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Erden F. Graphene Oxide/Cholesterol-Substituted Zinc Phthalocyanine Composites with Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7060. [PMID: 38004990 PMCID: PMC10672206 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, cholesterol (Chol)-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (Chol-ZnPc) and its composite with graphene oxide (GO) were prepared for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. Briefly, Chol-substituted phthalonitrile (Chol-phthalonitrile) was synthesized first through the substitution of Chol to the phthalonitrile group over the oxygen bridge. Then, Chol-ZnPc was synthesized by a tetramerization reaction of Chol-phthalonitrile with ZnCl2 in a basic medium. Following this, GO was introduced to Chol-ZnPc, and the successful preparation of the samples was verified through FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, SEM, and elemental analysis. Regarding PDT properties, we report that Chol-ZnPc exhibited a singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) of 0.54, which is slightly lower than unsubstituted ZnPc. Upon introduction of GO, the GO/Chol-ZnPc composite exhibited a higher Φ∆, about 0.78, than that of unsubstituted ZnPc. Moreover, this enhancement was realized with a simultaneous improvement in fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) to 0.36. In addition, DPPH results suggest low antioxidant activity in the composite despite the presence of GO. Overall, GO/Chol-ZnPc might provide combined benefits for PDT, particularly in terms of image guidance and singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Erden
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58000 Sivas, Türkiye
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2
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Karanlık CC, Karanlık G, Gok B, Budama-Kilinc Y, Kecel-Gunduz S, Erdoğmuş A. Exploring anticancer properties of novel Nano-Formulation of BODIPY Compound, Photophysicochemical, in vitro and in silico evaluations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 301:122964. [PMID: 37302199 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new BODIPY complex (C4) composed of meso- thienyl-pyridine substituted core unit diiodinated from 2- and 6- positions and distyryl moieties at 3- and 5- positions is synthesized. Nano-sized formulation of C4 is prepared by single emulsion method using poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCL) polymer. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity values of C4 loaded PCL nanoparticles (C4@PCL-NPs) are calculated and in vitro release profile of C4 is determined. The cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activity are conducted on the L929 and MCF-7 cell lines. Cellular uptake study is performed and interaction between C4@PCL-NPs and MCF-7 cell line is investigated. Anti-cancer activity of C4 is predicted with molecular docking studies and the inhibition property on EGFR, ERα, PR and mTOR are investigated for its anticancer properties. Molecular interactions, binding positions and docking score energies between C4 and EGFR, ERα, PR and mTOR targets are revealed using in silico methods. The druglikeness and pharmacokinetic properties of C4 are evaluated using the SwissADME and its bioavailability and toxicity profiles are assessed using the SwissADME, preADMET and pkCSM servers. In conclusion, the potential use of C4 as an anti-cancer agent is evaluated in vitro and in silico methods. Also, photophysicochemical properties are studied to investigate the potential of using Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). In photochemical studies, the calculated singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) value was 0.73 for C4 and in photopysical studies, the calculated fluorescence quantum yield ΦF value was 0.19 for C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Can Karanlık
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gürkan Karanlık
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bahar Gok
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Budama-Kilinc
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey; Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Ali Erdoğmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey; Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Abdel Aal S, Awadh D. The effect of central transition metals and electron-donating substituent on the performances of dye/TiO 2 interface for dye-sensitized solar cells applications. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 123:108525. [PMID: 37229869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approaches were applied to explore the effect of central transition metals and the dye/TiO2 interface on dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance and supply a promising way to estimate and screen possible candidates for DSSC applications. The interaction properties, bonding characteristics, sensitized mechanisms, charge transfer, frontier molecular orbitals, energy gap, partial densities of states (PDOS), non-covalent interactions (NCI), and electronic absorption spectra were examined and analyzed to provide the photovoltaic characteristics of Sc, Cu, and Ti tetrasulfonic acid phthalocyanine sensitizer@TiO2 interface in both gas phase and polar solvent as acetonitrile. The interfacial of TiPc-(SO3H)4 with TiO2, which facilitates the driving force for the electron injection of photosensitizers (ΔGinj), increases the charge separation, open-circuit voltage (Voc), and high light-harvesting efficiency (LHE) values. However, minimize the charge recombination, lifetime of the excited state (τ), regeneration driving force (ΔGreg). Our results reveal that TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 is superior to those of ScPc-(SO3H)4, CuPc-(SO3H)4, TiPc-(SO3H)4 and Pc-(SO3H)4/TiO2, indicating the novel TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 interface could be promising candidates for DSSC photovoltaic devices performance. In addition, the static mean polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of all six dyes elucidated that the TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 interface can be regarded as a potential performer in non-linear optical (NLO) properties. These theoretical identifications may provide novel perspectives and instructions for future experimental researchers to promote the synthesis and application of TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 interfaces to improve the photo-to-current conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abdel Aal
- Department of Chemistry, Collage of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, P.O.Box 13518, Benha, Egypt.
