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Wu R, Yuen J, Cheung E, Huang Z, Chu E. Review of three-dimensional spheroid culture models of gynecological cancers for photodynamic therapy research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103975. [PMID: 38237651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a specific cancer treatment with minimal side effects. However, it remains challenging to apply PDT clinically, partially due to the difficulty of translating research findings to clinical settings as the conventional 2D cell models used for in vitro research are accepted as less physiologically relevant to a solid tumour. 3D spheroids offer a better model for testing PDT mechanisms and efficacy, particularly on photosensitizer uptake, cellular and subcellular distribution and interaction with cellular oxygen consumption. 3D spheroids are usually generated by scaffold-free and scaffold-based methods and are accepted as physiologically relevant models for PDT anticancer research. Scaffold-free methods offer researchers advantages including high efficiency, reproducible, and controlled microenvironment. While the scaffold-based methods offer an extracellular matrix-like 3D scaffold with the necessary architecture and chemical mediators to support the spheroid formation, the natural scaffold used may limit its usage because of low reproducibility due to patch-to-patch variation. Many studies show that the 3D spheroids do offer advantages to gynceologcial cancer PDT investigation. This article will provide a review of the applications of 3D spheroid culture models for the PDT research of gynaecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwk Wu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jwm Yuen
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Eyw Cheung
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Z Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Photonics Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Esm Chu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Wu R, Yow C, Law E, Chu E, Huang Z. Effect of Foslip® mediated photodynamic therapy on 5-fluorouracil resistant human colorectal cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101945. [PMID: 32768589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the commonest cancer in Hong Kong and is often treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However the clinical application of 5-FU was limited by drug resistance in CRC. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel treatment combating CRC via the combination of photosensitizer, molecular oxygen and light activation. In this study, 5-FU resistant HT29 (HT29FU) was established and its susceptibility to Foslip® PDT tested. Effect of 5-FU to HT29 cells was measured via qPCR. Efficacy of Foslip® PDT on HT29 and HT29FU cells were measured via photosensitizer uptake, cellular localization, cytotoxicity, cell cycle distribution and signal proteins expression. 5-FU significantly induced ABCB1 mRNA expression in HT29 cells; whereas with a 24 fold increase in HT29FU cells. Both cells responded similarly to Foslip® PDT, with the inhibitory concentration IC20, IC50 and IC70 achieved at 1 ng/mL, 2 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL with 2 J/cm2 light activation respectively. Foslip® PDT triggered apoptosis and reduced JNK protein expression at IC70 on both cells. Effect of Foslip® PDT on HT29 cells was independent to 5-FU resistance properties. Therefore, Foslip® PDT could be a potential treatment for 5-FU resistant cancer patients. Further investigations on the Foslip® PDT mediated molecular changes in HT29FU cells deserve to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwk Wu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, HKSAR, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Cmn Yow
- Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Health Technology & Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Law
- Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Health Technology & Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Esm Chu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, HKSAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Photonics Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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Lange C, Lehmann C, Mahler M, Bednarski PJ. Comparison of Cellular Death Pathways after mTHPC-mediated Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in Five Human Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050702. [PMID: 31117328 PMCID: PMC6587334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising photosensitizers (PS) used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the porphyrin derivative 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC, temoporfin), marketed in Europe under the trade name Foscan®. A set of five human cancer cell lines from head and neck and other PDT-relevant tissues was used to investigate oxidative stress and underlying cell death mechanisms of mTHPC-mediated PDT in vitro. Cells were treated with mTHPC in equitoxic concentrations and illuminated with light doses of 1.8-7.0 J/cm2 and harvested immediately, 6, 24, or 48 h post illumination for analyses. Our results confirm the induction of oxidative stress after mTHPC-based PDT by detecting a total loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and increased formation of ROS. However, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and loss of cell membrane integrity play only a minor role in cell death in most cell lines. Based on our results, apoptosis is the predominant death mechanism following mTHPC-mediated PDT. Autophagy can occur in parallel to apoptosis or the former can be dominant first, yet ultimately leading to autophagy-associated apoptosis. The death of the cells is in some cases accompanied by DNA fragmentation and a G2/M phase arrest. In general, the overall phototoxic effects and the concentrations as well as the time to establish these effects varies between cell lines, suggesting that the cancer cells are not all dying by one defined mechanism, but rather succumb to an individual interplay of different cell death mechanisms. Besides the evaluation of the underlying cell death mechanisms, we focused on the comparison of results in a set of five identically treated cell lines in this study. Although cells were treated under equitoxic conditions and PDT acts via a rather unspecific ROS formation, very heterogeneous results were obtained with different cell lines. This study shows that general conclusions after PDT in vitro require testing on several cell lines to be reliable, which has too often been ignored in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lange
