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Lagos KJ, García D, Cuadrado CF, de Souza LM, Mezzacappo NF, da Silva AP, Inada N, Bagnato V, Romero MP. Carbon dots: Types, preparation, and their boosted antibacterial activity by photoactivation. Current status and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1887. [PMID: 37100045 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) correspond to carbon-based materials (CBM) with sizes usually below 10 nm. These nanomaterials exhibit attractive properties such us low toxicity, good stability, and high conductivity, which have promoted their thorough study over the past two decades. The current review describes four types of CDs: carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymers dots (CPDs), together with the state of the art of the main routes for their preparation, either by "top-down" or "bottom-up" approaches. Moreover, among the various usages of CDs within biomedicine, we have focused on their application as a novel class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, concretely, owing their photoactivation capability that triggers an enhanced antibacterial property. Our work presents the recent advances in this field addressing CDs, their composites and hybrids, applied as photosensitizers (PS), and photothermal agents (PA) within antibacterial strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and synchronic PDT/PTT. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the possible future development of large-scale preparation of CDs, and the potential for these nanomaterials to be employed in applications to combat other pathogens harmful to human health. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Lagos
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David García
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
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Anti-Viral Photodynamic Inactivation of T4-like Bacteriophage as a Mammalian Virus Model in Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911548. [PMID: 36232850 PMCID: PMC9570132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratorial available methods applied in plasma disinfection can induce damage in other blood components. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) represents a promising approach and is approved for plasma and platelet disinfection using non-porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs), such as methylene blue (MB). In this study, the photodynamic action of three cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me, Tetra-Py(+)-Me and Tetra-S-Py(+)-Me) towards viruses was evaluated under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 25 and 150 mW·cm−2, and the results were compared with the efficacy of the approved MB. None of the PSs caused hemolysis at the isotonic conditions, using a T4-like phage as a model of mammalian viruses. All porphyrins were more effective than MB in the photoinactivation of the T4-like phage in plasma. Moreover, the most efficient PS promoted a moderate inactivation rate of the T4-like phage in whole blood. Nevertheless, these porphyrins, such as MB, can be considered promising and safe PSs to photoinactivate viruses in blood plasma.
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Randomized and Controlled Clinical Studies on Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy: An Overview. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria is considered a critical public health problem. The need to establish alternative approaches to countering resistant microorganisms is unquestionable in overcoming this problem. Among emerging alternatives, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become promising to control infectious diseases. aPDT is based on the activation of a photosensitizer (PS) by a particular wavelength of light followed by generation of the reactive oxygen. These interactions result in the production of reactive oxygen species, which are lethal to bacteria. Several types of research have shown that aPDT has been successfully studied in in vitro, in vivo, and randomized clinical trials (RCT). Considering the lack of reviews of RCTs studies with aPDT applied in bacteria in the literature, we performed a systematic review of aPDT randomized clinical trials for the treatment of bacteria-related diseases. According to the literature published from 2008 to 2022, the RCT study of aPDT was mostly performed for periodontal disease, followed by halitosis, dental infection, peri-implantitis, oral decontamination, and skin ulcers. A variety of PSs, light sources, and protocols were efficiently used, and the treatment did not cause any side effects for the individuals.
