1
|
Přibyl T, Rumlová M, Mikyšková R, Reiniš M, Kaňa A, Škoch K, Zelenka J, Kirakci K, Ruml T, Lang K. PEGylated Molybdenum-Iodine Nanocluster as a Promising Radiodynamic Agent against Prostatic Adenocarcinoma. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4419-4428. [PMID: 38364266 PMCID: PMC10915794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The combination of photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy has given rise to a modality called radiodynamic therapy (RDT), based on reactive oxygen species-producing radiosensitizers. The production of singlet oxygen, O2(1Δg), by octahedral molybdenum (Mo6) clusters upon X-ray irradiation allows for simplification of the architecture of radiosensitizing systems. In this context, we prepared a radiosensitizing system using copper-free click chemistry between a Mo6 cluster bearing azido ligands and the homo-bifunctional linker bis-dPEG11-DBCO. The resulting compound formed nanoparticles, which featured production of O2(1Δg) and efficient cellular uptake, leading to remarkable photo- and radiotoxic effects against the prostatic adenocarcinoma TRAMP-C2 cell line. Spheroids of TRAMP-C2 cells were also used for evaluation of toxicity and phototoxicity. In vivo experiments on a mouse model demonstrated that subcutaneous injection of the nanoparticles is a safe administration mode at a dose of up to 0.08 g kg-1. The reported results confirm the relevancy of Mo6-based radiosensitizing nanosystems for RDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Přibyl
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, 166
28 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Mikyšková
- Institute
of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 142 20 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Reiniš
- Institute
of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 142 20 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Kaňa
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, 166
28 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Škoch
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Zelenka
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim TE, Chang JE. Recent Studies in Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment: From Basic Research to Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2257. [PMID: 37765226 PMCID: PMC10535460 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging and less invasive treatment modality for various types of cancer. This review provides an overview of recent trends in PDT research, ranging from basic research to ongoing clinical trials, focusing on different cancer types. Lung cancer, head and neck cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer are discussed in this context. In lung cancer, porfimer sodium, chlorin e6, and verteporfin have shown promising results in preclinical studies and clinical trials. For head and neck cancer, PDT has demonstrated effectiveness as an adjuvant treatment after surgery. PDT with temoporfin, redaporfin, photochlor, and IR700 shows potential in early stage larynx cancer and recurrent head and neck carcinoma. Non-melanoma skin cancer has been effectively treated with PDT using methyl aminolevulinate and 5-aminolevulinic acid. In prostate cancer and breast cancer, PDT research is focused on developing targeted photosensitizers to improve tumor-specific uptake and treatment response. In conclusion, PDT continues to evolve as a promising cancer treatment strategy, with ongoing research spanning from fundamental investigations to clinical trials, exploring various photosensitizers and treatment combinations. This review sheds light on the recent advancements in PDT for cancer therapy and highlights its potential for personalized and targeted treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji-Eun Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cole HD, Eroy M, Roque JA, Shi G, Guirguis M, Fakhry J, Cameron CG, Obaid G, McFarland SA. Establishing a Robust and Reliable Response from a Potent Osmium-Based Photosensitizer Via Lipid Nanoformulation †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:751-760. [PMID: 36481983 PMCID: PMC10315168 DOI: 10.1111/php.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osmium (Os) based photosensitizers (PSs) are a unique class of nontetrapyrrolic metal-containing PSs that absorb red light. We recently reported a highly potent Os(II) PS, rac-[Os(phen)2 (IP-4T)](Cl)2 , referred to as ML18J03 herein, with light EC50 values as low as 20 pm. ML18J03 also exhibits low dark toxicity and submicromolar light EC50 values in hypoxia in some cell lines. However, owing to its longer oligothiophene chain, ML18J03 is not completely water soluble and forms 1-2 μm sized aggregates in PBS containing 1% DMSO. This aggregation causes variability in PDT efficacy between assays and thus unreliable and irreproducible reports of in vitro activity. To that end, we utilized PEG-modified DPPC liposomes (138 nm diameter) and DSPE-mPEG2000 micelles (10.2 nm diameter) as lipid nanoformulation vehicles to mitigate aggregation of ML18J03 and found that the spectroscopic properties important to biological activity were maintained or improved. Importantly, the lipid formulations decreased the interassay variance between the EC50 values by almost 20-fold, with respect to the unformulated ML18J03 when using broadband visible light excitation (P = 0.0276). Herein, lipid formulations are presented as reliable platforms for more accurate in vitro photocytotoxicity quantification for PSs prone to aggregation (such as ML18J03) and will be useful for assessing their in vivo PDT effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Menitte Eroy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Mina Guirguis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - John Fakhry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sobhani N, Samadani AA. Implications of photodynamic cancer therapy: an overview of PDT mechanisms basically and practically. