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Yuan X, Yan F, Gao L, Ma Q, Wang J. Hypericin as a potential drug for treating Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes with a view to drug repositioning. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3307-3321. [PMID: 37183545 PMCID: PMC10580347 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are two of the most common diseases in elderly population and they have a high rate of comorbidity. Study has revealed that T2D is a major risk factor of AD, and thus exploring therapeutic approaches that can target both diseases has drawn much interest in recent years. In this study, we tried to explore drugs that could be potentially used to prevent or treat both AD and T2D via a drug repositioning approach. METHODS We first searched the known drugs that may be effective to T2D treatment based on the network distance between the T2D-associated genes and drugs deposited in the DrugBank database. Then, via molecular docking, we further screened these drugs by examining their interaction with islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and Aβ42 peptide, the key components involved in the pathogenesis of T2D or AD. Finally, the binding between the selected drug candidates and the target proteins was verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation; and the potential function of the drug candidates and the corresponding targets were analyzed. RESULTS From multiple resources, 734 T2D-associated genes were collected, and a list of 1109 drug candidates for T2D was obtained. We found that hypericin had the lowest binding energy and the most stable interaction with either IAPP or Aβ42 peptide. In addition, we also found that the target genes regulated by hypericin were differentially expressed in the tissues related to the two diseases. CONCLUSION Our results show that hypericin may be able to bind with IAPP and Aβ42 stably and prevent their accumulation, and thus could be a promising drug candidate for treating the comorbidity of AD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- School of Biomedical EngineeringTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Fei Yan
- School of Biomedical EngineeringTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Li‐Hui Gao
- School of Biomedical EngineeringTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qian‐Hui Ma
- School of Biomedical EngineeringTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ju Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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Wu JJ, Zhang J, Xia CY, Ding K, Li XX, Pan XG, Xu JK, He J, Zhang WK. Hypericin: A natural anthraquinone as promising therapeutic agent. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154654. [PMID: 36689857 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericin is a prominent secondary metabolite mainly existing in genus Hypericum. It has become a research focus for a quiet long time owing to its extensively pharmacological activities especially the anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and neuroprotective effects. This review concentrated on summarizing and analyzing the existing studies of hypericin in a comprehensive perspective. METHODS The literature with desired information about hypericin published after 2010 was gained from electronic databases including PubMed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and Wan Fang DATA. RESULTS According to extensive preclinical and clinical studies conducted on the hypericin, an organized and comprehensive summary of the natural and artificial sources, strategies for improving the bioactivities, pharmacological activities, drug combination of hypericin was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential of this active compound. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review offered a theoretical guidance for the follow-up research of hypericin. However, the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and structure activity relationship of hypericin should be further studied in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kang Ding
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue-Ge Pan
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Multifunctional Nanoplatforms as a Novel Effective Approach in Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy, to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051075. [PMID: 35631660 PMCID: PMC9143284 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is more than sixty years since the era of modern photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer began. Enhanced selectivity for malignant cells with a reduced selectivity for non-malignant cells and good biocompatibility along with the limited occurrence of side effects are considered to be the most significant advantages of PDT in comparison with conventional therapeutic approaches, e.g., chemotherapy. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance, which is associated with drug efflux transporters, was originally identified in relation to the application of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, over the last thirty years, numerous papers have shown that many photosensitizers are the substrates of efflux transporters, significantly restricting the effectiveness of PDT. The concept of a dynamic nanoplatform offers a possible solution to minimize the multidrug resistance effect in cells affected by PDT. Indeed, recent findings have shown that the utilization of nanoparticles could significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Additionally, multifunctional nanoplatforms could induce the synergistic effect of combined treatment regimens, such as PDT with chemotherapy. Moreover, the surface modifications that are associated with nanoparticle functionalization significantly improve the target potential of PDT or chemo-PDT in multidrug resistant and cancer stem cells.