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Christiane Lehmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Mahler
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Gheewala T, Skwor T, Munirathinam G. Photosensitizers in prostate cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30524-30538. [PMID: 28430624 PMCID: PMC5444762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new therapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer is ongoing with a focus on the balance between the harms and benefits of treatment. New therapies are being constantly developed to offer treatments similar to radical therapies, with limited side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy in delivering focal treatment in primary as well as post radiotherapy prostate cancer. PDT involves activation of a photosensitizer (PS) by appropriate wavelength of light, generating transient levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several photosensitizers have been developed with a focus on treating prostate cancer like mTHPC, motexafin lutetium, padoporfin and so on. This article will review newly developed photosensitizers under clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer, along with the potential advantages and disadvantages in delivering focal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Gheewala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Troy Skwor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Rockford University, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
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Effect of FosPeg® mediated photoactivation on P-gp/ABCB1 protein expression in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 148:82-87. [PMID: 25900553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) refers to the ability of cancer cells to develop cross resistance to a range of anticancer drugs which are structurally and functionally unrelated. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the best studied MDR phenotype in photodynamic therapy (PDT) treated cells. Our pervious study demonstrated that FosPeg® mediated PDT is effective to NPC cell line models. In this in vitro study, the expression of MDR1 gene and its product P-gp in undifferentiated, poorly differentiated and well differentiated human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells were investigated. The influence of P-gp efflux activities on photosensitizer FosPeg® was also examined. Regardless of the differentiation status, PDT tested NPC cell lines all expressed P-gp protein. Results indicated that FosPeg® photoactivation could heighten the expression of MDR1 gene and P-gp transporter protein in a dose dependent manner. Up to 2-fold increase of P-gp protein expression were seen in NPC cells after FosPeg® mediated PDT. Interestingly, our finding demonstrated that FosPeg® mediated PDT efficiency is independent to the MDR1 gene and P-gp protein expression in NPC cells. FosPeg® itself is not the substrate of P-gp transporter protein and no efflux of FosPeg® were observed in NPC cells. Therefore, the PDT efficiency would not be affected even though FosPeg® mediated PDT could induce MDR1 gene and P-gp protein expression in NPC cells. FosPeg® mediated PDT could be a potential therapeutic approach for MDR cancer patients.
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FosPeg® PDT alters the EBV miRNAs and LMP1 protein expression in EBV positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 127:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Comparative characterization of the cellular uptake and photodynamic efficiency of Foscan® and Fospeg in a human prostate cancer cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sherifa G, Saad Zaghloul MA, Elsayed OF, Rueck A, Steiner R, Abdelaziz AI, Abdel-Kader MH. Functional characterization of Fospeg, and its impact on cell cycle upon PDT of Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cell model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 10:87-94. [PMID: 23465377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several treatment options are available for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), their application is mostly restricted to early diagnosed cases or includes liver transplantation, which is rarely available due to donor scarcity. The attractiveness of PDT as a cancer treatment does not only come from its minimal invasiveness, but also from the high selectivity due to tumor localization that can be applied. Precise focusing of light on tumor lesions will result in tumor-specific PDT activation. Novel photosensitizers can be applied in such low concentrations that cells not subjected to irradiation remain healthy. The lethal effect and mechanism of death induction of the photosensitizer Fospeg has never been studied on hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of the present study is to functionally analyze the impact of PDT on Huh-7 HCC cell line, as well as to analyze its impact on cell cycle protein expression. METHODS Cellular viability, and proliferation assays were conducted via MTT and BrdU assay, respectively. Transfected cell models of Huh7 with different constructs harboring cell cycle genes and downstream reporter luciferase gene were generated. RESULTS Our results show a statistically significant decrease in both viability and proliferation of Huh-7 cells following PDT, while maintaining Fospeg and laser concentrations far below toxic levels. Proliferative cell cycle genes show a tendency of inhibition, while p53 levels show a significant increase following PDT. CONCLUSION Fospeg-mediated PDT is a promising strategy for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and needs to be further explored in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sherifa
- Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Hu ZY, Wang J, Cheng G, Zhu XF, Huang P, Yang D, Zeng YX. Apogossypolone targets mitochondria and light enhances its anticancer activity by stimulating generation of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:41-53. [PMID: 21192843 PMCID: PMC4012262 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a novel derivative of gossypol, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and to have antitumor activity in multiple types of cancer cells. Recent reports suggest that gossypol stimulates the generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leukemia and colorectal carcinoma cells; however, gossypol-mediated cell death in leukemia cells was reported to be ROS-independent. This study was conducted to clarify the effect of ApoG2-induced ROS on mitochondria and cell viability, and to further evaluate its utility as a treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We tested the photocytotoxicity of ApoG2 to the poorly differentiated NPC cell line CNE-2 using the ROS-generating TL/10 illumination system. The rapid ApoG2-induced cell death was partially reversed by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), but the ApoG2-induced reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was not reversed by NAC. In the presence of TL/10 illumination, ApoG2 generated massive amounts of singlet oxygen and was more effective in inhibiting cell growth than in the absence of illumination. We also determined the influence of light on the anti-proliferative activity of ApoG2 using a CNE-2–xenograft mouse model. ApoG2 under TL/10 illumination healed tumor wounds and suppressed tumor growth more effectively than ApoG2 treatment alone. These results indicate that the ApoG2-induced CNE-2 cell death is partly ROS-dependent. ApoG2 may be used with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
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Yow CMN, Tang HM, Chu ESM, Huang Z. Hypericin-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial effect on clinically isolated pathogens. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:626-32. [PMID: 22233203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the photodynamic antimicrobial effect of hypericin on clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cells. Bacterial cells (10(8) cells per mL) were incubated with hypericin (0-40 μM) for 30 min and followed by light irradiation of 600-800 nm at 5-30 J cm(-2). Cell survival was determined by colony counting, cellular hypericin uptake examined by flow cytometer, and cell membrane damage examined by scanning electron microscopy and leakage assay. The effectiveness of hypericin-mediated photodynamic killing was strongly affected by cellular structure and photosensitizer uptake. The combination of hypericin and light irradiation could induce significant killing of Gram positive methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus cells (>6 log reduction), but was not effective on Gram negative E. coli cells (<0.2 log reduction). The difference was caused by different cell wall/membrane structures that directly affected cellular uptake of hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M N Yow
- Section of Medical Laboratory Science, Department of Health Technology & Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowlong, HKSAR, China.
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RADZI R, OSAKI T, TSUKA T, IMAGAWA T, MINAMI S, OKAMOTO Y. Morphological Study in B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cells after Photodynamic Hyperthermal Therapy with Indocyanine Green (ICG). J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:465-72. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rozanaliza RADZI
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Tomohiro OSAKI
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takeshi TSUKA
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tomohiro IMAGAWA
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Saburo MINAMI
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu OKAMOTO
- Department of Veterinary Neurology and Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Senge MO, Brandt JC. Temoporfin (Foscan®, 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin)--a second-generation photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1240-96. [PMID: 21848905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review traces the development and study of the second-generation photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin through to its acceptance and clinical use in modern photodynamic (cancer) therapy. The literature has been covered up to early 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Cellular and molecular effects of the liposomal mTHPC derivative Foslipos in prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shahzidi S, Čunderlíková B, Więdłocha A, Zhen Y, Vasovič V, Nesland JM, Peng Q. Simultaneously targeting mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum by photodynamic therapy induces apoptosis in human lymphoma cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1773-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li B, Chen Z, Liu L, Huang Z, Huang Z, Xie S. Differences in sensitivity to HMME-mediated photodynamic therapy between EBV+ C666-1 and EBV− CNE2 cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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