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2021; 33:34. [PMID: 34778919 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-021-00093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor eradication is one of the most important challengeable categories in oncological studies. In this account, besides the molecular genetics methods including cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and general cancer therapy procedures like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, photodynamic adjuvant therapy is of great importance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a relatively noninvasive therapeutic method utilizes the irradiation of an appropriate wavelength which is absorbed by a photosensitizing agent in the presence of oxygen. In this procedure, a series of events lead to the direct death of malignant cells such as damage to the microvasculature and also the induction of a local inflammatory function. PDT has participated with other treatment modalities especially in the early stage of malignant tumors and has resulted in decreasing morbidity besides improving survival rate and quality of life. High spatial resolution of PDT has attracted considerable attention in the field of image-guided photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy of multidrug resistance cancers. Although PDT outcomes vary across the different tumor types, minimal natural tissue toxicity, minor systemic effects, significant reduction in long-term disease, lack of innate or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic effects, as well as limb function, make it a valuable treatment option for combination therapies. SHORT CONCLUSION In this review article, we tried to discuss the potential of PDT in the treatment of some dermatologic and solid tumors, particularly all its important mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Sobhani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. .,Clinical Research Development Unit of Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Robbins E, Leroy-Lhez S, Villandier N, Samoć M, Matczyszyn K. Prospects for More Efficient Multi-Photon Absorption Photosensitizers Exhibiting Both Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Luminescence. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206323. [PMID: 34684904 PMCID: PMC8541311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of two-photon absorption (TPA) for such applications as microscopy, imaging, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers several advantages over the usual one-photon excitation. This creates a need for photosensitizers that exhibit both strong two-photon absorption and the highly efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as, ideally, bright luminescence. This review focuses on different strategies utilized to improve the TPA properties of various multi-photon absorbing species that have the required photophysical properties. Along with well-known families of photosensitizers, including porphyrins, we also describe other promising organic and organometallic structures and more complex systems involving organic and inorganic nanoparticles. We concentrate on the published studies that provide two-photon absorption cross-section values and the singlet oxygen (or other ROS) and luminescence quantum yields, which are crucial for potential use within PDT and diagnostics. We hope that this review will aid in the design and modification of novel TPA photosensitizers, which can help in exploiting the features of nonlinear absorption processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Robbins
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France; (E.R.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.)
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Stéphanie Leroy-Lhez
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France; (E.R.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.)
| | - Nicolas Villandier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Université de Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France; (E.R.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.)
| | - Marek Samoć
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu RWK, Chu ESM, Yuen JWM, Huang Z. Comparative study of FosPeg® photodynamic effect on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in 2D and 3D models. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 210:111987. [PMID: 32801063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) offers an alternative option for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The utilization of 3-dimensional (3D) culture model might provide better understanding of PDT effects on NPC cells. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare PDT effect on NPC cells using 2D and 3D models. Two 3D culture models were established using liquid overlay method with agarose base (MCL) and hanging drop method (MCS). PDT was carried out using the combination of FosPeg® and 652 nm laser in 3D and conventional 2D models. The effects of 3D culture size and morphology on the uptake and distribution of sensitizer and gene expression were examined. Photocytotoxity, mode of cell death, and protein expression were compared for 2D and 3D models. Regular and irregular NPC spheroids were obtained from MCL and MCS methods, respectively. A significantly down-regulation of LMP1 mRNA were observed in MCL spheroid. The sensitizer uptake in 3D spheroids was half of 2D culture. More sensitizers were required to obtain IC50 in 3D spheroids. Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagosomes were detected in PDT treated 2D and 3D cells. Different protein expression patterns were observed in 2D and 3D models. FosPeg® PDT is effective in killing NPC cells. MCL-derived 3D spheroid model is more suitable for the evaluation of PDT killing mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Wing Kei Wu
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - John Wai Man Yuen
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Biomedical Photonics Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Photonics Science and Technology for Medicine, School of OptoElectronic and Information Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wavelength dependent photo-cytotoxicity to ovarian carcinoma cells using temoporfin loaded tetraether liposomes as efficient drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 150:50-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
