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Xu X, Li T, Tang J, Wang D, Zhou Y, Gou H, Li L, Xu Y. CXCR4-mediated neutrophil dynamics in periodontitis. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111212. [PMID: 38719020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a common oral disease closely related to immune response and this study is aimed to identify the key immune-related pathogenic genes and analyze the infiltration and function of immune cells in the disease using bioinformatics methods. METHODS Transcriptome datasets and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets were downloaded from the GEO database. We utilized weighted correlation network analysis and least absolute selection and shrinkage operator, protein-protein interaction network construction to screen out key pathogenic genes as well as conducted the cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts algorithm to analyze and characterize immune cell types in periodontal tissues. In addition to bioinformatics validations, clinical and cell samples were collected and mouse periodontitis models were constructed to validate the important role of key genes in periodontitis. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis pointed out the positive correlation between CXCR4 expression and periodontitis, and revealed the increased infiltration of neutrophils in periodontal inflammatory. Similar results were obtained from clinical samples and animal models. In addition, the clustering and functional enrichment results based on CXCR4 expression levels included activation of immune response and cell migration, implying the possible function of CXCR4 on regulating neutrophil dynamics, which might contribute to periodontitis. Subsequent validation experiments confirmed that the increased expression of CXCR4 in neutrophils under periodontitis, where cell migration-related pathways also were activated. CONCLUSION CXCR4 could be the key pathogenic gene of periodontitis and CXCR4/CXCL12 signal axial might contribute to the development of periodontitis by mediating neutrophil dynamics, suggesting that CXCR4 could be a potential target to help identify novel strategies for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tiange Li
- School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jingqi Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Danlei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huiqing Gou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Department of Periodontology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China..
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Wenzler JS, Wurzel SC, Falk W, Böcher S, Wurzel PP, Braun A. Bactericidal Effect of Different Photochemical-Based Therapy Options on Implant Surfaces-An In Vitro Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4212. [PMID: 39064253 PMCID: PMC11278127 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Photochemical systems are frequently recommended as an adjuvant treatment option in peri-implantitis therapy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of these treatment options, as well as a novel curcumin-based option, in a biofilm model on implants. Methods: Eighty dental implants were inoculated with an artificial biofilm of periodontal pathogens and placed in peri-implant pocket models. The following groups were analyzed: I, photodynamic therapy (PDT); II, PDT dye; III, curcumin/DMSO + laser; IV, curcumin/DMSO only; V, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) only; VI, photothermal therapy (PTT); VII, PTT dye; VIII, control. After treatment, remaining bacterial loads were assessed microbiologically using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: The PDT, PTT, and DMSO treatment methods were associated with statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvements in germ reduction in comparison with the other methods and the untreated control group. The mean percentage reductions were as follows: I (PDT) 93.9%, II (PDT dye) 62.9%, III (curcumin/DMSO + laser) 74.8%, IV (curcumin/DMSO only) 67.9%, V (DMSO) 89.4%, VI (PTT) 86.8%, and VII (PTT dye) 66.3%. Conclusions: The commercially available PDT and PTT adjuvant treatment systems were associated with the largest statistically significant reduction in periopathogenic bacteria on implant surfaces. However, activation with laser light at a suitable wavelength is necessary to achieve the bactericidal effects. The use of curcumin as a photosensitizer for 445 nm laser irradiation did not lead to any improvement in antibacterial efficacy in comparison with rinsing with DMSO solution alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes-Simon Wenzler
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Svenja Caroline Wurzel
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Falk
- Center for Dental Microbiology, Oro-Dental Microbiology, Hamburger Chausse 25, 24220 Flintbek, Germany
| | - Sarah Böcher
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Piet Palle Wurzel
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (A.B.)
| | - Andreas Braun
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany (A.B.)