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Abdelsalam AM, Somaida A, Ambreen G, Ayoub AM, Tariq I, Engelhardt K, Garidel P, Fawaz I, Amin MU, Wojcik M, Bakowsky U. Surface tailored zein as a novel delivery system for hypericin: Application in photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112420. [PMID: 34579929 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zein is an FDA-approved maize protein featured by its manipulative surface and the possibility of fabrication into nanomaterials. Although extensive research has been carried out in zein-based technology, limited work is available for the application of zein in the field of cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this work, we report zein as a carrier for the natural photosensitizer hypericin in the PDT of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. Zein was modified through chemical PEGylation to form PEGylated zein micelles that were compared with two zein nanoparticle formulations physically stabilized by either the lecithin/pluronic mixture or sodium caseinate. FT-IR, 1HNMR and HP-SEC MALS approaches were employed to confirm the chemical PEGylation of zein. Our developed zein nanoparticles and micelles were further characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained results showed relatively smaller sizes and higher encapsulation of hypericin in the micellar zein than the nanoparticle-based formulations. Phototoxicity on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) manifested a dose-dependent toxicity pattern of all designed zein formulations. However, superior cytotoxicity was prominent for the hypericin-based micelles, which was influenced by the higher cellular uptake profile. Consequently, the treated HepG2 cells manifested a higher level of intracellular generated ROS and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, which induced apoptotic cell death. Comparatively, the designed hypericin formulations indicated lower phototoxicity profile in murine fibroblast L929 cells reflecting their safety on normal cells. Our investigations suggested that the surface-modified zein could be employed to enhance the delivery of the hydrophobic hypericin in PDT and pave the way for future in vivo and clinical applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Somaida
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ghazala Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Abdallah M Ayoub
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Imran Tariq
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Allama Iqbal Campus, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Konrad Engelhardt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Fawaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Muhammed U Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wojcik
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch Strasse 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Sun L, Li Z, Shang H, Xin X. Hypericin Enhances Paclitaxel-Induced B16-F10 Cell Apoptosis by Activating a Cytochrome c Release-Dependent Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:652452. [PMID: 34421585 PMCID: PMC8371448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.652452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced inhibitory effect of paclitaxel (PTX) combined with hypericin (HY) on B16-F10 cells may be realized through the ROS-related cytochrome c release pathway. The apoptotic characteristics of the B16-F10 cells, such as DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body formation, were all enhanced in the combined treatment group. Further investigation showed that the combination of paclitaxel and HY could increase the level of mitochondrial damage and the concentration of cytochrome c, causing the expression of caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP.1. Compared with paclitaxel or HY alone, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased significantly, while glutathione reductase (GR) activity and intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels decreased significantly in the combination group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Sun
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huoli Shang
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Xin
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Dong X, Zeng Y, Zhang Z, Fu J, You L, He Y, Hao Y, Gu Z, Yu Z, Qu C, Yin X, Ni J, Cruz LJ. Hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer: a review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 73:425-436. [PMID: 33793828 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypericin is a polycyclic aromatic naphthodianthrone that occurs naturally. It is also an active ingredient in some species of the genus Hypericum. Emerging evidence suggests that hypericin has attracted great attention as a potential anticancer drug and exhibits remarkable antiproliferative effect upon irradiation on various tumour cells. This paper aims to summarise the anticancer effect and molecular mechanisms modulated by hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy and its potential role in the cancer treatment. KEY FINDINGS Hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy could inhibit the proliferation of various tumour cells including bladder, colon, breast, cervical, glioma, leukaemia, hepatic, melanoma, lymphoma and lung cancers. The effect is primarily mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), JNK, PI3K, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP)/TRIB3/Akt/mTOR, TRAIL/TRAIL-receptor, c-Met and Ephrin-Eph, the mitochondria and extrinsic signalling pathways. Furthermore, hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy in conjunction with chemotherapeutic agents or targeted therapies is more effective in inhibiting the growth of tumour cells. SUMMARY During the past few decades, the anticancer properties of photoactivated hypericin have been extensively investigated. Hypericin-medicated photodynamic therapy can modulate a variety of proteins and genes and exhibit a great potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Hao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zili Gu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenfeng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Interaction Between Near-Infrared Radiation and Temozolomide in a Glioblastoma Multiform Cell Line: A Treatment Strategy? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:91-104. [PMID: 32236902 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potential therapeutic modality against cancer, resulting from the interaction of a photosensitizer (PS) and radiation that generates damage to tumor cells. The use of near-infrared radiation (IR-A) is relevant because presents recognized biological effects, such as antioxidant, neuroprotective and antitumor effects. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm with high proliferation and tissue invasion capacity and is resistant to radio and chemotherapy. Here, we evaluated in vitro the possible interaction of temozolomide (TMZ) with IR-A in a glioblastoma cell line (C6) and in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCat) how non-tumor cell model, in an attempt to search for a new treatment strategy. The effects of TMZ, IR-A and the interaction between TMZ and IR-A was evaluated by viability exclusion with trypan blue. To perform the interaction experiments, we have chosen 10 μM TMZ and 4.5 J/cm2 of IR-A. From this, we evaluated cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels (ROS), as well as the process of cell migration and the P-gp and MRP-1 activity. Cell death mainly due to apoptosis, followed by necrosis, decreased cell proliferation, increased ROS levels, decreased cell migration and decreased P-gp and MRP1 activity were observed only when there was interaction between TMZ and IR-A in the C6 cell line. The interaction between TMZ and IR-A was not able to affect cell proliferation in the HaCat non-tumor cell line. Our results suggest that this interaction could be a promising approach and that in the future may serve as an antitumor strategy for PDT application.