8
|
Predicting human pharmacokinetics of liposomal temoporfin using a hybrid in silico model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:121-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
9
|
Kazantzis KT, Koutsonikoli K, Mavroidi B, Zachariadis M, Alexiou P, Pelecanou M, Politopoulos K, Alexandratou E, Sagnou M. Curcumin derivatives as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy: photophysical properties and in vitro studies with prostate cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:193-206. [PMID: 31956888 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive approach to treat various forms of cancer, based on the ability of certain non-toxic molecules (photosensitizers) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) after excitation by light of a certain wavelength and eventually induce strong phototoxic reactions against malignant cells and other pathogens. Curcumin is one of the most extensively investigated phytochemicals with a wide range of therapeutic properties and has been shown to induce strong photocytotoxic effects in micromolar concentrations against a variety of cancer cell lines. Curcumin (1) is comparatively evaluated with the naturally occurring bisdemethoxy Curcumin (2), which lacks the two methoxy groups, as well as two newly synthesized curcuminoids, the cinnamaldehyde derivative (3) and the dimethylamino one (4), designed to increase the absorption maximum and hence the tissue penetration. The synthetic curcuminoids were successfully synthesized in sufficient amounts and their photophysical properties such as absorption, fluorescence, photobleaching and free radical generation were investigated. Compound 4 exhibited a significant increase in peak absorption (497 nm) and strong fluorescent emission signals were recorded for all curcuminoids. Photobleaching of 4 was comparable to 1 whereas 2 and 3 showed more extended photobleaching but much higher ROS production in very short irradiation times. Compounds 2 and 4 exhibited specific intracellular localization. After dark and light cytotoxicity experiments against LNCaP prostate cancer cell line for all curcuminoids, concentration of 3 μM and irradiance of 6 mW cm-2 were selected for the PDT application which resulted in remarkable results with very short LD50. Curcuminoids 2 and 4 exhibited a significant dose-dependent PDT effect. The biphasic dose-response photodynamic effect observed for 1 and 3 may provide a strategy against prolonged and sustained photosensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K T Kazantzis
- Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - K Koutsonikoli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - B Mavroidi
- Laboratories of Structural Studies of Biomolecules and Pharmaceuticals with NMR, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, 153 10, Athens, Greece.
| | - M Zachariadis
- Bioimaging and Cell analysis, Material and Chemical Characterisation Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - P Alexiou
- Laboratories of Structural Studies of Biomolecules and Pharmaceuticals with NMR, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, 153 10, Athens, Greece.
| | - M Pelecanou
- Laboratories of Structural Studies of Biomolecules and Pharmaceuticals with NMR, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, 153 10, Athens, Greece.
| | - K Politopoulos
- Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - E Alexandratou
- Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - M Sagnou
- Laboratories of Structural Studies of Biomolecules and Pharmaceuticals with NMR, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, 153 10, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yakavets I, Millard M, Zorin V, Lassalle HP, Bezdetnaya L. Current state of the nanoscale delivery systems for temoporfin-based photodynamic therapy: Advanced delivery strategies. J Control Release 2019; 304:268-287. [PMID: 31136810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enthusiasm for photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a promising technique to eradicate various cancers has increased exponentially in recent decades. The majority of clinically approved photosensitizers are hydrophobic in nature, thus, the effective delivery of photosensitizers at the targeted site is the main hurdle associated with PDT. Temoporfin (mTHPC, medicinal product name: Foscan®), is one of the most potent clinically approved photosensitizers, is not an exception. Successful temoporfin-PDT requires nanoscale delivery systems for selective delivery of photosensitizer. Over the last 25 years, the number of papers on nanoplatforms developed for mTHPC delivery such as conjugates, host-guest inclusion complexes, lipid-and polymer-based nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes is burgeoning. However, none of them appeared to be "ultimate". The present review offers the description of different challenges and achievements in nanoparticle-based mTHPC delivery focusing on the synergetic combination of various nano-platforms to improve temoporfin delivery at all stages of biodistribution. Furthermore, the association of different nanoparticles in one nanoplatform might be considered as an advanced strategy allowing the combination of several treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Yakavets
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Marie Millard
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Vladimir Zorin
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Belarus; International Sakharov Environmental Institute, Belarusian State University, Dauhabrodskaja 23, 220030 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Henri-Pierre Lassalle
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Lina Bezdetnaya
- Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7039, Université de Lorraine, Campus Sciences, Boulevard des Aiguillette, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 6 avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gheewala T, Skwor T, Munirathinam G. Photosensitizers in prostate cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30524-30538. [PMID: 28430624 PMCID: PMC5444762 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new therapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer is ongoing with a focus on the balance between the harms and benefits of treatment. New therapies are being constantly developed to offer treatments similar to radical therapies, with limited side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy in delivering focal treatment in primary as well as post radiotherapy prostate cancer. PDT involves activation of a photosensitizer (PS) by appropriate wavelength of light, generating transient levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several photosensitizers have been developed with a focus on treating prostate cancer like mTHPC, motexafin lutetium, padoporfin and so on. This article will review newly developed photosensitizers under clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer, along with the potential advantages and disadvantages in delivering focal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taher Gheewala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Troy Skwor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Rockford University, Rockford, IL, USA
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Rockford, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kou J, Dou D, Yang L. Porphyrin photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy and its applications. Oncotarget 2017; 8:81591-81603. [PMID: 29113417 PMCID: PMC5655312 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1841, the extraction of hematoporphyrin from dried blood by removing iron marked the birth of the photosensitizer. The last twenty years has witnessed extensive research in the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in tumor-bearing (or other diseases) animal models and patients. The period has seen development of photosensitizers from the first to the third generation, and their evolution from simple to more complex entities. This review focuses on porphyrin photosensitizers and their effect on tumors, mediated via several pathways involved in cell necrosis, apoptosis or autophagic cell death, and the preventive and therapeutic application of PDT against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Kou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Dou Dou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liming Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leandro FZ, Martins J, Fontes AM, Tedesco AC. Evaluation of theranostic nanocarriers for near-infrared imaging and photodynamic therapy on human prostate cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 154:341-349. [PMID: 28365423 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper evaluates how effectively chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) entrapped in colloidal nanocarriers, such as nanocapsule (NC) and nanoemulsion (NE), induces photodamage in human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) during photodynamic therapy (PDT). The MTT cell viability assay showed that both ClAlPc-NC and ClAlPc-NE induced phototoxicity and efficiently killed LNCaP cells at low ClAlPc-NC and ClAlPc-NE concentrations (0.3μgmL-1) as well as under low light doses of 4Jcm-2 and 7Jcm-2, respectively, upon PDT with a 670-nm diode laser line. Confocal imaging studies indicated that ClAlPc-NC and ClAlPc-NE were preferentially localized in the perinuclear region of LNCaP cells both in the dark and upon irradiation with laser light. After PDT treatment, ClAlPc-NC-treated LNCaP cells exhibited a higher green fluorescence signal, possibly due to the larger shrinkage of the actin cytoskeleton, compared to ClAlPc-NE-treated LNCaP cells. Additionally, ClAlPc-NC or ClAlPc-NE and mitochondria showed a relatively high co-localization level. The cellular morphology did not change in the dark, but confocal micrographs recorded after PDT revealed that LNCaP cells treated with ClAlPc-NC or ClAlPc-NE underwent morphological alterations. Our preliminary in vitro studies reinforced the hypothesis that biocompatible theranostic ClAlPc-loaded nanocarriers could act as an attractive photosensitizer system in PDT and could serve as an interesting molecular probe for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer and other carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Z Leandro
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Júlia Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Aparecida M Fontes
- Centro Regional de Hemoterapia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
González-Delgado JA, Kennedy PJ, Ferreira M, Tomé JPC, Sarmento B. Use of Photosensitizers in Semisolid Formulations for Microbial Photodynamic Inactivation. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4428-42. [PMID: 26569024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Semisolid formulations, such as gels, creams and ointments, have recently contributed to the progression of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and microbial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in clinical applications. The most important challenges facing this field are the physicochemical properties of photosensitizers (PSs), optimal drug release profiles, and the photosensitivity of surrounding tissues. By further integration of nanotechnology with semisolid formulations, very promising pharmaceuticals have been generated against several dermatological diseases (PDT) and (antibiotic-resistant) pathogenic microorganisms (PDI). This review focuses on the different PSs and their associated semisolid formulations currently found in both the market and clinical trials that are used in PDT/PDI. Special emphasis is placed on the advantages that the semisolid formulations bring to drug delivery in PDI. Lastly, some potential considerations for improvement in this field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A González-Delgado
