1
|
Griffith H, Wiese AD, Mitchel EF, Grijalva CG. The Impact of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Otitis Media-Related Antibiotic Use Among Young Children in Tennessee, USA. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac019. [PMID: 35174252 PMCID: PMC8843080 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a leading cause of pediatric antibiotic use. Introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) led to reductions in OM among US children, though its impact on OM-related antibiotic use remains unclear. Among 499 683 Tennessee children <2 years of age, the OM-related antibiotic fill rate was stable after PCV13 introduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Griffith
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew D Wiese
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Edward F Mitchel
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castellazzi ML, Senatore L, Di Pietro G, Pinzani R, Torretta S, Coro I, Russillo A, Borzani I, Bosis S, Marchisio P. Otogenic temporomandibular septic arthritis in a child: a case report and a review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:88. [PMID: 31331358 PMCID: PMC6647282 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute otitis media is one of the most common infectious diseases in the paediatric age and although its complications such as acute mastoiditis have become rare thanks to improvements in therapeutic approaches, possible serious complications such as septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint may develop. A prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to achieving the best outcome and avoiding serious sequelae. We describe a case occurring in a previously healthy 6-year-old female and review the literature currently available on this topic. Case presentation The patient presented a right temporomandibular septic arthritis with initial mandibular bone involvement secondary to acute otitis media. She presented with torcicollis, trismus, right preauricular swelling over the temporomandibular joint and was successfully treated with antibiotic treatment alone. Conclusions Septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint is a rare complication of acute otitis media or acute mastoiditis in children. It should be suspected in patients presenting with trismus, preauricular swelling or fever. No guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of this infectious disease are currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Luca Castellazzi
- ASST NORDMILANO, Sesto San Giovanni Hospital, Paediatric and Neonatology Unit, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Senatore
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Di Pietro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pinzani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Torretta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, ENT Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Coro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Russillo
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Borzani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Radiology Unit - Paediatric Division, Milan, Italy
| | - Samantha Bosis
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Paediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chiappini E, Bortone B, Doria M, Landi M, Di Mauro G, Marchisio P. What not to do in acute otitis media: the top five recommendations proposed by the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:897-902. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1380518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Anna Meyer Children׳s University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Bortone
- Anna Meyer Children׳s University Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paola Marchisio
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Petraitiene S, Alasevicius T, Staceviciene I, Vaiciuniene D, Kacergius T, Usonis V. The influence of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization on the clinical outcome of the respiratory tract infections in preschool children. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:403. [PMID: 26423571 PMCID: PMC4589981 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn) is an important pathogen causing a variety of clinical manifestations. The effects of SPn nasopharyngeal colonization on respiratory tract infections are poorly studied. We evaluated the association of SPn colonization with features of respiratory tract infections. Methods Children under the age of 6 years who visited a primary care physician because of respiratory tract infections were enrolled in the study. History was taken, children were clinically assessed by the physician, and nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained and cultured for SPn. Positive samples were serotyped. Associations of SPn colonization with clinical signs and symptoms, recovery duration, absence from day care centre, frequencies of specific diagnoses, and treatment with antimicrobials were evaluated. Results In total 900 children were enrolled. The prevalence of SPn colonization was 40.8 % (n = 367). There were minor differences between male and female subjects (199 of 492, 40.4 % vs 168 of 408, 41.2 %, p = 0.825). Children with and without siblings had similar colonization rates (145 of 334, 43.4 % vs 219 of 562, 39.0 %, p = 0.187). Clinical signs and symptoms were not associated with SPn colonization. Children colonized with SPn had longer recovery duration compared to non-colonized children (114 of 367, 31.1 % vs 98 of 533, 18.4 %, p < 0.001) and were longer absent from day care (270 of 608, 44.4 % vs 94 of 284, 33.1 %, p = 0.001). Pneumonia, sinusitis, and acute otitis media were more frequently diagnosed in children colonized with SPn. Children attending day care centres had significantly higher prevalence of SPn colonization (270 of 367, 44.4 % vs 338 of 533, 33.1 %, p = 0.001). Children with pneumonia, sinusitis and acute otitis media were more frequently treated with antimicrobials than children with other diagnoses. Conclusions SPn nasopharyngeal colonization has a negative impact on the course of respiratory tract infection, likely because of SPn being the cause of the disease or a complicating factor. It is also associated with and may be responsible for higher frequencies of bronchitis, pneumonia, acute otitis media, sinusitis and the need of antimicrobial treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Petraitiene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Tomas Alasevicius