| | - D Awadh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, P.O.Box 13518, Benha, Egypt
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4
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Loubalová I, Kopel P. Coordination Compounds of Cu, Zn, and Ni with Dicarboxylic Acids and N Donor Ligands, and Their Biological Activity: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:1445. [PMID: 36771123 PMCID: PMC9920268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexes of carboxylic acids are very often studied due to their interesting structural, spectral, and magnetic properties. This review is focused on complexes of four dicarboxylic acids, namely, 2,2'-thiodioacetic, 3,3'-thiodipropionic, 3,3'-dithiodipropionic, and fumaric acid. Many of the complexes were characterized by single crystal X-ray analyses. Without the analyses, it is very difficult to predict the coordination mode of carboxylate groups or nitrogen ligands on central atoms. Thus, structural properties are also discussed, as well as potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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5
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Wang X, Liu Y, Liu T, Mustafa F, Guan Q. Doxorubicin and Zinc phthalocyanine loaded pH-responsive FA-BSP-SA/TPGS micelles for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy against tumors. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Grundke C, Silva RC, Kitzmann WR, Heinze K, de Oliveira KT, Opatz T. Photochemical α-Aminonitrile Synthesis Using Zn-Phthalocyanines as Near-Infrared Photocatalysts. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5630-5642. [PMID: 35421314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While photochemical transformations with sunlight almost exclusively utilize the UV-vis part of the solar spectrum, the majority of the photons emitted by the sun have frequencies in the near-infrared region. Phthalocyanines show high structural similarity to the naturally occurring light-harvesting porphyrins, chlorins, and mainly bacteriochlorins and are also known for being efficient and affordable near-infrared light absorbers as well as triplet sensitizers for the production of singlet oxygen. Although having been neglected for a long time in synthetic organic chemistry due to their low solubility and high tendency toward aggregation, their unique photophysical properties and chemical robustness make phthalocyanines attractive photocatalysts for the application in near-infrared-light-driven synthesis strategies. Herein, we report a cheap, simple, and efficient photocatalytic protocol, which is easily scalable under continuous-flow conditions. Various phthalocyanines were studied as near-infrared photosensitizers in oxidative cyanations of tertiary amines to generate α-aminonitriles, a synthetically versatile compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grundke
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rodrigo C Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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7
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Obata M, Ishihara E, Hirohara S. Effect of tertiary amino groups in the hydrophobic segment of an amphiphilic block copolymer on zinc phthalocyanine encapsulation and photodynamic activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18144-18153. [PMID: 35800304 PMCID: PMC9210519 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer micelles are promising nanocarriers for hydrophobic photosensitizers of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Poly(styrene-co-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate))-block-poly(polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether acrylate) (P(St-co-DMAEA)-b-PPEGA; 1) was prepared via reversible addition and fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization as a carrier for a zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) photosensitizer to be used in PDT. The DMAEA-unit composition in the P(St-co-DMAEA) segment was adjusted to 0.40 molar ratio, which caused a sharp increase in water-solubility when the pH decreased from 7.4 to 5.0. The polymer 1 micelle size distribution also shifted to lower when the pH decreased, whereas this change was not observed in PSt-co-PPEGA (2), which was previously reported. The UV-vis spectrum of the ZnPc-loaded micelles of polymer 1 exhibited relatively sharp Q bands, comparable to those measured in DMSO, indicating good compatibility of the condensed core with ZnPc. ZnPc-loaded micelles of polymer 1 exerted excellent photocytotoxicity in the MNNG-induced mutant of the rat murine RGM-1 gastric epithelial cell line (RGK-1). In contrast, the ZnPc-loaded micelles of polymer 2 were completely inactive under the same conditions. Fluorescence from the RGK-1 cells treated with ZnPc-loaded micelles of polymer 1 was observed after 4 h of co-incubation, while no fluorescence was observed in cells treated with ZnPc-loaded micelles of polymer 2. These results indicate that the pH-responsive nature and good compatibility with ZnPc exhibited by the polymer 1 micelles are essential characteristics of ZnPc carriers for efficient photodynamic therapy. Tertiary amino groups in the hydrophobic core of polymer micelles affect the encapsulation and photodynamic activity of zinc phthalocyanine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Obata
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Eika Ishihara
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Shiho Hirohara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ube College, 2-14-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8555, Japan
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8
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Pellei M, Del Bello F, Porchia M, Santini C. Zinc coordination complexes as anticancer agents. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Dag A, Cakilkaya E, Omurtag Ozgen PS, Atasoy S, Yigit Erdem G, Cetin B, Çavuş Kokuroǧlu A, Gürek AG. Phthalocyanine-Conjugated Glyconanoparticles for Chemo-photodynamic Combination Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1555-1567. [PMID: 33793222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Combination cancer therapy based on multifunctional nanomaterials has attracted great attention. The present work focuses on the preparation of the glycopolymeric nanoparticle, which contains a photosensitizer (zinc(II)phthalocyanine, ZnPc) and an anticancer drug (Doxorubicin, Dox). First, a novel mono azide-functional ZnPc-N3 with seven hydrophilic ethylene oxide chains was synthesized. Next, ZnPc alone or together with Dox bearing glycopolymers was synthesized via the RAFT polymerization method and then self-assembled into glyconanoparticles (GNPs) with narrow particle size distribution. Then the evaluation of the biological activity of GNPs (GNPs-ZnPc and GNPs-ZnPc/Dox) for dual photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy against human breast cancer cells was investigated. The