Hypericin-mediated photoinactivation of polymeric nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus

Multi-targets of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by erythrosine against Staphylococcus aureus identified by proteomic approach

Staphylococcus aureus is a global challenge to the clinical field and food industry. Therefore, the development of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become one of the valuable methods to control this pathogen. The antibacterial activity of photoinactivation by erythrosine (Ery) against S. aureus has been reported, but its modes of action are unclear. This study aimed to employ a proteomic approach to analyze modes of action of Ery-aPDT against S. aureus. We determined the antibacterial effect by Ery-aPDT assays, quantified reactive oxygen species (ROS) and injury to the cell membrane, and determined protein expression using a proteomic approach combined with bioinformatic tools. Ery-aPDT was effective in reducing S. aureus to undetectable levels. In addition, the increment of ROS accompanied the increase in the reduction of cell viability, and damage to cellular membranes was shown by sublethal injury. In proteomic analysis, we found 17 differentially expressed proteins. These proteins revealed changes mainly associated with defense to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, translation, and protein biosynthesis. Thus, these results suggest that the effectiveness of Ery-aPDT is due to multi-targets in the bacterial cell that cause the death of S. aureus.

Hypericin as a promising natural bioactive naphthodianthrone: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and safety

Hypericin can be derived from St. John's wort, which is widely spread around the world. As a natural product, it has been put into clinical practice such as wound healing and depression for a long time. In this article, we review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of hypericin, aiming to introduce the research advances and provide a full evaluation of it. Turns out hypericin, as a natural photosensitizer, exhibits an excellent capacity for anticancer, neuroprotection, and elimination of microorganisms, especially when activated by light, potent anticancer and antimicrobial effects are obtained after photodynamic therapy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic effects involve the induction of cell death, inhibition of cell cycle progression, inhibition of the reuptake of amines, and inhibition of virus replication. The pharmacokinetics properties indicate that hypericin has poor water solubility and bioavailability. The distribution and excretion are fast, and it is metabolized in bile. The toxicity of hypericin is rarely reported and the conventional use of it rarely causes adverse effects except for photosensitization. Therefore, we may conclude that hypericin can be used safely and effectively against a variety of diseases. We hope to provide researchers with detailed guidance and enlighten the development of it.

Polyphenolic natural products as photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: recent advances and future prospects

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a potent contender in the fight against microbial infections, especially in the context of the rising antibiotic resistance crisis. Recently, there has been significant interest in polyphenolic natural products as potential photosensitizers (PSs) in aPDT, given their unique chemical structures and inherent antimicrobial properties. Polyphenolic natural products, abundant and readily obtainable from natural sources, are generally regarded as safe and highly compatible with the human body. This comprehensive review focuses on the latest developments and future implications of using natural polyphenols as PSs in aPDT. Paramount polyphenolic compounds, including curcumin, hypericin, quercetin, hypocrellin, celastrol, riboflavin, resveratrol, gallic acid, and aloe emodin, are elaborated upon with respect to their structural characteristics, absorption properties, and antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, the aPDT mechanism, specifically its targeted action on microbial cells and biofilms, is also discussed. Polyphenolic natural products demonstrate immense potential as PSs in aPDT, representing a promising alternate approach to counteract antibiotic-resistant bacteria and biofilm-related infections.

Hypericin: A natural anthraquinone as promising therapeutic agent

BACKGROUND

Hypericin is a prominent secondary metabolite mainly existing in genus Hypericum. It has become a research focus for a quiet long time owing to its extensively pharmacological activities especially the anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and neuroprotective effects. This review concentrated on summarizing and analyzing the existing studies of hypericin in a comprehensive perspective.

METHODS

The literature with desired information about hypericin published after 2010 was gained from electronic databases including PubMed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and Wan Fang DATA.