- Inovapotek, Pharmaceutical Research & Development , Edifício Inovar e Crescer, Salas 23 e 39, Rua Alfredo Allen, 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrick J Kennedy
- ICBAS-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Ferreira
- Inovapotek, Pharmaceutical Research & Development , Edifício Inovar e Crescer, Salas 23 e 39, Rua Alfredo Allen, 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P C Tomé
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Inovapotek, Pharmaceutical Research & Development , Edifício Inovar e Crescer, Salas 23 e 39, Rua Alfredo Allen, 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,CESPU-Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Frame FM, Savoie H, Bryden F, Giuntini F, Mann VM, Simms MS, Boyle RW, Maitland NJ. Mechanisms of growth inhibition of primary prostate epithelial cells following gamma irradiation or photodynamic therapy include senescence, necrosis, and autophagy, but not apoptosis. Cancer Med 2015; 5:61-73. [PMID: 26590118 PMCID: PMC4708897 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to more differentiated cells, prostate cancer stem-like cells are radioresistant, which could explain radio-recurrent prostate cancer. Improvement of radiotherapeutic efficacy may therefore require combination therapy. We have investigated the consequences of treating primary prostate epithelial cells with gamma irradiation and photodynamic therapy (PDT), both of which act through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Primary prostate epithelial cells were cultured from patient samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer prior to treatment with PDT or gamma irradiation. Cell viability was measured using MTT and alamar blue assay, and cell recovery by colony-forming assays. Immunofluorescence of gamma-H2AX foci was used to quantify DNA damage, and autophagy and apoptosis were assessed using Western blots. Necrosis and senescence were measured by propidium iodide staining and beta-galactosidase staining, respectively. Both PDT and gamma irradiation reduced the colony-forming ability of primary prostate epithelial cells. PDT reduced the viability of all types of cells in the cultures, including stem-like cells and more differentiated cells. PDT induced necrosis and autophagy, whereas gamma irradiation induced senescence, but neither treatment induced apoptosis. PDT and gamma irradiation therefore inhibit cell growth by different mechanisms. We suggest these treatments would be suitable for use in combination as sequential treatments against prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Huguette Savoie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bryden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Giuntini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 2AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent M Mann
- Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital (Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust), Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom.,Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Simms
- Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital (Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust), Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, United Kingdom.,Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xie H, Svenmarker P, Axelsson J, Gräfe S, Kyriazi M, Bendsoe N, Andersson-Engels S, Svanberg K. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study following systemic administration of Fospeg®--a Pegylated liposomal mTHPC formulation in a murine model. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:142-152. [PMID: 24375973 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fospeg® is a newly developed photosensitizer formulation based on meso-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC), with hydrophilic liposomes to carry the hydrophobic photosensitizer to the target tissue. In this study the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Fospeg® were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography at various times (0.5-18 hours) following systemic i.v. administration. As a model an experimental HT29 colon tumor in NMRI nu/nu mice was employed. Our study indicates a higher plasma peak concentration, a longer circulation time and a better tumor-to-skin ratio than those of Foslip®, another liposomal mTHPC formulation. Data from ex vivo tissue fluorescence and reflectance imaging exhibit good correlation with chemical extraction. Our results have shown that optical imaging provides the potential for fluorophore quantification in biological tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xie
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Peng W, Samplonius DF, de Visscher S, Roodenburg JLN, Helfrich W, Witjes MJ. Photochemical internalization (PCI)-mediated enhancement of bleomycin cytotoxicity by liposomal mTHPC formulations in human head and neck cancer cells. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:650-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Douwe F. Samplonius
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Translational Surgical Oncology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan de Visscher
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Jan. L. N. Roodenburg
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand Helfrich
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Translational Surgical Oncology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| | - Max J.H. Witjes
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Conte C, Ungaro F, Mazzaglia A, Quaglia F. Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer: Principles, Clinical Applications, and Nanotechnological Approaches. NANO-ONCOLOGICALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08084-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
19
|
Mikešová L, Mikeš J, Kovaľ J, Gyurászová K, Čulka Ľ, Vargová J, Valeková B, Fedoročko P. Conjunction of glutathione level, NAD(P)H/FAD redox status and hypericin content as a potential factor affecting colon cancer cell resistance to photodynamic therapy with hypericin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:470-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