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Advances in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pereira AO, Lopes IMI, Silva TR, Corrêa TQ, Paschoalin RT, Inada NM, Iermak I, van Riel Neto F, Araujo-Chaves JC, Marletta A, Tozoni JR, Mattoso LHC, Bagnato VS, Nantes-Cardoso IL, Oliveira ON, Campana PT. Bacterial Photoinactivation Using PLGA Electrospun Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31406-31417. [PMID: 34185501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of ultraviolet (UV) and blue irradiation to sterilize surfaces is well established, but commercial applications would be enhanced if the light source is replaced with ambient light. In this paper, it is shown that nanofibers can be explored as an alternative methodology to UV and blue irradiation for bacterial inactivation. It is demonstrated that this is indeed possible using spun nanofibers of poly[lactic-co-(glycolic acid)] (PLGA). This work shows that PLGA spun scaffolds can promote photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria with ambient light or with laser irradiation at 630 nm. With the optimized scaffold composition of PLGA85:15 nanofibers, the minimum intensity required to kill the bacteria is much lower than in antimicrobial blue light applications. The enhanced effect introduced by PLGA scaffolds is due to their nanofiber structures since PLGA spun nanofibers were able to inactivate both S. aureus and E. coli bacteria, but cast films had no effect. These findings pave the way for an entirely different method to sterilize surfaces, which is less costly and environmentally friendly than current procedures. In addition, the scaffolds could also be used in cancer treatment with fewer side effects since photosensitizers are not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline O Pereira
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo (USP), Arlindo Bettio Av., 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Isabella M I Lopes
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo (USP), Arlindo Bettio Av., 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Silva
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo (USP), Arlindo Bettio Av., 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Thaila Q Corrêa
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-Carlense Av., 400, Sao Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Rafaella T Paschoalin
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-Carlense Av., 400, Sao Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, 15 de Novembro St., 1452, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia M Inada
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-Carlense Av., 400, Sao Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Ievgeniia Iermak
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-Carlense Av., 400, Sao Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Francisco van Riel Neto
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), João Naves de Ávila Av., 2121, Uberlândia 38408-100, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Araujo-Chaves
- Center of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesFederal University of ABC (UFABC), dos Estados Av., 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Marletta
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), João Naves de Ávila Av., 2121, Uberlândia 38408-100, Brazil
| | - José R Tozoni
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), João Naves de Ávila Av., 2121, Uberlândia 38408-100, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique C Mattoso
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, 15 de Novembro St., 1452, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei S Bagnato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-Carlense Av., 400, Sao Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Iseli L Nantes-Cardoso
- Center of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesFederal University of ABC (UFABC), dos Estados Av., 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), Trabalhador São-Carlense Av., 400, Sao Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Campana
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo (USP), Arlindo Bettio Av., 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
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Polat E, Kang K. Natural Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:584. [PMID: 34063973 PMCID: PMC8224061 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Health problems and reduced treatment effectiveness due to antimicrobial resistance have become important global problems and are important factors that negatively affect life expectancy. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is constantly evolving and can minimize this antimicrobial resistance problem. Reactive oxygen species produced when nontoxic photosensitizers are exposed to light are the main functional components of APDT responsible for microbial destruction; therefore, APDT has a broad spectrum of target pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Various photosensitizers, including natural extracts, compounds, and their synthetic derivatives, are being investigated. The main limitations, such as weak antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, solubility, specificity, and cost, encourage the exploration of new photosensitizer candidates. Many additional methods, such as cell surface engineering, cotreatment with membrane-damaging agents, nanotechnology, computational simulation, and sonodynamic therapy, are also being investigated to develop novel APDT methods with improved properties. In this review, we summarize APDT research, focusing on natural photosensitizers used in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In addition, we describe the limitations observed for natural photosensitizers and the methods developed to counter those limitations with emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Polat
