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Křikavová R, Romanovová M, Jendželovská Z, Majerník M, Masaryk L, Zoufalý P, Milde D, Moncol J, Herchel R, Jendželovský R, Nemec I. Impact of the central atom and halido ligand on the structure, antiproliferative activity and selectivity of half-sandwich Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole-based ligand. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12717-12732. [PMID: 37610172 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01696j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Half-sandwich complexes [Ru(η6-pcym)(L1)X]PF6 (1, 3) and [Ir(η5-Cp*)(L1)X]PF6 (2, 4) featuring a thiadiazole-based ligand L1 (2-(furan-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole) were synthesized and characterized by varied analytical methods, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction (X = Cl or I, pcym = p-cymene, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). The structures of the molecules were analysed and interpreted using computational methods such as Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QT-AIM). A 1H NMR spectroscopy study showed that complexes 1-3 exhibited hydrolytic stability while 4 underwent partial iodido/chlorido ligand exchange in phosphate-buffered saline. Moreover, 1-4 demonstrated the ability to oxidize NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to NAD+ with Ir(III) complexes 2 and 4 displaying higher catalytic activity compared to their Ru(II) analogues. None of the complexes interacted with reduced glutathione (GSH). Additionally, 1-4 exhibited greater lipophilicity than cisplatin. In vitro biological analyses were performed in healthy cell lines (CCD-18Co colon and CCD-1072Sk foreskin fibroblasts) as well as in cisplatin-sensitive (A2780) and -resistant (A2780cis) ovarian cancer cell lines. The results indicated that Ir(III) complexes 2 and 4 had no effect on human fibroblasts, demonstrating their selectivity. In contrast, complexes 1 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on the metabolic and proliferation activities of the cancer cells tested (selectivity index SI > 3.4 for 4 and 2.6 for cisplatin; SI = IC50(A2780)/IC50(CCD-18Co)), including the cisplatin-resistant cancer cell line. Based on these findings, it is possible to emphasize that mainly complex 4 could represent a further step in the development of selective and highly effective anticancer agents, particularly against resistant tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Křikavová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Romanovová
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Jendželovská
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Majerník
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Masaryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Zoufalý
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - David Milde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Moncol
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava SK-81237, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Herchel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Khorsandi K, Hosseinzadeh R, Esfahani H, Zandsalimi K, Shahidi FK, Abrahamse H. Accelerating skin regeneration and wound healing by controlled ROS from photodynamic treatment. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:40. [PMID: 36192814 PMCID: PMC9529607 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolisms produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are essential for cellular signaling pathways and physiological functions. Nevertheless, ROS act as “double-edged swords” that have an unstable redox balance between ROS production and removal. A little raise of ROS results in cell proliferation enhancement, survival, and soft immune responses, while a high level of ROS could lead to cellular damage consequently protein, nucleic acid, and lipid damages and finally cell death. ROS play an important role in various pathological circumstances. On the contrary, ROS can show selective toxicity which is used against cancer cells and pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on three important components including a photosensitizer (PS), oxygen, and light. Upon excitation of the PS at a specific wavelength, the PDT process begins which leads to ROS generation. ROS produced during PDT could induce two different pathways. If PDT produces control and low ROS, it can lead to cell proliferation and differentiation. However, excess production of ROS by PDT causes cellular photo damage which is the main mechanism used in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the functions of ROS in living systems and describes role of PDT in production of controllable ROS and finally a special focus on current ROS-generating therapeutic protocols for regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Reza Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Academic center for education, culture and research, Urmia, Iran
| | - HomaSadat Esfahani
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kavosh Zandsalimi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fedora Khatibi Shahidi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
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Acridine Based N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents: Synthesis, Characterization and ctDNA/HSA Spectroscopic Binding Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092883. [PMID: 35566236 PMCID: PMC9100673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel acridine N-acylhydrazone derivatives have been synthesized as potential topoisomerase I/II inhibitors, and their binding (calf thymus DNA—ctDNA and human serum albumin—HSA) and biological activities as potential anticancer agents on proliferation of A549 and CCD-18Co have been evaluated. The acridine-DNA complex 3b (-F) displayed the highest Kb value (Kb = 3.18 × 103 M−1). The HSA-derivatives interactions were studied by fluorescence quenching spectra. This method was used for the calculation of characteristic binding parameters. In the presence of warfarin, the binding constant values were found to decrease (KSV = 2.26 M−1, Kb = 2.54 M−1), suggesting that derivative 3a could bind to HSA at Sudlow site I. The effect of tested derivatives on metabolic activity of A549 cells evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide or MTT assay decreased as follows 3b(-F) > 3a(-H) > 3c(-Cl) > 3d(-Br). The derivatives 3c and 3d in vitro act as potential dual inhibitors of hTopo I and II with a partial effect on the metabolic activity of cancer cells A594. The acridine-benzohydrazides 3a and 3c reduced the clonogenic ability of A549 cells by 72% or 74%, respectively. The general results of the study suggest that the novel compounds show potential for future development as anticancer agents.
