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Ogbonna SJ, Masuda K, Hazama H. The effect of fluence rate and wavelength on the formation of protoporphyrin IX photoproducts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024:10.1007/s43630-024-00611-9. [PMID: 39244727 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic diagnosis and therapy (PDD and PDT) are emerging techniques for diagnosing and treating tumors and malignant diseases. Photoproducts of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) used in PDD and PDT may be used in the diagnosis and treatment, making a detailed analysis of the photoproduct formation under various treatment and diagnosis conditions important.Spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis of photoproduct formation from PpIX dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide were performed under commonly used irradiation conditions for PDD and PDT, i.e., wavelengths of 405 and 635 nm and fluence rates of 10 and 100 mW/cm2. Irradiation resulted in the formation of hydroxyaldehyde photoproduct (photoprotoporphyrin; Ppp) and formyl photoproduct (product II; Pp II) existing in different quantities with the irradiation wavelength and fluence rate. Ppp was dominant under 635 nm irradiation of PpIX, with a fluorescence peak at 673 nm and a protonated monoisotopic peak at m/z 595.3. PpIX irradiation with 405 nm yielded more Pp II, with a fluorescence peak at 654 nm. A higher photoproduct formation was observed at a low fluence rate for irradiation with 635 nm, while irradiation with 405 nm indicated a higher photoproduct formation at a higher fluence rate.The photoproduct formation with the irradiation conditions can be exploited for dosimetry estimation and may be used as an additional photosensitizer to improve the diagnostics and treatment efficacies of PDD and PDT. Differences in environmental conditions of the present study from that of a biological environment may result in a variation in the photoproduct formation rate and may limit their clinical utilization in PDD and PDT. Thus, further investigation of photoproduct formation rates in more complex biological environments, including in vivo, is necessary. However, the results obtained in this study will serve as a basis for understanding reaction processes in such biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sochi J Ogbonna
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Katsuyoshi Masuda
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate Course of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisanao Hazama
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Ikeda N, Furuse M, Futamura G, Kimura S, Nonoguchi N, Kawabata S, Kameda M, Yokoyama K, Takami T, Kawanishi M, Kajimoto Y, Kuroiwa T, Wanibuchi M. The Characteristic of Light Sources and Fluorescence in the 3-Dimensional Digital Exoscope "ORBEYE" for 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Fluorescence-Guided Surgery Compared with a Conventional Microscope. World Neurosurg 2022; 167:e1268-e1274. [PMID: 36087910 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ORBEYE (ORB), an innovative 3-dimensional digital exoscope, is an equipped system for fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the characteristics of fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid and excitation light source with ORB. METHODS The same operative field of glioblastoma was recorded under blue light (BL) excitation using a conventional microscope (MS) and ORB. For in vitro studies, the energy of 405-nm wavelength light in white light and BL modes of each scope was examined in various focal lengths. To examine the degree of photobleaching with BL for each scope, protoporphyrin IX-soaked filter papers were continuously exposed with BL of an MS and ORB, and the video-recorded red fluorescence intensity was analyzed. RESULTS The color tone of tumor-induced red fluorescence was remarkably different under each scope. Furthermore, nonfluorescent normal structures without red fluorescence were well recognized under ORB. The energy of 405-nm wavelength light in BL was significantly higher in ORB than that in an MS, especially in the short focal length. With continuous BL excitation to filter papers, the relative red fluorescence intensity of filter papers was significantly decreased over time in ORB than in an MS. In low protoporphyrin IX concentration, the difference was more significant. CONCLUSIONS With ORB, the good visibility due to BL energy as compared with an MS might improve the surgical manipulation even in BL mode. However, the weak fluorescent tissue and short focal length should be carefully considered because photobleaching might be critical for FGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokado Ikeda
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Motomasa Furuse
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gen Futamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dai-ichi Towakai Hospital, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seigo Kimura
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naosuke Nonoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Takami