RESULTS

According to extensive preclinical and clinical studies conducted on the hypericin, an organized and comprehensive summary of the natural and artificial sources, strategies for improving the bioactivities, pharmacological activities, drug combination of hypericin was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential of this active compound.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this review offered a theoretical guidance for the follow-up research of hypericin. However, the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and structure activity relationship of hypericin should be further studied in future research.

Recent advances in engineered polymeric materials for efficient photodynamic inactivation of bacterial pathogens

Nowadays, infectious diseases persist as a global crisis by causing significant destruction to public health and the economic stability of countries worldwide. Especially bacterial infections remain a most severe concern due to the prevalence and emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) and limitations with existing therapeutic options. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a potential therapeutic modality that involves the systematic administration of photosensitizers (PSs), light, and molecular oxygen (O₂) for coping with bacterial infections. Although the existing porphyrin and non-porphyrin PSs were effective in APDT, the poor solubility, limited efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria, and non-specific distribution hinder their clinical applications. Accordingly, to promote the efficiency of conventional PSs, various polymer-driven modification and functionalization strategies have been adopted to engineer multifunctional hybrid phototherapeutics. This review assesses recent advancements and state-of-the-art research in polymer-PSs hybrid materials developed for APDT applications. Further, the key research findings of the following aspects are considered in-depth with constructive discussions: i) PSs-integrated/functionalized polymeric composites through various molecular interactions; ii) PSs-deposited coatings on different substrates and devices to eliminate healthcare-associated infections; and iii) PSs-embedded films, scaffolds, and hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications.

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Synthetic strategies of engineered polymer-based hybrid materials integrated with photosensitizers for APDT.

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Utilization of photosensitizer-incorporated polymeric materials in health care applications.

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Challenges and opportunities in the future development of polymeric biomaterials with improved photo-bactericidal properties.

Photoactivity of hypericin: from natural product to antifungal application

Considering the multifaceted and increasing application of photodynamic therapy (PDT), in recent years the antimicrobial employment of this therapy has been highlighted, because of the antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antifungal activities that have already been demonstrated. In this context, research focussed on antimycological action, especially for treatment of superficial infections, presents promising growth due to the characteristics of these infections that facilitate PDT application as new therapeutic options are needed in the field of medical mycology. Among the more than one hundred classes of photosensitizers the antifungal action of hypericin (Hyp) stands out due to its ability to permeate the lipid membrane and accumulate in different cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we aim to provide a complete overview of the origin, physicochemical characteristics, and optimal alternative drug deliveries that promote the photodynamic action of Hyp (Hyp-PDT) against fungi. Furthermore, considering the lack of a methodological consensus, we intend to compile the best strategies to guide researchers in the antifungal application of Hyp-PDT. Overall, this review provides a future perspective of new studies and clinical possibilities for the advances of such a technique in the treatment of mycoses in humans.

The application of photodynamic inactivation to microorganisms in food

Nowadays, food safety issues have drawn increased attention due to the continual occurrence of infectious diseases caused by foodborne pathogens, which is an important factor causing food safety hazard. Meanwhile, the emergence of an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a worrisome phenomenon. Therefore, it is imperative to find new technologies with low-cost to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and prevent cross-contamination. Compared with traditional preservatives, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has emerged as a novel and promising strategy to eliminate foodborne pathogens with advantages such as non-toxic and low microbial resistance, which also meets the demand of current consumers for green treatment. Over the past few years, reports of using this technology for food safety have increased rapidly. This review summarizes recent progresses in the development of photodynamic inactivation of foodborne microorganisms. The mechanisms, factors influencing PDI and the application of different photosensitizers (PSs) in different food substrates are reviewed.