constructed GNPs were identified via general characterization methods, including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared GNPs-ZnPc/Dox demonstrated remarkable photophysical and photochemical properties, involving good colloidal stability in biological conditions, pH-responsive drug release, and the capacity to generate singlet oxygen under light irradiation. The outer layer of nanoparticles covered by fructose sugar moieties achieves a targeted cancer therapy owing to GLUT5 (a well-known fructose transporter) overexpression toward breast cancer cells. In vitro experiments were then performed to evaluate the chemo/phototoxicity, cellular uptake, and anticancer efficacy of GNPs-ZnPc/Dox. In comparison with free Dox, human breast cancer cells treated with GNPs-ZnPc/Dox exhibited a higher cellular internalization via GLUT5 targeting. In particular, the GNPs-ZnPc/Dox nanoplatform revealed an excellent synergistic anticancer activity in comparison with free ZnPc-N3 and free Dox, representing a novel and promising chemo-photodynamic combination therapeutic methodology to improve therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydan Dag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.,Drug Application and Research Center, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Cakilkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Pinar Sinem Omurtag Ozgen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezen Atasoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Yigit Erdem
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Cetin
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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10
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Tumor-selective new piperazine-fragmented silicon phthalocyanines initiate cell death in breast cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112143. [PMID: 33550219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A new silicon phthalocyanine with piperazine-furan ring and its quaternized form were synthesized. All compounds were analyzed by spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, MS, and UV-vis), and the absorbance characteristics of silicon phthalocyanines were evaluated with the expected strong typical absorption bands in the far-red spectrum. The cytotoxic effects of these phthalocyanines induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) were determined in a dose-dependent manner. Following cytotoxicity analysis, flow cytometric research of cell death was performed. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by confocal microscopy. High levels of cytotoxicity and decreased viable cell population have been detected in cancer cells after treatment. In addition, ROS formation was observed in PDT treated cancer cells. However, low levels of cell death and ROS formation were observed in non-tumorigenic cells. According to western blot data, PDT-mediated treatment was found to provide different expression patterns of the cleaved PARP1 protein. The presented study demonstrates that PDT-mediated treatment of newly synthesized phthalocyanines has significant anti-cancer effects on breast cancer cells and may induce different cell death pathways.
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11
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Deng Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Huang F, Li B, Miao Y, Sun Y, Li Y. Dual-light triggered metabolizable nano-micelles for selective tumor-targeted photodynamic/hyperthermia therapy. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:323-336. [PMID: 33122146 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy, including photodynamic and photothermal therapies, is a non-invasive photo-triggered tumor treatment. Combination therapy and new synergistic therapeutic reagents may hold promise for improving these treatments. Herein, we report an amphiphilic iridium-based photosensitizer (C14-IP2000) loaded with a hydrophobic photo-thermal drug (ZnPc) to form nano-micelles (ZNPs) for dual-light triggered tumor phototherapy. The C14-IP2000 was contained within ZNPs consisting of an iridium complex core decorated with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol chains to extend the time in blood circulation, and two hydrophobic carbon chains to enhance the loading capacity and the hydrophobic interaction with the loaded reagent. The designed ZNPs showed effective blood circulation, passive tumor targeting ability, remarkable photodynamic conversion ability, and good photothermal conversion capability, and therefore may be used for combined tumor ablation. Our results demonstrated that the amphipathic bionic structure of ZNPs not only enables self-assembled reagent fabrication with prolonged circulation time and favorable metabolic characteristics for tumor combination therapy, but also provides a nanostructure strategy for the modification of functionalized reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Deng
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yongtian Liu
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Research and Development & Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 201321, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Research and Development & Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 201321, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Institute of Bismuth Science, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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12
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Porchia M, Pellei M, Del Bello F, Santini C. Zinc Complexes with Nitrogen Donor Ligands as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:E5814. [PMID: 33317158 PMCID: PMC7763991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for anticancer metal-based drugs alternative to platinum derivatives could not exclude zinc derivatives due to the importance of this metal for the correct functioning of the human body. Zinc, the second most abundant trace element in the human body, is one of the most important micro-elements essential for human physiology. Its ubiquity in thousands of proteins and enzymes is related to its chemical features, in particular its lack of redox activity and its ability to support different coordination geometries and to promote fast ligands exchange. Analogously to other trace elements, the impairment of its homeostasis can lead to various diseases and in some cases can be also related to cancer development. However, in addition to its physiological role, zinc can have beneficial therapeutic and preventive effects on infectious diseases and, compared to other metal-based drugs, Zn(II) complexes generally exert lower toxicity and offer few side effects. Zinc derivatives have been proposed as antitumor agents and, among the great number of zinc coordination complexes which have been described so far, this review focuses on the design, synthesis and biological studies of zinc complexes comprising N-donor ligands and that have been reported within the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maura Pellei