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawanishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Kajimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Tesseikai Neurosurgical Hospital, Shijonawate, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Wanibuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Sasaki M, Tanaka M, Ichikawa H, Suzuki T, Nishie H, Ozeki K, Shimura T, Kubota E, Tanida S, Kataoka H. 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) accumulates in GIST-T1 cells and photodynamic diagnosis using 5-ALA identifies gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in xenograft tumor models. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249650. [PMID: 33826667 PMCID: PMC8026038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) diagnosis using conventional gastrointestinal endoscopy is difficult because such malignancies cannot be distinguished from other types of submucosal tumors. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is based on the preferential uptake of photosensitizers by tumor tissues and its detection by fluorescence emission upon laser excitation. In this study, we investigated whether PDD using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a standard photosensitizer used worldwide, could be used for GIST diagnosis. 5-ALA is metabolized to endogenous fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). We examined the accumulation of PpIX in GIST-T1 cells using flow cytometry and immunofluorescent staining. Furthermore, we established GIST-T1 xenograft mouse models and examined PpIX accumulation in the resultant tumors. PpIX accumulated in GIST-T1 cells and was localized mainly to lysosomes. PpIX accumulation was also observed in murine xenograft tumors. Moreover, tumor and normal tissues could be distinctly identified by relative PpIX fluorescence. Thus, our results demonstrated that PDD with 5-ALA has substantial clinical potential for GIST diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taketo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirotada Nishie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiji Ozeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaya Shimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Mizuno M, Mitsui H, Kajiyama H, Teshigawara T, Inoue K, Takahashi K, Ishii T, Ishizuka M, Nakajima M, Kikkawa F. Efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid and LED photodynamic therapy in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102004. [PMID: 33022421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Aminolaevulinic acid (5ALA) is a precursor of the strong sensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the heme synthesis pathway. We conducted aclinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5ALA photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a light-emitting diode (LED) in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). METHODS Data for 51 CIN patients who underwent 5ALA-PDT between 2012 and 2017 were prospectively analysed. After a 20 % 5ALA jelly formulation was topically applied to the cervix, the region was irradiated with red light at approximately 633 nm to excite PpIX for treatment. We estimated outcomes by cytology, pathology, and human papilloma virus (HPV) testing after PDT. RESULTS Patients underwent two PDT sessions at one-week intervals during outpatient treatment and achieved favourable results without photosensitivity and severe adverse events. Over a long follow-up period, 96.1 % of all patients showed some positive effects, including approximately 70 % with a complete response (CR), 10 % with a partial response, and 15 % with downgrades. The HPV clearance rate in patients with CR was 79.4 %. Recurrence occurred in five patients who mostly remained HPV-positive after PDT. CONCLUSIONS Based on our study, topical 5ALA-PDT using an LED light source potentially represents a safe treatment for CIN on an outpatient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Mizuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Mitsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiya Teshigawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Katsushi Inoue
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 19F, Roppongi 1-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Takahashi
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 19F, Roppongi 1-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishii
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 19F, Roppongi 1-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishizuka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 19F, Roppongi 1-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Izumi Garden Tower 19F, Roppongi 1-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6020, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsuruma-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Belykh E, Nelson LY, Seibel EJ, Preul MC. Letter to the Editor: Factors that Influence Quantification of Fluorescent Signal During the 5-ALA-Guided Surgery. World Neurosurg 2020; 139:700-702. [PMID: 32689689 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Belykh
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Leonard Y Nelson
- Human Photonics Lab, University of Washington, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric J Seibel
- Human Photonics Lab, University of Washington, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark C Preul
- The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
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Kanehira K, Yano Y, Hasumi H, Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Hanazaki K, Yao M. Fluorescence Enhancement Effect of TiO 2 Nanoparticles and Application for Photodynamic Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3698. [PMID: 31357730 PMCID: PMC6695909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) can improve diagnostic accuracy by using PDD agents such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). However, the weakness and photobleaching of fluorescence of PDD agents may lead to insufficient fluorescence visibility for the detection of cancer during resection operations. We focused on the "fluorescence enhancement effect" resulting from the addition of polyethylene glycol-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-PEG NPs) to address these problems. The results showed that the combined administration of TiO2-PEG NPs and ALA could enhance and prolong fluorescence in bladder cancer cells, similar to in the mixture alone. It was suggested that the fluorescence enhancement was related to the accumulation of TiO2-PEG NPs in cells via endocytosis, causing the light scattering and enhancement of fluorescence. This fluorescence enhancement effect could be applicable for PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kanehira
- Biotechnology Group, TOTO Ltd. Research Institute, Chigasaki 253-8577, Japan.