Emerging trends in the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) applied to the food decontamination

The food and drink manufacturing industry is constantly seeking for alternative sanitation and disinfection systems that may achieve the same antimicrobial efficiency of conventional chemical sanitisers and at the same time be convenient in terms of energy and water savings. A candidate technology for this purpose is the use of light in combination with photosensitisers (PS) to generate a bioactive effect against microbial agents in a process defined as photodynamic inactivation (PDI). This technology can be applied to the food processing of different food matrices to reduce the microbial load of foodborne pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. Also, the PDI can be exploited to increase the shelf-life period of food by inactivation of spoiling microbes. This review analyses new developments in the last five years for PDI systems applied to the food decontamination from foodborne pathogens. The photosensitisation mechanisms and methods are reported to introduce the applied technology against microbial targets in food matrices. Recent blue light emitting diodes (LED) lamp systems for the PDI mediated by endogenous PS are discussed as well PDI technologies with the use of exogenous PS from plant sources such as curcumin and porphyrin-based molecules. The updated overview of the most recent developments in the PDI technology both in wavelengths and employed PS will provide further points of analysis for the advancement of the research on new competitive and effective disinfection systems in the food industry.

Photophysical characterization of Hypericin-loaded in micellar, liposomal and copolymer-lipid nanostructures based F127 and DPPC liposomes

Hypericin (Hy) compound presents a high photoactivity in photodynamic therapy (PDT), photodiagnosis and theranostics applications. The maintenance of this compound in monomeric form could undermine the potential benefits of its photophysical and photodynamic activity. In this study, we demonstrated that the Hy formulated in a system based on the use of the F127 copolymer and the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3-glycerol-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as micelles, liposomal vesicles and Copolymer-Lipid coated systems, have improved its photophysical properties for many clinical modalities. Based on the results of the triplet state lifetime values (τ_t), the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ_Δ¹O₂), the fluorescence lifetime (τ_F) and the fluorescence quantum yield (Φ_F), all Hy formulations had its photophysical properties described in different models of drug delivery systems (DDS). In addition, the transient spectra profile of those formulations was unaffected by the Hy incorporation process, except for the liposomal system, which demonstrated to be the less stable one by flash photolysis technique. The cytotoxic effects of those formulations were also investigated for CaCo-2 and HaCat cells line. The cytotoxic concentrations for 50% (CC₅₀) were 0.56, 1.05, 1.33 and 4.80 µmol L^-1 for Copolymer-Lipid/Hy, DPPC/Hy, F127/Hy and ethanol/Hy for CaCo-2 cells, respectively, and 0.69, 2.02, 1.45 and 1.16 µmol L^-1 for Copolymer-Lipid/Hy, DPPC/Hy, F127/Hy and ethanol/Hy for HaCat cells, respectively. The F127 copolymer had a significant role in many photophysical parameters determined for Copolymer-Lipid/Hy coated system. Although all those formulations had shown satisfactory results, Copolymer-Lipid/Hy proved to be superior in many aspects, being the most promising formulation for PDT, photodiagnosis and theranostics applications.

pH interferes in photoinhibitory activity of curcumin nanoencapsulated with pluronic® P123 against Staphylococcus aureus

Microbial contamination control is a public health concern and challenge for the food industry. Antimicrobial technologies employing natural agents may be useful in the food industry for these purposes. This work aimed to investigate the effect of photodynamic inactivation using curcumin in Pluronic® P123 nanoparticles (Cur/P123) at different pH and blue LED light against Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial photoinactivation was conducted using different photosensitizer concentrations and exposure times at pH 5.0, 7.2 and 9.0. A mixture design was applied to evaluate the effects of exposure time (dark and light incubation) on the photoinhibitory effect. S. aureus was completely inactivated at pH 5.0 by combining low concentrations of Cur/P123 (7.80-30.25 μmol/L) and light doses (6.50-37.74 J/cm²). According to the mathematical model, dark incubation had low significance in bacterial inactivation at pH 5.0 and 9.0. No effect in bacterial inactivation was observed at pH 7.2. Cur/P123 with blue LED was effective in inactivating S. aureus. The antimicrobial effect of photodynamic inactivation was also pH-dependent.