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Di Gioacchino M, Bianconi A, Burghammer M, Ciasca G, Bruni F, Campi G. Myelin basic protein dynamics from out-of-equilibrium functional state to degraded state in myelin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183256. [PMID: 32145283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Living matter is a quasi-stationary out-of-equilibrium system; in this physical condition, structural fluctuations at nano- and meso-scales are needed to understand the physics behind its biological functionality. Myelin has a simple ultrastructure whose fluctuations show correlated disorder in its functional out-of-equilibrium state. However, there is no information on the relationship between this correlated disorder and the dynamics of the intrinsically disordered Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) which is expected to influence the membrane structure and overall functionality. In this work, we have investigated the role of this protein structural dynamics in the myelin ultrastructure fluctuations in various conditions, by using synchrotron Scanning micro X Ray Diffraction and Small Angle X ray Scattering. We have induced the crossover from out-of-equilibrium functional state to in-equilibrium degeneration changing the pH to values far from physiological condition. The observed compression of the cytosolic layer thickness probes that the intrinsic large MBP fluctuations preserve the cytosol structure also in the degraded state. Thus, the transition of myelin ultrastructure from correlated to uncorrelated disordered state, is principally affected by the deformation of the membrane and extracellular domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Di Gioacchino
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy; Institute of Crystallography, CNR, via Salaria, Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy; Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS), Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bianconi
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, via Salaria, Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy; Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS), Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Roma, Italy; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Physics Institute, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Bruni
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Campi
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, via Salaria, Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
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Fields C, Bischof J, Levin M. Morphological Coordination: A Common Ancestral Function Unifying Neural and Non-Neural Signaling. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:16-30. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems are traditionally thought of as providing sensing and behavioral coordination functions at the level of the whole organism. What is the evolutionary origin of the mechanisms enabling the nervous systems’ information processing ability? Here, we review evidence from evolutionary, developmental, and regenerative biology suggesting a deeper, ancestral function of both pre-neural and neural cell-cell communication systems: the long-distance coordination of cell division and differentiation required to create and maintain body-axis symmetries. This conceptualization of the function of nervous system activity sheds new light on the evolutionary transition from the morphologically rudimentary, non-neural Porifera and Placazoa to the complex morphologies of Ctenophores, Cnidarians, and Bilaterians. It further allows a sharp formulation of the distinction between long-distance axis-symmetry coordination based on external coordinates, e.g., by whole-organism scale trophisms as employed by plants and sessile animals, and coordination based on body-centered coordinates as employed by motile animals. Thus we suggest that the systems that control animal behavior evolved from ancient mechanisms adapting preexisting ionic and neurotransmitter mechanisms to regulate individual cell behaviors during morphogenesis. An appreciation of the ancient, non-neural origins of bioelectrically mediated computation suggests new approaches to the study of embryological development, including embryological dysregulation, cancer, regenerative medicine, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fields
- 23 Rue des Lavandières, Caunes Minervois, France
| | - Johanna Bischof
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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Turner P, Nottale L, Zhao J, Pesquet E. New insights into the physical processes that underpin cell division and the emergence of different cellular and multicellular structures. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:13-42. [PMID: 31029570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of focused research, a detailed understanding of the fundamental physical processes that underpin biological systems (structures and processes) remains an open challenge. Within the present paper we report on biomimetic studies, which offer new insights into the process of cell division and the emergence of different cellular and multicellular structures. Experimental studies specifically investigated the impact of including different concentrations of charged bio-molecules (cytokinin and gibberellic acid) on the growth of BaCO3-SiO2 based structures. Results highlighted the role of charge density on the emergence of long-range order, underpinned by a negentropic process. This included the growth of synthetic cell-like structures, with the intrinsic capacity to divide and change morphology at cellular and multicellular scales. Detailed study of dividing structures supports a hypothesis that cell division is dependent on the establishment of a charge-induced macroscopic quantum potential and cell-scale quantum coherence, which allows a description in terms of a macroscopic Schrödinger-like equation, based on a constant different from the Planck constant. Whilst the system does not reflect full correspondence with standard quantum mechanics, many of the phenomena that we typically associate with such a system are recovered. In addition to phenomena normally associated with the Schrödinger equation, we also unexpectedly report on the emergence of intrinsic spin as a macroscopic quantum phenomena, whose origins we account for within a four-dimensional fractal space-time and a macroscopic Pauli equation, which represents the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Turner
- 69 Hercules Road, Sherford, Plymouth, Devon, PL9 8FA, United Kingdom.
| | - Laurent Nottale
- CNRS, LUTH, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 5 Place Janssen, 92190, Meudon, France.
| | - John Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Stockholm University, Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden.
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Campi G, Di Gioacchino M, Poccia N, Ricci A, Burghammer M, Ciasca G, Bianconi A. Nanoscale Correlated Disorder in Out-of-Equilibrium Myelin Ultrastructure. ACS NANO 2018; 12:729-739. [PMID: 29281257 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural fluctuations at nanoscale are fundamental to assess properties and functionalities of advanced out-of-equilibrium materials. We have taken myelin as a model of supramolecular assembly in out-of-equilibrium living matter. Myelin sheath is a simple stable multilamellar structure of high relevance and impact in biomedicine. Although it is known that myelin has a quasi-crystalline ultrastructure, there is no information on its fluctuations at nanoscale in different states due to limitations of the available standard techniques. To overcome these limitations, we have used scanning micro X-ray diffraction, which is a unique non-invasive probe of both reciprocal and real space to visualize statistical fluctuations of myelin order of the sciatic nerve of Xenopus laevis. The results show that the ultrastructure period of the myelin is stabilized by large anticorrelated fluctuations at nanoscale, between hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers. The ratio between the total thickness of hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers defines the conformational parameter, which describes the different states of myelin. Our key result is that myelin in its out-of-equilibrium functional state fluctuates point-to-point between different conformations showing a correlated disorder described by a Levy distribution. As the system approaches the thermodynamic equilibrium in an aged state, the disorder loses its correlation degree and the structural fluctuation distribution changes to Gaussian. In a denatured state at low pH, it changes to a completely disordered stage. Our results aim to clarify the degradation mechanism in biological systems by associating these states with ultrastructural dynamic fluctuations at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Campi
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR , via Salaria, Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Roma, Italy
| | - Michael Di Gioacchino
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR , via Salaria, Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Roma, Italy
- Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS) , Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Department of Science, Nanoscience section, Roma Tre University , Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Poccia
- Department of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS) , Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Gabriele Ciasca
- Physics Institute, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianconi
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR , via Salaria, Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Roma, Italy
- Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes (RICMASS) , Via dei Sabelli 119A, 00185 Roma, Italy
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) , Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
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Dolgushev M, Hauber AL, Pelagejcev P, Wittmer JP. Marginally compact fractal trees with semiflexibility. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:012501. [PMID: 29347244 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.012501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study marginally compact macromolecular trees that are created by means of two different fractal generators. In doing so, we assume Gaussian statistics for the vectors connecting nodes of the trees. Moreover, we introduce bond-bond correlations that make the trees locally semiflexible. The symmetry of the structures allows an iterative construction of full sets of eigenmodes (notwithstanding the additional interactions that are present due to semiflexibility constraints), enabling us to get physical insights about the trees' behavior and to consider larger structures. Due to the local stiffness, the self-contact density gets drastically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Dolgushev
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Adrian L Hauber
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Pelagejcev
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Wittmer
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Correlated Disorder in Myelinated Axons Orientational Geometry and Structure. CONDENSED MATTER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat2030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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