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Hu J, Song J, Tang Z, Wei S, Chen L, Zhou R. Hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy inhibits growth of colorectal cancer cells via inducing S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 900:174071. [PMID: 33811836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one type of cancer with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a promising new therapeutic approach for cancer, induces tumor damage through photosensitizer-mediated oxidative cytotoxicity. Hypericin is a powerful photosensitizer with pronounced tumor-localizing properties. In this study, we investigated the phototoxic effects of hypericin-mediated PDT (HYP-PDT) in HCT116 and SW620 cells. We validated that HYP-PDT inhibited cell proliferation, triggered intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, induced S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HCT116 and SW620 cells. Mechanistically, the results of western blot showed that HYP-PDT downregulated CDK2 expression through decreasing the CDC25A protein, which resulted in the decrease of CDK2/Cyclin A complex. Additionally, HYP-PDT induced DNA damage as evidenced by ATM activation and upregulation of p-H2AX. Further investigation showed that HYP-PDT significantly increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression, and then, upregulated the expression of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, thereby inducing apoptosis in HCT116 and SW620 cells. In conclusion, our results indicated that the CDC25A/CDK2/Cyclin A pathway and the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were involved in HYP-PDT induced S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells, which shows HYP could be a probable candidate used for treating colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Hu
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangluqi Song
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhishu Tang
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Simin Wei
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Anti-Human Cancer Experiments Investigating the Use of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) for Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030229. [PMID: 33800109 PMCID: PMC8000125 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an amino acid derivative and a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). The photophysical feature of PpIX is clinically used in photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). These clinical applications are potentially based on in vitro cell culture experiments. Thus, conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro 5-ALA PDT experiments is meaningful and may provide opportunities to consider future perspectives in this field. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed to summarize the in vitro 5-ALA PDT experiments and calculated the effectiveness of 5-ALA PDT for several cancer cell types. In total, 412 articles were identified, and 77 were extracted based on our inclusion criteria. The calculated effectiveness of 5-ALA PDT was statistically analyzed, which revealed a tendency of cancer-classification-dependent sensitivity to 5-ALA PDT, and stomach cancer was significantly more sensitive to 5-ALA PDT compared with cancers of different origins. Based on our analysis, we suggest a standardized in vitro experimental protocol for 5-ALA PDT.