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Carlo Santini
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
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13
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Santos KLM, Barros RM, da Silva Lima DP, Nunes AMA, Sato MR, Faccio R, de Lima Damasceno BPG, Oshiro-Junior JA. Prospective application of phthalocyanines in the photodynamic therapy against microorganisms and tumor cells: A mini-review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Ogbodu RO, Nitzsche B, Ma A, Atilla D, Gürek AG, Höpfner M. Photodynamic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using tetra-triethyleneoxysulfonyl zinc phthalocyanine as photosensitizer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 208:111915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Gorduk S. Octa-substituted metallophthalocyanines bearing (2,3-dihydrobenzo-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methoxy and chloro groups: Synthesis, characterization and photophysicochemical studies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis and characterization of novel 4-chloro-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methoxy)phthalonitrile (1) and its peripherally octa-substituted Zn(II) (Pc-Zn), In(III) (PcInCI) and Mg(II) (Pc-Mg) phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives are reported for the first time. FT-IR, elemental analysis, UV-vis, NMR and MS techniques were used for characterization studies of the compounds. Aggregation properties of the compounds were evaluated in DMF, DMSO and THF solvents in different concentrations, and the compounds did not tend to aggregate in these solvents. In addition, photophysicochemical properties such as fluorescence, photodegradation and singlet oxygen quantum yield of the compounds were examined in DMSO, DMF and THF solvents to show the potential use of these novel compounds as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The effects of zinc, indium and magnesium metals, octa substitutions in peripheral positions and different types of solvents on photophysicochemical properties were investigated. The singlet oxygen quantum yield values of compounds ranged from 0.27 to 0.77 in different solvents. As a result of the photophysicochemical properties, these compounds can be considered as potential candidates for PDT, applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Gorduk
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Arslan T, Umutlu M, Güney O. Elucidation of Selectivity for Silver Ion Based on Metal-Induced H-Type Aggregation of Fluorescent Receptor. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:365-373. [PMID: 32086711 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In present work, a new substituted phthalonitrile derivative was prepared by the nucleophilic displacement reaction and then highly soluble zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) with four peripheral 1-hydroxyhexan-3-ylthio groups was synthesized by cyclotetramerization and characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMRs spectroscopies, fluorescence and UV-vis measurements. The optical property and quantum yield of ZnPc were elucidated in mixed solvent of ethanol/water with varying compositions. The pH-dependent fluorescence and absorbance spectra of ZnPc in the absence and presence of Ag+ ions were obtained to elucidate the optimum pH value that is convenient for stable complex formation in predetermined mixture. A comparative study for recognition of Ag+ ion has been carried out to evaluate the effect of the solution parameters on selective sensing ability of ZnPc as a fluorescent receptor. Interference effect was investigated by spectrofluorometric titration based on fluorescence quenching of ZnPc upon addition of Ag+ ion in the presence of foreign metal ions. Stepwise complexation/decomplexation cycles with Na2S-titration by fluorescence quenching/enhancement were investigated to establish the reversible response rate and reusability of ZnPc toward Ag+ ions. Graphical Abstract Selective determination of silver ion based on H-type aggregation of zinc phthalocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Arslan
- Departments of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Umutlu
- Departments of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Güney
- Departments of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Tang Q, Hu P, Peng H, Zhang N, Zheng Q, He Y. Near-Infrared Laser-Triggered, Self-Immolative Smart Polymersomes for in vivo Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:137-149. [PMID: 32021170 PMCID: PMC6964533 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s224502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Traditional chemotherapy is accompanied by significant side effects, which, in many aspects, limits its treatment efficacy and clinical applications. Herein, we report an oxidative responsive polymersome nanosystem mediated by near infrared (NIR) light which exhibited the combination effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy. Methods In our study, poly (propylene sulfide)20-bl-poly (ethylene glycol)12 (PPS20-b-PEG12) block copolymer was synthesized and employed to prepare the polymersome. The hydrophobic photosensitizer zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) was loaded in the shell and the hydrophilic doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) in the inner aqueous space of the polymersome. Results Under the irradiation of 660 nm NIR light, singlet oxygen 1O2 molecules were generated from ZnPc to oxidize the neighbouring sulfur atoms on the PPS block which eventually ruptured the intact structure of polymersomes, leading to the release of encapsulated DOX·HCl. The released DOX and the 1O2 could achieve a combination effect for cancer therapy if the laser activation and drug release occur at the tumoral sites. In vitro studies confirmed the generation of singlet oxygen and DOX release by NIR irradiation. In vivo studies showed that such a combined PDT-chemotherapy nanosystem could accumulate in A375 tumors efficiently, thus leading to significant inhibition on tumor growth as compared to PDT (PZ group) or chemotherapy alone (DOX group). Conclusion In summary, this oxidation-sensitive nanosystem showed excellent anti-tumor effects by synergistic chemophotodynamic therapy, indicating that this novel drug delivery strategy could potentially provide a new means for cancer treatments in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
