physiological activities. We focus on the challenging questions of how allostery can both cause disease and contribute to development of new therapeutics. We aim to increase the awareness of the linkage between disease symptoms on the cellular level and specific aberrant allosteric actions on the molecular level and to emphasize the potential of allosteric drugs in innovative therapies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tzeng SR, Kalodimos CG. Allosteric inhibition through suppression of transient conformational states. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:462-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Tertiary and quaternary effects in the allosteric regulation of animal hemoglobins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1860-72. [PMID: 23523886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, protein allostery has experienced a major resurgence, boosted by the extension of the concept to systems of increasing complexity and by its exploitation for the development of drugs. Expansion of the field into new directions has not diminished the key role of hemoglobin as a test molecule for theory and experimental validation of allosteric models. Indeed, the diffusion of hemoglobins in all kingdoms of life and the variety of functions and of quaternary assemblies based on a common tertiary fold indicate that this superfamily of proteins is ideally suited for investigating the physical and molecular basis of allostery and firmly maintains its role as a main player in the field. This review is an attempt to briefly recollect common and different strategies adopted by metazoan hemoglobins, from monomeric molecules to giant complexes, exploiting homotropic and heterotropic allostery to increase their functional dynamic range. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
Collapse
|
14
|
Manley G, Rivalta I, Loria JP. Solution NMR and computational methods for understanding protein allostery. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:3063-73. [PMID: 23445323 DOI: 10.1021/jp312576v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Allosterism is an essential biological regulatory mechanism. In enzymes, allosteric regulation results in an activation or inhibition of catalytic turnover. The mechanisms by which this is accomplished are unclear and vary significantly depending on the enzyme. It is commonly the case that a metabolite binds to the enzyme at a site distant from the catalytic site, yet its binding is coupled to and sensed by the active site. This coupling can manifest in changes in structure, dynamics, or both at the active site. These interactions between the allosteric and active site, which are often quite distant from one another, involve numerous atoms as well as complex conformational rearrangements of the protein secondary and tertiary structure. Interrogation of this complex biological phenomenon necessitates multiple experimental approaches. In this article, we outline a combined solution NMR spectroscopic and computational approach using molecular dynamics and network models to uncover mechanistic aspects of allostery in the enzyme imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Manley
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohr K, Schmitz J, Schrage R, Tränkle C, Holzgrabe U. Molecular Alliance-From Orthosteric and Allosteric Ligands to Dualsteric/Bitopic Agonists at G Protein Coupled Receptors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:508-16. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Mohr K, Schmitz J, Schrage R, Tränkle C, Holzgrabe U. Molekulare Allianz - von orthosterischen und allosterischen Liganden zu dualsterischen/bitopischen Agonisten G-Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
17
|
Ferenczy* GG, Keserű* GM. Thermodynamics of Ligand Binding. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735377-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
18
|
Abstract
Allostery is a fundamental process by which distant sites within a protein system sense each other. Allosteric regulation is such an efficient mechanism that it is used to control protein activity in most biological processes, including signal transduction, metabolism, catalysis, and gene regulation. Over recent years, our view and understanding of the fundamental principles underlying allostery have been enriched and often utterly reshaped. This has been especially so for powerful techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which offers an atomic view of the intrinsic motions of proteins. Here, I discuss recent results on the catabolite activator protein (CAP) that have drastically revised our view about how allosteric interactions are modulated. CAP has provided the first experimentally identified system showing that (i) allostery can be mediated through changes in protein motions, in the absence of changes in the mean structure of the protein, and (ii) favorable changes in protein motions may activate allosteric proteins that are otherwise structurally inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos G Kalodimos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
| |
Collapse
|