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Kyungsu Kang
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Gangwon-do, Korea;
- Division of Bio-Medical Science Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gangneung 25451, Gangwon-do, Korea
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Silva Teófilo MÍ, de Carvalho Russi TMAZ, de Barros Silva PG, Balhaddad AA, Melo MAS, Rolim JPML. The Impact of Photosensitizer Selection on Bactericidal Efficacy Of PDT against Cariogenic Biofilms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102046. [PMID: 33031937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are investigations on multiple photosensitizers for modulation of caries-related biofilms using PDT. However, much controversy remains about recommended parameters mostly on the selection of an efficient photosensitizer. OBJECTIVE The study performed a systematic review to identify the answer to the following question: What photosensitizers present high bactericidal efficacy against cariogenic biofilms? METHODS Systematic review with meta-analyses were carried out for English language articles from October to December 2019 (PRISMA standards) using MEDLINE, Scopus, Biomed Central, EMBASE, LILACS, and Web of Science. Information on study design, biofilm model, photosensitizer, light source, energy delivery, the incubation time for photosensitizer, and bacterial reduction outcomes were recorded. We performed two meta-analyses to compare bacterial reduction, data was expressed by (1) base 10 Logarithm values and (2) Log reduction RESULTS: After the eligibility criteria were applied (PEDro scale), the selected studies showed that toluidine Blue Ortho (TBO) and methylene blue (MBO) (5-min incubation time and 5-min irradiation) demonstrated better bacterial reduction outcomes. For the data expressed by Log TBO, MBO, curcumin, and Photogem® presented a significant bacterial decrease in comparison to the control (p = 0.042). For the data represented by Log reduction, the bacterial reduction toward S.mutans was not significant for any photosensitizer (p = 0.679). CONCLUSION The lack of methodological standardization among the studies still hinders the establishment of photosensitizer and bactericidal efficiency. TBO, MBO, curcumin, and photogem generate greater PDT-based bacterial reduction on caries-related bacteria.. Further clinical studies are necessary in order to obtain conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abdulrahman A Balhaddad
- Dental Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Dentistry, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Dental Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Operative Dentistry, Dept. of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Juliana P M L Rolim
- Department of Dentistry, Christus University Center (Unichristus), Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Inactivation of bacteria in plasma by photosensitizers benzophenone and vitamins K3, B1 and B6 with UV A light irradiation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Corrêa TQ, Blanco KC, Garcia ÉB, Perez SML, Chianfrone DJ, Morais VS, Bagnato VS. Effects of ultraviolet light and curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation on microbiological food safety: A study in meat and fruit. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101678. [PMID: 32004721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About one-third of the food produced in the world is lost or wasted every year. Contamination can cause significant food loss throughout the entire supply chain, including harvesting, processing, storage, and transport to consumers. This study evaluated ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light and curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) for the decontamination of meat and fruit. METHODS The cut pieces of food samples contaminated with E. coli or S. aureus were submitted to photonic treatments. For UV-C, samples were irradiated with UV-C lamps (254 nm) for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 min. For PDI, samples were incubated using 40 and 80 μM curcumin and irradiated with 450 nm at 5, 10, and 15 J/cm2 of light doses. The microbiological analysis was performed by counting the colony-forming unit (CFU). RESULTS UV-C irradiation reduced the number of E. coli in beef by (1.0 ± 0.2) log10 CFU/mL after 5 min of exposure. In chicken and pork, the numbers of E. coli were reduced by (1.6 ± 0.7) log10 CFU/mL and (1.6 ± 0.4) log10 CFU/mL after 4 and 10 min of irradiation, respectively. In apple the reductions were (3.2 ± 0.4) and (3.8 ± 0.2) log10 CFU/mL after 5 and 10 min of UV-C irradiation, respectively. PDI (40 μM, 15 J/cm2) reduced the number of S. aureus by (1.5 ± 0.2), (1.4 ± 0.2) and (0.6 ± 0.4) log10 CFU/mL in beef, chicken, and pork meat samples, respectively. In apple the greatest reduction was (2.0 ± 0.4) log10 CFU/mL using 80 μM and 10 J/cm2. CONCLUSION UV-C irradiation and PDI had an anti-microbial effect in food and our findings indicated that the greatest effect was achieved in apples. Therefore, these techniques may be useful to reduce E. coli and S. aureus contamination levels on the surface of meats and fruits, being promising for applications in the field of microbiological food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Quatrini Corrêa
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kate Cristina Blanco
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica Boer Garcia
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shirly Marleny Lara Perez
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; PPG Biotec, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel José Chianfrone
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Sigari Morais
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; Hagler Fellow, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas, USA
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