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Indre Staceviciene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Daiva Vaiciuniene
- Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Tomas Kacergius
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vytautas Usonis
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Children's Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Esposito S, Marchisio P, Tenconi R, Principi N. Antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media in pediatrics. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:485-8. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Hoberman A, Paradise JL, Rockette HE et al.: Treatment of acute otitis media in children under 2 years of age. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 105–115 (2011). A recently published study by Hoberman et al. concluded that 10 days’ treatment with amoxicillin–clavulanate tended to reduce the overall symptom burden, the time to symptom resolution, and the rate of persistent signs of acute infection upon otoscopic examination in children aged 6–23 months with acute otitis media (AOM). This study seems to put an end to the controversy between American and European experts concerning the best approach to the treatment of AOM in younger children. However, although treating all children aged less than 2 years with antimicrobial drugs is the lesser of two evils, it is not an ideal solution. Furthermore, the future more widespread use of some already available vaccines against respiratory pathogens could significantly reduce the total number of new episodes of AOM, thus limiting the risk of therapeutic error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Department of Maternal & Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Tenconi
- Department of Maternal & Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- Department of Maternal & Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acute otitis media: From diagnosis to prevention. Summary of the Italian guideline. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 74:1209-16. [PMID: 20843561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common disease occurring in infants and children and has major medical, social and economic effects. If we consider the Italian pediatric population and the incidence rates in different age ranges it can be calculated that almost one million cases of AOM are diagnosed in Italy every year. Various attempts have been made internationally to clarify the most appropriate ways in which AOM should be managed. In Italy, this has been done at local or regional level but there have so far been no national initiatives. The objective of this guideline is to provide recommendations to pediatricians, general practitioners and otolaryngologists involved in the clinical management of acute otitis media in healthy children aged 2 months to 12 years. After a systematic review and grading of evidences from the literature, the document was drafted by a multidisciplinary panel with identified key clinical questions related to diagnosis, treatment of the acute episode, management of complications and prevention.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pearson MM, Hansen EJ. Identification of gene products involved in biofilm production by Moraxella catarrhalis ETSU-9 in vitro. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4316-25. [PMID: 17562762 PMCID: PMC1951151 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01347-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis ETSU-9 was subjected to random transposon insertion mutagenesis to identify genes encoding products involved in the ability of the organism to form biofilms in vitro. Screening of approximately 3,000 transposon insertion mutants in the crystal violet-based biofilm assay system yielded six mutants that exhibited greatly reduced abilities to form biofilms. Three of these mutants had transposon insertions in the uspA2H gene, which encodes a surface protein previously shown to be involved in the ability of M. catarrhalis to both attach to human cell lines in vitro and resist killing by normal human serum. Random insertion mutagenesis of the uspA2H gene, involving the introduction of a 15-nucleotide fragment encoding 5 amino acids, was used to attempt to identify the domain(s) necessary for biofilm formation. Most of these insertions adversely affected biofilm formation, whereas the abilities of these same mutants to attach to Chang conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro were usually not reduced. Gain-of-function experiments showed that introduction of the M. catarrhalis ETSU-9 uspA2H gene into Escherichia coli conferred biofilm formation ability on this recombinant strain. Two of the other three M. catarrhalis ETSU-9 transposon insertion mutants that had greatly reduced abilities to form biofilms were shown to have insertions in genes encoding products predicted to be directly or indirectly involved in cell wall metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Pearson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang W, Pearson MM, Attia AS, Blick RJ, Hansen EJ. A UspA2H-negative variant of Moraxella catarrhalis strain O46E has a deletion in a homopolymeric nucleotide repeat common to uspA2H genes. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2035-45. [PMID: 17220316 PMCID: PMC1865690 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00609-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis strains can express either a UspA2 protein or a UspA2H protein. The latter protein is encoded by a gene that possesses a homopolymeric nucleotide tract containing eight adenine (A) residues [i.e., a poly(A) tract] which is located near the 5' end. A spontaneous UspA2H-negative variant of M. catarrhalis strain O46E, designated O46E.U2V, was found to have a uspA2H poly(A) tract that contained seven A residues. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from the O46E parent strain revealed a readily detectable uspA2H mRNA transcript, whereas little or no uspA2H transcript was detectable in total RNA from the UspA2H-negative variant O46E.U2V. The 5' end of the uspA2H genes from both the O46E parent strain and the O46E.U2V variant were ligated to a promoterless lacZ gene to prepare translational fusions for use as reporter constructs. The level of beta-galactosidase activity expressed by the fusion construct containing eight A residues in its poly(A) tract was 200-fold greater than that obtained with the construct that had seven A residues. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 5' end of the uspA2H gene confirmed that translation was initiated at a GTG codon located 21 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the poly(A) tract. Primer extension analysis determined that the transcriptional start site of the uspA2H gene was located 291 nt upstream from the GTG translational start codon. This poly(A) tract was also found to be present in the uspA2H genes of other M. catarrhalis strains.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Artificial Gene Fusion
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Codon, Initiator
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Moraxella catarrhalis/genetics
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Open Reading Frames
- Poly A/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Sequence Deletion
- Transcription Initiation Site
- Transcription, Genetic
- beta-Galactosidase/analysis
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The "wait and see" approach in acute otitis media (AOM), consisting of postponing the antibiotic administration for a few days, has been advocated mainly to counteract the increased bacterial resistance in respiratory infections. This approach is not justified in children less than 2 years of age and this for several reasons. First, AOM is an acute inflammation of the middle ear caused in about 70% of cases by bacteria. Redness and bulging of the tympanic membrane are characteristic findings in bacterial AOM. Second, AOM is associated with long-term dysfunction of the inflamed eustachian tube (ET), particularly in children less than 2 years of age. In this age group, the small calibre of the ET together with its horizontal direction result in impaired clearance, ventilation and protection of the middle ear. Third, recent prospective studies have shown poor long-term prognosis of AOM in children below 2 years with at least 50% of recurrences and persisting otitis media with effusion (OME) in about 35% 6 months after AOM. Viruses elicit AOM in about 30% of children. A prolonged course of AOM has been observed when bacterial and viral infections are combined because viral infection is also associated with ET dysfunction in young children. Bacterial and viral testing of the nasopharyngeal aspirate is an excellent tool both for initial treatment and recurrence of AOM. Antibiotic treatment of AOM is mandatory in children less than 2 years of age to decrease inflammation in the middle ear but also of the ET particularly during the first episode. The best choice is amoxicillin because of its superior penetration in the middle ear. Streptococci pneumoniae with intermediary bacterial resistance to penicillin are particularly associated with recurrent AOM. Therefore the dosage of amoxicillin should be 90 mg/kg per day in three doses. In recurrent AOM with beta-lactamase-producing bacilli, amoxicillin should be associated with clavulanic acid at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg per day. The duration of the treatment is not established yet but 10 days is reasonable for a first episode of AOM. OME may be a precursor initiating AOM but also a complication thereof. OME needs a watchful waiting approach. When associated with deafness for 2-3 months in children over 2 years of age, an antibiotic should be given according to the results of the bacterial resistance in the nasopharyngeal aspirate. The high rate of complications of tympanostomy tube insertion outweighs the beneficial effect on hearing loss. The poor results of this procedure are due to the absence of effects on ET dysfunction. Pneumococcal vaccination has little beneficial effects on recurrent AOM and its use in infants needs further studies. Treatment with amoxicillin is indicated in all children younger than 2 years with a first episode of AOM presenting with redness and bulging of the tympanic membrane. Combined amoxicillin and clavulanic acid should be given in patients with beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. The duration of treatment is estimated to be at least 10 days depending on the findings by pneumo-otoscopy and tympanometry. Bacterial and viral testing of the nasopharyngeal aspirate is highly recommended particularly in children in day care centres as well as for regular follow-up. The high recurrence rate is due to the long-lasting dysfunction of the eustachian tube and the immune immaturity of children less than 2 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Corbeel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|