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Khot MI, Downey CL, Armstrong G, Svavarsdottir HS, Jarral F, Andrew H, Jayne DG. The role of ABCG2 in modulating responses to anti-cancer photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 29:101579. [PMID: 31639455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) transmembrane protein transporter is known for conferring resistance to treatment in cancers. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anti-cancer method involving the use of light-activated photosensitisers to precisely induce oxidative stress and cell death in cancers. ABCG2 can efflux photosensitisers from out of cells, reducing the capacity of PDT and limiting the efficacy of treatment. Many studies have attempted to elucidate the relationship between the expression of ABCG2 in cancers, its effect on the cellular retention of photosensitisers and its impact on PDT. This review looks at the studies which investigate the effect of ABCG2 on a range of different photosensitisers in different pre-clinical models of cancer. This work also evaluates the approaches that are being investigated to address the role of ABCG2 in PDT with an outlook on potential clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibrahim Khot
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Candice L Downey
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gemma Armstrong
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Fazain Jarral
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Andrew
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David G Jayne
- School of Medicine, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Jendželovský R, Jendželovská Z, Kuchárová B, Fedoročko P. Breast cancer resistance protein is the enemy of hypericin accumulation and toxicity of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2173-2181. [PMID: 30551474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) belongs to the family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, overexpression of which can confer a multidrug-resistant phenotype in cancer cells and tumors. BCRP mediates efflux of numerous xenobiotics, including various chemotherapeutic agents and photosensitizers. Hypericin (HY) is a naturally-occurring photosensitizer synthesized by plants of the genus Hypericum. Our recently published results indicate that accumulation of HY in cancer cells of different tissue origin can be affected mostly by BCRP. Considering all known facts, the main goal of this study was to verify whether not only HY accumulation but also toxicity of HY-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be affected by the presence of some ABC transporters. To specifically prove our hypothesis, we used an experimental model of human leukemia cell lines differing in the expression level of the main drug efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and BCRP. The lowest HY accumulation, and consequently the highest resistance to HY-PDT, was found in cells overexpressing BCRP. Moreover, pretreatment with BCRP inhibitor Ko143 significantly increased HY accumulation and sensitized cells to HY-PDT. Therefore, our findings represent direct evidence that BCRP is the nemesis of HY accumulation and toxicity of HY-PDT. Thus, we should emphasize that individualized screening for BCRP expression and activity may represent a useful tool for prediction of HY-mediated photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) or PDT effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Jendželovská
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Barbora Kuchárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
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Vargová J, Mikeš J, Jendželovský R, Mikešová L, Kuchárová B, Čulka Ľ, Fedr R, Remšík J, Souček K, Kozubík A, Fedoročko P. Hypericin affects cancer side populations via competitive inhibition of BCRP. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:511-522. [PMID: 29665654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) are considered a root of tumorigenicity and resistance. However, their identification remains challenging. The use of the side population (SP) assay as a credible marker of CSLCs remains controversial. The SP assay relies on the elevated activity of ABC transporters that, in turn, can be modulated by hypericin (HYP), a photosensitizer and bioactive compound of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), a popular over-the-counter antidepressant. Here we aimed to comprehensively characterize the SP phenotype of cancer cells and to determine the impact of HYP on these cells. METHODS Flow cytometry and sorting-based assays were employed, including CD24-, CD44-, CD133-, and ALDH-positivity, clonogenicity, 3D-forming ability, ABC transporter expression and activity, and intracellular accumulation of HYP/Hoechst 33342. The tumorigenic ability of SP, nonSP, and HYP-treated cells was verified by xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS The SP phenotype was associated with elevated expression of several investigated transporters and more intensive growth in non-adherent conditions but not with higher clonogenicity, tumorigenicity or ALDH-positivity. Despite stimulated BCRP level and MRP1 activity, HYP reversibly decreased the SP proportion, presumably via competitive inhibition of BCRP. HYP-selected SP cells acquired additional traits of resistance and extensively eliminated HYP. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SP is not an unequivocal CSLC-marker. However, SP could play an important role in modulating HYP-treatment and serve as a negative predictive tool for HYP-based therapies. Moreover, the use of supplements containing HYP by cancer patients should be carefully considered, due to its proposed effect on drug efflux and complex impact on tumor cells, which have not yet been sufficiently characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vargová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikeš
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Mikešová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Kuchárová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Čulka
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Remšík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 041 54, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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11
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Zhang Y, Shang K, Wu X, Song S, Li Z, Pei Z, Pei Y. Highly efficient green synthesis and photodynamic therapeutic study of hypericin and its derivatives. RSC Adv 2018; 8:21786-21792. [PMID: 35541722 PMCID: PMC9080980 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient synthetic pathway for hypericin (7a) was achieved under mild conditions with an overall yield over two steps of 92% using emodinanthrone as a starting material, where protohypericin, a key precursor of hypericin, was synthesized in water with microwave assistance, which was then photocyclized to hypericin with a high yield via 1 h irradiation in a visible light reactor equipped with 575 nm monochromatic lamps. In addition, the method could be used to synthesize hypericin derivatives (7b–d) with similar overall yields. Furthermore, their effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) were evaluated on A431, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cell lines. The PDT of 7b was better than that of 7a, whereas 7c and 7d were worse. Unlike other cell lines, MCF-7 was not sensitive to any of 7a–d at the same concentrations. A highly efficient synthetic pathway for hypericin as well as its derivatives was achieved under mild and green conditions with high yields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- PR China
| | - Kun Shang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- PR China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- PR China
| | - Siyu Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- PR China
| | - Zebo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- PR China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- PR China
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- PR China
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Jendželovská Z, Jendželovský R, Kuchárová B, Fedoročko P. Hypericin in the Light and in the Dark: Two Sides of the Same Coin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:560. [PMID: 27200034 PMCID: PMC4859072 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin (4,5,7,4',5',7'-hexahydroxy-2,2'-dimethylnaphtodianthrone) is a naturally occurring chromophore found in some species of the genus Hypericum, especially Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort), and in some basidiomycetes (Dermocybe spp.) or endophytic fungi (Thielavia subthermophila). In recent decades, hypericin has been intensively studied for its broad pharmacological spectrum. Among its antidepressant and light-dependent antiviral actions, hypericin is a powerful natural photosensitizer that is applicable in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of various oncological diseases. As the accumulation of hypericin is significantly higher in neoplastic tissue than in normal tissue, it can be used in photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) as an effective fluorescence marker for tumor detection and visualization. In addition, light-activated hypericin acts as a strong pro-oxidant agent with antineoplastic and antiangiogenic properties, since it effectively induces the apoptosis, necrosis or autophagy of cancer cells. Moreover, a strong affinity of hypericin for necrotic tissue was discovered. Thus, hypericin and its radiolabeled derivatives have been recently investigated as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive targeting of tissue necrosis in numerous disorders, including solid tumors. On the other hand, several light-independent actions of hypericin have also been described, even though its effects in the dark have not been studied as intensively as those of photoactivated hypericin. Various experimental studies have revealed no cytotoxicity of hypericin in the dark; however, it can serve as a potential antimetastatic and antiangiogenic agent. On the contrary, hypericin can induce the expression of some ABC transporters, which are often associated with the multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells. Moreover, the hypericin-mediated attenuation of the cytotoxicity of some chemotherapeutics was revealed. Therefore, hypericin might represent another St. John's wort metabolite that is potentially responsible for negative herb-drug interactions. The main aim of this review is to summarize the benefits of photoactivated and non-activated hypericin, mainly in preclinical and clinical applications, and to uncover the "dark side" of this secondary metabolite, focusing on MDR mechanisms.
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