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Suváková M, Majerník M, Jendželovský R, Hovan A, Bánó G, Fedoročko P, Antalík M. In vitro study of disodium cromoglicate as a novel effective hydrotrope solvent for hypericin utilisation in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111855. [PMID: 32220773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (HY) is a naphthodianthrone that naturally occurs in Hypericum perforatum L. It is a promising photosensitiser used in photodynamic therapy for and diagnosis of oncological diseases. However, its hydrophobic character is an obstacle that has prevented its efficient use. The commonly used solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is a controversial constituent of HY formulations and its use has been rejected by many researchers studying HY both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we propose the utilisation of hydrotropy to solubilise HY in an aqueous environment. Cromolyn (DSCG) is a non-toxic, well-tolerated, antiallergic drug that has been employed in clinical practice since 1970, and in aqueous solution it acts as a hydrotrope. At a molecular ratio of 1:12,000 HY to DSCG, the compound is able to solubilise HY in aqueous environment. In an HT-29 cell suspension, DSCG (1.8 mmol L-1) considerably enhances the interaction between HY (150 nmol L-1) and HT-29 cells, which leads to an HY fluorescence emission increase with a half-time approximately 2 min compared to 29 min for samples that lack DSCG. Studies using HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells showed that DSCG at a given concentration significantly improved accumulation of HY within cells compared to DMSO (p < 0.05) despite the relative resistance of the HT-29 cell line to HY-PDT. Though no significant difference between total reactive oxygen species production was observed for photoactivated HY dissolved in DMSO and DSCG, significant singlet oxygen generation by photoactivated HY dissolved in a DSCG-containing water solution at the studied molecular ratio was confirmed. We also clarified that DSCG does not act as a scavenger of ABTS and galvinoxyl free radicals. The results from an MTT assay showed that DSCG also significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of photoactivated HY compared to DMSO (p < 0.05). This study has demonstrated the ability of DSCG to act as a solvent of HY and enhance the effectiveness of HY-PDT compared to the commonly used organic solvent, DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Suváková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Majerník
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Andrej Hovan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Marián Antalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bulharská 6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
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Nompumelelo Simelane NW, Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41560-41576. [PMID: 35516575 PMCID: PMC9058000 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the various photo diagnostic and treatment methods utilized for CRC, over the last seven years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cherie Ann Kruger
- Laser Research Centre
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of Johannesburg
- Johannesburg 2028
- South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of Johannesburg
- Johannesburg 2028
- South Africa
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Jendželovský R, Jendželovská Z, Kuchárová B, Fedoročko P. Breast cancer resistance protein is the enemy of hypericin accumulation and toxicity of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2173-2181. [PMID: 30551474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) belongs to the family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, overexpression of which can confer a multidrug-resistant phenotype in cancer cells and tumors. BCRP mediates efflux of numerous xenobiotics, including various chemotherapeutic agents and photosensitizers. Hypericin (HY) is a naturally-occurring photosensitizer synthesized by plants of the genus Hypericum. Our recently published results indicate that accumulation of HY in cancer cells of different tissue origin can be affected mostly by BCRP. Considering all known facts, the main goal of this study was to verify whether not only HY accumulation but also toxicity of HY-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be affected by the presence of some ABC transporters. To specifically prove our hypothesis, we used an experimental model of human leukemia cell lines differing in the expression level of the main drug efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and BCRP. The lowest HY accumulation, and consequently the highest resistance to HY-PDT, was found in cells overexpressing BCRP. Moreover, pretreatment with BCRP inhibitor Ko143 significantly increased HY accumulation and sensitized cells to HY-PDT. Therefore, our findings represent direct evidence that BCRP is the nemesis of HY accumulation and toxicity of HY-PDT. Thus, we should emphasize that individualized screening for BCRP expression and activity may represent a useful tool for prediction of HY-mediated photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) or PDT effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Jendželovská