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Yalazan H, Barut B, Ertem B, Yalçın CÖ, Ünver Y, Özel A, Ömeroğlu İ, Durmuş M, Kantekin H. DNA interaction and anticancer properties of new peripheral phthalocyanines carrying tosylated 4-morpholinoaniline units. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Ayari S, Saglam MF, Şenkuytu E, Erçin PB, Zorlu Y, Sengul IF, Jamoussi B, Atilla D. 3-Methylindole-substituted zinc phthalocyanines for photodynamic cancer therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel peripherally and non-peripherally 3-methylindole-substituted zinc phthalocyanine derivatives were synthesized as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. The photophysical, photochemical and photobiological properties of targeted phthalocyanines were also investigated. For this purpose, the fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields, and fluorescence lifetime values of the final compounds were determined in DMF solutions. The phototoxicity and cytotoxicity of the phthalocyanine complexes were tested against the invasive human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) for determination of their photosensitizing ability in the area of photodynamic therapy. It was revealed that while peripherally 3-methylindole-substituted phthalocyanine was found to be toxic for cells in both dark and light conditions, its non-peripherally substituted phthalocyanine analogue significantly caused cell death following light irradiation. A preliminary assay suggested that the non-peripherally linked phthalocyanine could be a suitable candidate for cancer treatment via photodynamic therapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ayari
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Institute of Higher and Continuing Education, 2000 Bardo, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Mehmet F. Saglam
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Elif Şenkuytu
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Pelin B. Erçin
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yunus Zorlu
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim F. Sengul
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bassem Jamoussi
- Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Devrim Atilla
- Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Phthalocyanine-Cored Fluorophores with Fluorene-Containing Peripheral Two-Photon Antennae as Photosensitizers for Singlet Oxygen Generation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020239. [PMID: 31936003 PMCID: PMC7024215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of free base and Zn(II) phthalocyanines featuring fluorenyl antennae linked by methoxy or oxo bridges to the phthalocyanine core (Pc) were synthesized and characterized. Selected linear and nonlinear (two-photon absorption) optical properties of these new compounds were subsequently studied. As previously observed for related porphyrin dendrimers bearing 2-fluorenyl peripheral dendrons, an efficient energy transfer occurs from the peripheral antennae to the central phthalocyanine core following excitation in the fluorenyl-based π–π* absorption band of these chromophores. Once excited, these compounds relax to the ground state, mostly by emitting intense red light or by undergoing intersystem crossing. As a result, the tetrafunctionalized Zn(II) phthalocyanines are fluorescent, but can also efficiently photosensitize molecular oxygen in tetrahydrofurane (THF), forming singlet oxygen with nearly comparable yields to bare Zn(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc). In comparison with the latter complex, the positive role of the fluorenyl-containing antennae on one- and two-photon brightness (2PA) is presently demonstrated when appended in peripheral (β) position to the phthalocyanine core. Furthermore, when compared to known porphyrin analogues, the interest in replacing the porphyrin by a phthalocyanine as the central core to obtain more fluorescent two-photon oxygen photosensitizers is clearly established. As such, this contribution paves the way for the future development of innovative biphotonic photosensitizers usable in theranostics.
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Çakır V. Functional chalcone-substituted tetrakis-metallophthalocyanines: Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819893047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new phthalonitrile derivative, ( E)-4-(3-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)phenoxy)phthalonitrile, and four peripherally ( E)-4-(3-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)phenoxy) tetrasubstituted new Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), and Cu(II) phthalocyanine derivatives are synthesized and characterized. ( E)-4-(3-(3-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)phenoxy)phthalonitrile is synthesized by heating ( E)-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one and 4-nitrophthalonitrile in the presence of K2CO3 in dry DMF at 60°C for 96 h. The metallophthalocyanines are prepared by cyclotetramerization of ( E)-4-(3-(3-(3-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl)phenoxy)phthalonitrile with NiCl2, Zn(CH3COO)2, CoCl2, and CuCl2 in n-pentanol in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. Characterization of the new compounds is performed by means of IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass and UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Çakır
- Department of Property Protection and Security, Emergency and Disaster Management Program, Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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22
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Bidram E, Esmaeili Y, Ranji-Burachaloo H, Al-Zaubai N, Zarrabi A, Stewart A, Dunstan DE. A concise review on cancer treatment methods and delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Olek M, Kasperski J, Skaba D, Wiench R, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral squamous carcinoma—Clinical implications resulting from in vitro research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:255-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zinc(II) phthalocyanines as photosensitizers for antitumor photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105575. [PMID: 31362060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a highly specific and clinically approved method for cancer treatment in which a nontoxic drug known as photosensitizer (PS) is administered to a patient. After selective tumor irradiation, an almost complete eradication of the tumor can be reached as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which not only damage tumor cells, but also lead to tumor-associated vasculature occlusion and the induction of an immune response. Despite exhaustive investigation and encouraging results, zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) have not been approved as PSs for clinical use yet. This review presents an overview on the physicochemical properties of ZnPcs and biological results obtained both in vitro and in more complex models, such as 3D cell cultures, chicken chorioallantoic membranes and tumor-bearing mice. Cell death pathways induced after PDT treatment with ZnPcs are discussed in each case. Finally, combined therapeutic strategies including ZnPcs and the currently available clinical trials are mentioned.