de Visscher SAHJ, Witjes MJH, van der Vegt B, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Amelink A, Sterenborg HJCM, Roodenburg JLN, Robinson DJ. Localization of liposomal mTHPC formulations within normal epithelium, dysplastic tissue, and carcinoma of oral epithelium in the 4NQO-carcinogenesis rat model. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:668-78. [PMID: 24174342 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Foslip and Fospeg are liposomal formulations of the photosensitizer mTHPC (Foscan), which is used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignancies. Literature suggests that liposomal mTHPC formulations have better properties and increased tumor uptake compared to Foscan. To investigate this, we used the 4NQO-induced carcinogen model to compare the localization of the different mTHPC formulations within normal, precancerous, and cancerous tissue. In contrast to xenograft models, the 4NQO model closely mimics the carcinogenesis of human oral dysplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four rats drank water with the carcinogen 4NQO. When oral examination revealed tumor, the rats received 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC (Foscan, Foslip, or Fospeg). At 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, or 96 hours after injection the rats were sacrificed. Oral tissue was sectioned for HE slides and for fluorescence confocal microscopy. The HE slides were scored on the severity of dysplasia by the epithelial atypia index (EAI). The calibrated fluorescence intensity per formulation or time point was correlated to EAI. RESULTS Fospeg showed higher mTHPC fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to both Foscan and Foslip. Significant differences in fluorescence between tumor and normal tissue were found for all formulations. However, at 4, 8, and 24 hours only Fospeg showed a significant difference. The Pearson's correlation between EAI and mTHPC fluorescence proved weak for all formulations. CONCLUSION In our induced carcinogenesis model, Fospeg exhibited a tendency for higher fluorescence in normal and tumor tissue compared to Foslip and Foscan. In contrast to Foscan and Foslip, Fospeg showed significantly higher fluorescence in tumor versus normal tissue at earlier time points, suggesting a possible clinical benefit compared to Foscan. Low correlation between grade of dysplasia and mTHPC fluorescence was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan A H J de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wierzchowski M, Sobotta L, Skupin-Mrugalska P, Kruk J, Jusiak W, Yee M, Konopka K, Düzgüneş N, Tykarska E, Gdaniec M, Mielcarek J, Goslinski T. Phthalocyanines functionalized with 2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazolylethoxy and 1,4,7-trioxanonyl moieties and the effect of metronidazole substitution on photocytotoxicity. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 127:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
22
|
FosPeg® PDT alters the EBV miRNAs and LMP1 protein expression in EBV positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 127:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
23
|
Skupin-Mrugalska P, Piskorz J, Goslinski T, Mielcarek J, Konopka K, Düzgüneş N. Current status of liposomal porphyrinoid photosensitizers. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:776-84. [PMID: 23591149 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete eradication of various targets, such as infectious agents or cancer cells, while leaving healthy host cells untouched, is still a great challenge faced in the field of medicine. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) seems to be a promising approach for anticancer treatment, as well as to combat various dermatologic and ophthalmic diseases and microbial infections. The application of liposomes as delivery systems for porphyrinoids has helped overcome many drawbacks of conventional photosensitizers and facilitated the development of novel effective photosensitizers that can be encapsulated in liposomes. The development, preclinical studies and future directions for liposomal delivery of conventional and novel photosensitizers are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Skupin-Mrugalska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sadasivam M, Avci P, Gupta GK, Lakshmanan S, Chandran R, Huang YY, Kumar R, Hamblin MR. Self-assembled liposomal nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2013; 5. [PMID: 24348377 DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2013-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs the combination of non-toxic photosensitizers (PS) together with harmless visible light of the appropriate wavelength to produce reactive oxygen species that kill unwanted cells. Because many PS are hydrophobic molecules prone to aggregation, numerous drug delivery vehicles have been tested to solubilize these molecules, render them biocompatible and enhance the ease of administration after intravenous injection. The recent rise in nanotechnology has markedly expanded the range of these nanoparticulate delivery vehicles beyond the well-established liposomes and micelles. Self-assembled nanoparticles are formed by judicious choice of monomer building blocks that spontaneously form a well-oriented 3-dimensional structure that incorporates the PS when subjected to the appropriate conditions. This self-assembly process is governed by a subtle interplay of forces on the molecular level. This review will cover the state of the art in the preparation and use of self-assembled liposomal nanoparticles within the context of PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magesh Sadasivam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; and Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gaurav K Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rakkiyappan Chandran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; and Pathology Department, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Raj Kumar
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|