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Barbora Kuchárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
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Vargová J, Mikeš J, Jendželovský R, Mikešová L, Kuchárová B, Čulka Ľ, Fedr R, Remšík J, Souček K, Kozubík A, Fedoročko P. Hypericin affects cancer side populations via competitive inhibition of BCRP. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:511-522. [PMID: 29665654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) are considered a root of tumorigenicity and resistance. However, their identification remains challenging. The use of the side population (SP) assay as a credible marker of CSLCs remains controversial. The SP assay relies on the elevated activity of ABC transporters that, in turn, can be modulated by hypericin (HYP), a photosensitizer and bioactive compound of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), a popular over-the-counter antidepressant. Here we aimed to comprehensively characterize the SP phenotype of cancer cells and to determine the impact of HYP on these cells. METHODS Flow cytometry and sorting-based assays were employed, including CD24-, CD44-, CD133-, and ALDH-positivity, clonogenicity, 3D-forming ability, ABC transporter expression and activity, and intracellular accumulation of HYP/Hoechst 33342. The tumorigenic ability of SP, nonSP, and HYP-treated cells was verified by xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS The SP phenotype was associated with elevated expression of several investigated transporters and more intensive growth in non-adherent conditions but not with higher clonogenicity, tumorigenicity or ALDH-positivity. Despite stimulated BCRP level and MRP1 activity, HYP reversibly decreased the SP proportion, presumably via competitive inhibition of BCRP. HYP-selected SP cells acquired additional traits of resistance and extensively eliminated HYP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SP is not an unequivocal CSLC-marker. However, SP could play an important role in modulating HYP-treatment and serve as a negative predictive tool for HYP-based therapies. Moreover, the use of supplements containing HYP by cancer patients should be carefully considered, due to its proposed effect on drug efflux and complex impact on tumor cells, which have not yet been sufficiently characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vargová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikeš
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Mikešová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Kuchárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Čulka
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Remšík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Jendželovská Z, Jendželovský R, Kuchárová B, Fedoročko P. Hypericin in the Light and in the Dark: Two Sides of the Same Coin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:560. [PMID: 27200034 PMCID: PMC4859072 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin (4,5,7,4',5',7'-hexahydroxy-2,2'-dimethylnaphtodianthrone) is a naturally occurring chromophore found in some species of the genus Hypericum, especially Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort), and in some basidiomycetes (Dermocybe spp.) or endophytic fungi (Thielavia subthermophila). In recent decades, hypericin has been intensively studied for its broad pharmacological spectrum. Among its antidepressant and light-dependent antiviral actions, hypericin is a powerful natural photosensitizer that is applicable in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various oncological diseases. As the accumulation of hypericin is significantly higher in neoplastic tissue than in normal tissue, it can be used in photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) as an effective fluorescence marker for tumor detection and visualization. In addition, light-activated hypericin acts as a strong pro-oxidant agent with antineoplastic and antiangiogenic properties, since it effectively induces the apoptosis, necrosis or autophagy of cancer cells. Moreover, a strong affinity of hypericin for necrotic tissue was discovered. Thus, hypericin and its radiolabeled derivatives have been recently investigated as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive targeting of tissue necrosis in numerous disorders, including solid tumors. On the other hand, several light-independent actions of hypericin have also been described, even though its effects in the dark have not been studied as intensively as those of photoactivated hypericin. Various experimental studies have revealed no cytotoxicity of hypericin in the dark; however, it can serve as a potential antimetastatic and antiangiogenic agent. On the contrary, hypericin can induce the expression of some ABC transporters, which are often associated with the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells. Moreover, the hypericin-mediated attenuation of the cytotoxicity of some chemotherapeutics was revealed. Therefore, hypericin might represent another St. John's wort metabolite that is potentially responsible for negative herb-drug interactions. The main aim of this review is to summarize the benefits of photoactivated and non-activated hypericin, mainly in preclinical and clinical applications, and to uncover the "dark side" of this secondary metabolite, focusing on MDR mechanisms.