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Chiarante N, García Vior MC, Rey O, Marino J, Roguin LP. Lysosomal permeabilization and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate the apoptotic response induced after photoactivation of a lipophilic zinc(II) phthalocyanine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 103:89-98. [PMID: 30130653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the phototoxic action of the lipophilic phthalocyanine Pc9 (2,9(10),16(17),23(24) tetrakis[(2-dimethylamino)ethylsulfanyl]phthalocyaninatozinc(II)) encapsulated into poloxamine micelles is related to the induction of an apoptotic response in murine colon CT26 carcinoma cells. In the present study, we explored the intracellular signals contributing to the resulting apoptotic death. We found that Pc9-T1107 arrests cell cycle progression immediately after irradiation promoting then an apoptotic response. Thus, 3 h after irradiation the percentage of hypodiploid cells increased from 5.9 ± 0.6% to 23.1 ± 0.1%; activation of caspases 8 and 9 was evident; the population of cells with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential increased from 1.1 ± 0.4% to 44.0 ± 9.3%; the full-length forms of Bid and PARP-1 were cleaved; and a 50% decrease of the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL was detected. We also found that the photosensitizer, mainly retained in lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), promotes the permeabilization of lysosomal membranes and induces ER stress. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization was demonstrated by the reduction of acridine orange lysosome fluorescence, the release of Cathepsin D into the cytosol and ∼50% decrease of Hsp70, a chaperone recognized as a lysosomal stabilizer. Cathepsin D also contributed to Bid cleavage and caspase 8 activation. The oxidative damage to the ER induced an unfolded protein response characterized, 3 h after irradiation, by a 3-fold increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and 3-4 times higher expression of ER chaperones GRP78/BIP, calnexin, Hsp90 and Hsp110. The cell death signaling promoted by cytosolic Ca2+, calpains and lysosomal proteases was partially abolished by the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM, the calpain inhibitor PD 150606 and proteases inhibitors. Furthermore, Bax down-regulation observed in Pc9-treated cells was undetectable in the presence of PD 150606, indicating that calpains contribute to Bax proteolytic damage. In summary, our results indicate that photoactivation of Pc9-T1107 led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, induction of ER stress and activation of a caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Chiarante
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C García Vior
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Rey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Córdoba 2351, C1120AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Marino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonor P Roguin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sarı C, Eyüpoğlu FC, Değirmencioğlu İ, Bayrak R. Synthesis of axially disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines and investigation of photodynamic effects on HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell line. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:83-88. [PMID: 29775760 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is one of the hot topics in cancer studies. Photosensitizing chemical substrates are stimulated by light having a specific wavelength to cause fatal effect on different kinds of targets. In this study, axially 4-{[(1E)-2-furylmethylene]amino}phenol, 4-{[(1E)-2-thienylmethylene]amino}phenol and 4-{[(1E)-(4-nitro-2-thienyl)methylene]amino}phenol disubstituted silicon phthalocyanines were synthesized as Photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. The structural characterizations of these novel compounds were performed by a combination of FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV-vis and mass. All these newly prepared compounds did not show aggregation at the concentration range of 2 × 10-6-12 × 10-6 M in tetrahydrofurane and also did not show aggregation in different organic solvents at 2 × 10-6 M concentration. Phthalocyanines synthesized in this study were tested on HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells and stimulated by light has wavelength of 680 nm. The toxic effects on cancer cells which are caused by different concentrations of photosensitizing molecules have been examined and compared with the toxic effects on cancer cells that were kept in the dark. It is confirmed that these molecules caused toxic effects on colorectal cancer cells when they were stimulated by light but there was no toxic effect in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Sarı
- Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Figen Celep Eyüpoğlu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Değirmencioğlu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Rıza Bayrak
- Sinop University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Sinop, Turkey