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Yano
- Biotechnology Group, TOTO Ltd. Research Institute, Chigasaki 253-8577, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hanazaki
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Kitajima Y, Ishii T, Kohda T, Ishizuka M, Yamazaki K, Nishimura Y, Tanaka T, Dan S, Nakajima M. Mechanistic study of PpIX accumulation using the JFCR39 cell panel revealed a role for dynamin 2-mediated exocytosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8666. [PMID: 31209282 PMCID: PMC6572817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has recently been employed for photodynamic diagnosis (ALA-PDD) and photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) of various types of cancer because hyperproliferating tumor cells do not utilize oxidative phosphorylation and do not efficiently produce heme; instead, they accumulate protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is a precursor of heme that is activated by violet light irradiation that results in the production of red fluorescence and singlet oxygen. The efficiencies of ALA-PDD and ALA-PDT depend on the efficient cellular uptake of 5-ALA and the inefficient excretion of PpIX. We employed the JFCR39 cell panel to determine whether tumor cells originating from different tissues can produce and accumulate PpIX. We also investigated cellular factors/molecules involved in PpIX excretion by tumor cells with the JFCR39 cell panel. Unexpectedly, the expression levels of ABCG2, which has been considered to play a major role in PpIX extracellular transport, did not show a strong correlation with PpIX excretion levels in the JFCR39 cell panel, although an ABCG2 inhibitor significantly increased intracellular PpIX accumulation in several tumor cell lines. In contrast, the expression levels of dynamin 2, which is a cell membrane-associated molecule involved in exocytosis, were correlated with the PpIX excretion levels. Moreover, inhibitors of dynamin significantly suppressed PpIX excretion and increased the intracellular levels of PpIX. This is the first report demonstrating the causal relationship between dynamin 2 expression and PpIX excretion in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kanami Yamazaki
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japan Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nishimura
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japan Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Dan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japan Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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Matsuda F, Ikeda N, Kajimoto Y, Nonoguchi N, Takeuchi K, Fukumura M, Kawabata S, Furuse M, Sugano T, Sato T, Saito K, Kuroiwa T. Neurosurgical microscopic solid laser-based light inhibits photobleaching during fluorescence-guided brain tumor removal with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:120-124. [PMID: 28935534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence image guided surgery (FIGS) with 5-aminolevulinic acid for malignant gliomas improves surgical outcome. One of the problems during FIGS is photobleaching under surgical microscopic white light. A solid laser-based white light source for neurosurgery that we developed does not include light with a wavelength of around 405nm, which is strongly absorbed by protoporphyrin IX. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of this light source to prevent the photobleaching of protoporphyrin IX-induced fluorescence. METHODS Filter papers transfused with protoporphyrin IX solution and a coronally sectioned F98 glioma rat model pretreated with 50mg/kg 5-aminolevulinic acid were continuously exposed to white light. One group was exposed to conventional xenon-based white light and another group was exposed to laser-based white light. Fluorescence at a wavelength of 635nm was measured with a radiospectrometer (in vitro study) and the relative fluorescence brightness was also measured in digital images (in vivo study) under excitation from violet blue light emitted from diodes every 5min. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Estimated time for 50% photobleaching was prolonged about two times in the laser-based white light exposure group compared with that in the xenon-based white light exposure group (9.1/18.7min). In the brain tumor rat model, it was also prolonged about 2.7 times (15.1/40.7min). A laser-based white light source may inhibit photobleaching during FIGS for malignant gliomas. This light source for neurosurgical microscopy has the potential to prolong the prognosis of malignant glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Naokado Ikeda
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Yoshinaga Kajimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Naosuke Nonoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Koji Takeuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masao Fukumura
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Motomasa Furuse
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sugano
- Mitsubishi Electric Engineering Co., Ltd., 1 Baba-Zusho, Nagaokakyo, Kyoto 617-8550, Japan
| | - Taku Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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