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Soares HT, Campos JRS, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Schaberle FA, Dabrowski JM, Arnaut LG. Pro-oxidant and Antioxidant Effects in Photodynamic Therapy: Cells Recognise that Not All Exogenous ROS Are Alike. Chembiochem 2016; 17:836-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helder T. Soares
- Chemistry Department; Universidade de Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Joana R. S. Campos
- Chemistry Department; Universidade de Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | | | - Janusz M. Dabrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; Ingardena 3 30-060 Kraków Poland
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- Chemistry Department; Universidade de Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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Verebova V, Belej D, Joniova J, Jurasekova Z, Miskovsky P, Kozar T, Horvath D, Stanicova J, Huntosova V. Deeper insights into the drug defense of glioma cells against hydrophobic molecules. Int J Pharm 2016; 503:56-67. [PMID: 26940808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By means of fluorescence microscopy the intracellular distribution of fluorescent drugs with different hydrophobicity (quinizarin, emodin and hypericin) was studied. Selective photoactivation of these drugs in precisely defined position (nuclear envelope) allowed moderately hydrophobic emodin enter the nucleus. Highly hydrophobic hypericin was predominantly kept in the membranes with no fluorescence observed in the nucleus. The redistribution of quinizarin, emodin and hypericin between lipids, proteins and DNA was studied in solutions and cells. Based on these results was proposed theoretical model of hydrophobic drugs' nuclear internalization after photo-activation. Molecular docking models showed that hypericin has the strongest affinity to P-glycoprotein involved in the cell detoxification. Presence of 10 μM quinizarin, emodin or hypericin increased P-glycoprotein function in U87 MG cells. Moreover, emodin pretreatment allowed quinizarin nuclear internalization without photo-activation, which was not the case for hypericin. The synergy of such pretreatment and photo-activation should lessen the drug doses with simultaneous increase of drug efficacy triggering cell apoptosis/necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Verebova
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Dominik Belej
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Jaroslava Joniova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Jurasekova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Pavol Miskovsky
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Tibor Kozar
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Stanicova
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia; Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovska 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Cort A, Ozben T, Saso L, De Luca C, Korkina L. Redox Control of Multidrug Resistance and Its Possible Modulation by Antioxidants. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4251912. [PMID: 26881027 PMCID: PMC4736404 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4251912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical efficacy of anticancer chemotherapies is dramatically hampered by multidrug resistance (MDR) dependent on inherited traits, acquired defence against toxins, and adaptive mechanisms mounting in tumours. There is overwhelming evidence that molecular events leading to MDR are regulated by redox mechanisms. For example, chemotherapeutics which overrun the first obstacle of redox-regulated cellular uptake channels (MDR1, MDR2, and MDR3) induce a concerted action of phase I/II metabolic enzymes with a temporal redox-regulated axis. This results in rapid metabolic transformation and elimination of a toxin. This metabolic axis is tightly interconnected with the inducible Nrf2-linked pathway, a key switch-on mechanism for upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying systems. As a result, chemotherapeutics and cytotoxic by-products of their metabolism (ROS, hydroperoxides, and aldehydes) are inactivated and MDR occurs. On the other hand, tumour cells are capable of mounting an adaptive antioxidant response against ROS produced by chemotherapeutics and host immune cells. The multiple redox-dependent mechanisms involved in MDR prompted suggesting redox-active drugs (antioxidants and prooxidants) or inhibitors of inducible antioxidant defence as a novel approach to diminish MDR. Pitfalls and progress in this direction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Cort
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sanko University, İncili Pınar, Gazi Muhtar Paşa Bulvarı, Sehitkamil, 27090 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tomris Ozben
- Department of Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Campus, Dumlupınar Street, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, La Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Evidence-Based Well-Being (EB-WB) Ltd., 31 Alt-Stralau, 10245 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liudmila Korkina
- Centre of Innovative Biotechnological Investigations Nanolab, 197 Vernadskogo Prospekt, Moscow 119571, Russia
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Gyurászová K, Mikeš J, Halaburková A, Jendželovský R, Fedoročko P. YM155, a small molecule inhibitor of survivin expression, sensitizes cancer cells to hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:812-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we show for the first time that the repression of survivin expression by YM155 is effective in sensitizing cancer cells to HY-PDT, as measured by the decrease in cell viability and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Gyurászová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology
- Faculty of Science
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice
- Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Jaromír Mikeš
- Institute of Biology and Ecology
- Faculty of Science
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice
- Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Andrea Halaburková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology
- Faculty of Science
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice
- Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology
- Faculty of Science
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice
- Košice
- Slovakia
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology
- Faculty of Science
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice
- Košice
- Slovakia
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KILIÇ SÜLOĞLU A, KARACAOĞLU E, SELMANOĞLU G, AKEL H, KARAASLAN İÇ. Evaluation of apoptotic cell death mechanisms induced by hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy in colon cancer cells. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Kuchárová B, Mikeš J, Jendželovský R, Vargová J, Mikešová L, Jendželovská Z, Kovaľ J, Fedoročko P. Potentiation of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy cytotoxicity by MK-886: Focus on ABC transporters, GDF-15 and redox status. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:490-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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