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Kantekin H, Yalazan H, Kahriman N, Ertem B, Serdaroğlu V, Pişkin M, Durmuş M. New peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-substituted metal-free, magnesium(II) and zinc(II) phthalocyanine derivatives fused chalcone units: Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, photochemistry and photophysics. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Schmidt J, Kuzyniak W, Berkholz J, Steinemann G, Ogbodu R, Hoffmann B, Nouailles G, Gürek AG, Nitzsche B, Höpfner M. Novel zinc‑ and silicon‑phthalocyanines as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:534-546. [PMID: 29693115 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an effective and minimally invasive cancer treatment modality. In the present study, two novel phthalocyanines, tetra‑triethyleneoxysulfonyl substituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and dihydroxy‑2,9(10),16(17),23(24)‑tetrakis(4,7,10‑trioxaundecan‑1‑sulfonyl) silicon phthalocyanine (Pc32), were investigated as photosensitizers (PS) for PDT of cholangiocarcinoma (CC). ZnPc showed a pronounced dose‑dependent and predominantly cytoplasmic accumulation in EGI‑1 and TFK‑1 CC cell lines. Pc32 also accumulated in the CC cells, but this was less pronounced. Without photoactivation, the PS did not exhibit any antiproliferative or cytotoxic effects. Upon photoactivation, ZnPc induced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immediate phototoxicity, leading to a dose‑dependent decrease in cell proliferation, and an induction of mitochondria‑driven apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of EGI‑1 and TFK‑1 cells. Although photoactivated Pc32 also induced ROS formation in the two cell lines, the extent was less marked, compared with that induced by ZnPc‑PDT, and pronounced antipoliferative effects occurred only in the less differentiated EGI‑1 cells, whereas the more differentiated TFK‑1 cells did not show sustained growth inhibition upon Pc32‑PDT induction. In vivo examinations on the antiangiogenic potency of the novel PS were performed using chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays, which revealed reduced angiogenic sprouting with a concomitant increase in nonperfused regions and degeneration of the vascular network of the CAM following induction with ZnPc‑PDT only. The study demonstrated the pronounced antiproliferative and antiangiogenic potency of ZnPc as a novel PS for PDT, meriting further elucidation as a promising PS for the photodynamic treatment of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schmidt
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Weronika Kuzyniak
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Berkholz
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinemann
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Racheal Ogbodu
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Hoffmann
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Bianca Nitzsche
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‑Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‑Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D‑10117 Berlin, Germany
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Yu W, Ye M, Zhu J, Wang Y, Liang C, Tang J, Tao H, Shen Y. Zinc phthalocyanine encapsulated in polymer micelles as a potent photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of osteosarcoma. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1099-1110. [PMID: 29462663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is a highly potent second-generation photosensitizer for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) with attractive photo-physical and photo-chemical properties. However, poor solubility and strong trend of crystallization prevent it from loading in most of drug delivery systems and hamper its further application. Herein, to overcome this problem, an amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-poly[2-(methylacryloyl)ethylnicotinate] (PEG-PMAN) with aromatic nicotinate is used to load ZnPc for their π-π interactions. The formed PEG-PMAN/ZnPc nanoparticle (PPZ) dramatically increases reactive oxygen species production in osteosarcoma cells after light irradiation, causes mitochondrial injury and promotes cell cycle arrest at G2/M, leading to a 100-fold cytotoxicity improvement comparing with free ZnPc. The excellent therapeutic effectiveness and safety of PPZ are also proved by in vivo experiments operating on osteosarcoma model. The finding above indicates that PPZ has promising clinical applications as a next-generation photosensitizer in PDT of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhou Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Skupin-Mrugalska P, Szczolko W, Gierlich P, Konopka K, Goslinski T, Mielcarek J, Düzgüneş N. Physicochemical properties of liposome-incorporated 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethoxy phthalocyanines and their photodynamic activity against oral cancer cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Chlorophyll a in cyclodextrin supramolecular complexes as a natural photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 85:47-56. [PMID: 29407156 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a (Chl a), an amphipathic porphyrin, was employed as natural photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy applications. Due to its lacking solubility in water and high tendency to aggregate, Chl a was included into different modified cyclodextrins (CDs) to form stable water-soluble supramolecular complexes. To achieve this aim, 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD), 2-Hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (2-HP-γ-CD), Heptakis(2,6-di-o-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and Heptakis(2,3,6-tri-o-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB) were used. The chemical physical properties of Chl a/CD complexes in cellular medium were studied by means of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Results demonstrated the good aptitude of 2-HP-γ-CD, and more particularly of 2-HP-β-CD, to solubilize the Chl a in cell culture medium in monomeric and photoactive form. Then, Chl a/2-HP-β-CD and Chl a/2-HP-γ-CD complexes were evaluated in vitro on human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cell line, and cytotoxicity and intracellular localization were respectively assessed. Further tests, such as phototoxicity, ROS generation, intracellular localization and mechanism of cell death were then focused exclusively on Chl a/2-HP-β-CD system. This complex exhibited no dark toxicity and a high phototoxicity toward HT-29 cells inducing cell death via necrotic mechanism. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that Chl a/2-HP-β-CD supramolecular complex could be a promising and potential formulation for applications in photodynamic therapy.
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Wang Y, Xia C, Lun Z, Lv Y, Chen W, Li T. Crosstalk between p38 MAPK and caspase-9 regulates mitochondria-mediated apoptosis induced by tetra-α-(4-carboxyphenoxy) phthalocyanine zinc photodynamic therapy in LoVo cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 39:61-70. [PMID: 29115534 PMCID: PMC5783605 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered to be an advancing antitumor technology. PDT using hydrophilic/lipophilic tetra-α-(4-carboxyphenoxy) phthalocyanine zinc (TαPcZn-PDT) has exhibited antitumor activity in Bel-7402 hepatocellular cancer cells. However, the manner in which p38 MAPK and caspase-9 are involved in the regulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the TαPcZn-PDT-treated LoVo human colon carcinoma cells remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, a siRNA targeting p38 MAPK (siRNA-p38 MAPK) and the caspase-9 specific inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk were used to examine the crosstalk between p38 MAPK and caspase-9 during mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the TαPcZn-PDT-treated LoVo cells. The findings revealed that the TαPcZn-PDT treatment of LoVo cells resulted in the induction of apoptosis, the formation of p38 MAPK/caspase-9 complexes, the activation of p38 MAPK, caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bid, the downregulation of Bcl-2, the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), the upregulation of Bax and the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c (Cyto c). By contrast, siRNA-p38 MAPK or z-LEHD-fmk both attenuated the effects of TαPcZn-PDT in the LoVo cells. Furthermore, the results revealed that siRNA-p38 MAPK had more significant inhibitory effects on apoptosis and mitochondria compared with the effects of z-LEHD-fmk in TαPcZn-PDT-treated LoVo cells. These findings indicated that p38 MAPK plays the major regulatory role in the crosstalk between p38 MAPK and caspase-9 and that direct interaction between p38 MAPK and caspase-9 may regulate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the TαPcZn-PDT-treated LoVo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Xia
- Department of Basic Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Yanxin Lv
- Department of Basic Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
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Shao P, Zhang S, Hu S, Han L, Jia N, Bai M. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Tetra[6,7]quinoxalinoporphyrazine-based Near Infrared Photosensitizer. RSC Adv 2017; 7:50555-50561. [PMID: 29456839 PMCID: PMC5810975 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06348b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a near infrared, water-soluble, functional and dendrimeric photosensitizer (PS) based on quinoxalinoporphyrazine structure. The photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic therapy results suggest that this quinoxalinoporphyrazine-based dendrimer may serve as an efficient near infrared (NIR) PS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shudong Hu
- Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Renmin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212002. China
| | - Le Han
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ningyang Jia
- Department of Radiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Cabir B, Ağırtaş MS, Duygulu E, Yuksel F. Synthesis of some metallophthalocyanines bearing 9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl) oxy functional groups and investigation of their photophysical properties. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Kuzyniak W, Schmidt J, Glac W, Berkholz J, Steinemann G, Hoffmann B, Ermilov EA, Gürek AG, Ahsen V, Nitzsche B, Höpfner M. Novel zinc phthalocyanine as a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic treatment of esophageal cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:953-963. [PMID: 28098886 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gathered much attention in the field of cancer treatment and is increasingly used as an alternative solution for esophageal cancer therapy. However, there is a constant need for improving the effectiveness and tolerability of the applied photosensitizers (PS). Here, we propose tetra-triethyleneoxysulfonyl substituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as a promising PS for photodynamic treatment of esophageal cancer. ZnPc-induced phototoxicity was studied in two human esophageal cancer cell lines: OE-33 (adenocarcinoma) and Kyse-140 (squamous cell carcinoma). In vitro studies focused on the uptake and intracellular distribution of the novel ZnPc as well as on its growth inhibitory potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and the induction of apoptosis. The chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM assay) and studies on native Wistar rats were employed to determine the antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activity of ZnPc-PDT as well as the tolerability and safety of non-photoactivated ZnPc in vivo. ZnPc was taken up by cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and showed a homogeneous cytoplasmic distribution. Photoactivation of ZnPc-loaded (1-10 µM) cells led to a dose-dependent growth inhibition of esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cells of >90%. The antiproliferative effect was based on ROS-induced cytotoxicity and the induction of mitochondria-driven apoptosis. In vivo studies on esophageal tumor plaques grown on the CAM revealed pronounced antiangiogenic and antineoplastic effects. ZnPc-PDT caused long-lasting changes in the vascular architecture and a marked reduction of tumor feeding blood vessels. Animal studies confirmed the good tolerability and systemic safety of ZnPc, as no changes in immunological, behavioral and organic parameters could be detected upon treatment with the non-photoactivated ZnPc. Our findings show the extraordinary photoactive potential of the novel ZnPc as a photosensitizer for PDT of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Kuzyniak
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Schmidt
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wojciech Glac
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janine Berkholz
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinemann
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Hoffmann
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugeny A Ermilov
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division Biophotonics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Vefa Ahsen
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Bianca Nitzsche
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Koç V, Topal SZ, Aydın Tekdaş D, Ateş ÖD, Önal E, Dumoulin F, Gürek AG, Ahsen V. Assessment of the relevance of GaPc substituted with azido-polyethylene glycol chains for photodynamic therapy. Design, synthetic strategy, fluorescence, singlet oxygen generation, and pH-dependent spectroscopic behaviour. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01390f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
New synthetic route and PDT potential of symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted Ga(iii)Pcs with terminal azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Koç
- Gebze Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- Gebze
- Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Emel Önal
- Gebze Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- Gebze
- Turkey
| | | | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Gebze Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- Gebze
- Turkey
| | - Vefa Ahsen
- Gebze Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- Gebze
- Turkey
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Öztaş B, Akyüz D, Koca A. Immobilization of alkynyl functionalized manganese phthalocyanine via click electrochemistry for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:26121-26131. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04354f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modified electrodes (ITO/PANI-N3-MnPc and GCE/PANI-N3-MnPc) were constructed by click electrochemistry (CEC). The GCE/PANI-N3-MnPc electrode was tested as a potential electrocatalyst for water splitting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Öztaş
- İstanbul Technical University
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Department of Chemistry
- 34469 Maslak
- Turkey
| | - D. Akyüz
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Engineering Faculty
- Marmara University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - A. Koca
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Engineering Faculty
- Marmara University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
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