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Amaroli A, Panfoli I, Bozzo M, Ferrando S, Candiani S, Ravera S. The Bright Side of Curcumin: A Narrative Review of Its Therapeutic Potential in Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2580. [PMID: 39061221 PMCID: PMC11275093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, exhibits significant therapeutic potential in cancer management. This review explores curcumin's mechanisms of action, the challenges related to its bioavailability, and its enhancement through modern technology and approaches. Curcumin demonstrates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators. Its anticancer effects are mediated by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and interfering with tumor growth pathways in various colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers. However, its clinical application is limited by its poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism and low absorption. Novel delivery systems, such as curcumin-loaded hydrogels and nanoparticles, have shown promise in improving curcumin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, photodynamic therapy has emerged as a complementary approach, where light exposure enhances curcumin's anticancer effects by modulating molecular pathways crucial for tumor cell growth and survival. Studies highlight that combining low concentrations of curcumin with visible light irradiation significantly boosts its antitumor efficacy compared to curcumin alone. The interaction of curcumin with cytochromes or drug transporters may play a crucial role in altering the pharmacokinetics of conventional medications, which necessitates careful consideration in clinical settings. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery mechanisms and understanding curcumin's pharmacokinetics to fully harness its therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Ferrando
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Candiani
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory (BIOPHOR), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.B.); (S.F.); (S.C.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Nie M, Huang P, Peng P, Shen D, Zhao L, Jiang D, Shen Y, Wei L, Bible PW, Yang J, Wang J, Wu Y. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol 2024; 95:535-549. [PMID: 38501762 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients. METHODS Seventeen patients were included in this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥5 mm in combination with bleeding on probing in different quadrants were randomized into the control group, the group with a single PDT application right after SRP, and the group with three repeated PDT applications 1 week after SRP. The subgingival plaque was collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline, Week 2, and Week 8. RESULTS Seventeen patients with 60 sites completed this 8-week follow-up, and 157 subgingival plaques were successfully analyzed by sequencing. Significant improvements were observed in two primary outcomes: PPD at Week 8 and subgingival microbial composition. Compared to the control group, the repeated-PDT group showed a notable improvement in PPD, substantial alterations in the microbial profile, including a reduction in α-diversity and anaerobic bacteria, and an increase in aerobic bacteria at Week 2. Secondary outcomes, such as clinical attachment level and sulcus bleeding index, also showed improvement at Week 8. Furthermore, both the single- and repeated-PDT groups exhibited a decrease in periodontopathogens and an increase in beneficial bacteria compared with baseline. CONCLUSION PDT promotes changes in the microbial composition of periodontitis patients' subgingival plaque in a direction favorable to periodontal health, and repeated PDT is a promising adjunctive therapy for periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peien Huang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiyao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daonan Shen
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Duan Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul W Bible
- College of Arts and Sciences of Marian University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jingmei Yang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafei Wu
- Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Diniz LA, Ferreira LDAQ, Ribeiro RDB, de Jesus SLG, Anestino TA, Caldeira ASP, Souto GR, de Avelar GF, Amaral FA, Ferreira MVL, Madeira MFM, Braga FC, Diniz IMA. Exploring the association between a standardized extract of pequi peels (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) and blue light as a photodynamic therapy for treating superficial wounds. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:712-724. [PMID: 37909171 DOI: 10.1111/php.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural products derived from plants can be used as photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combining key therapeutic strategies for tissue repair while controlling microorganisms' growth. We investigated a standardized extract of pequi peels (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) as a brownish natural photosensitizer for aPDT using blue light. Three concentrations of the pequi extract (PE; 10, 30, or 90 μg/mL) were tested solely or associated with blue laser (445 nm, 100 mW, 138 J/cm2, 6 J, 60 s). In vitro, we quantified reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed skin keratinocytes (HaCat) viability and migration, and aPDT antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus or Staphylococcus strains. In vivo, we assessed wound closure for the most active concentration disclosed by the in vitro assay (30 μg/mL). Upon aPDT treatments, ROS were significantly increased in cell monolayers regardless of PE concentration. PE at low doses stimulates epithelial cells. Although PE stimulated cellular migration, aPDT was moderately cytotoxic to skin keratinocytes, particularly at the highest concentration. The antimicrobial activity was observed for PE at the lowest concentration (10 μg/mL) and mostly at PE 10 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL when used as aPDT photosensitizers. aPDT with PE 30 μg/mL presents antimicrobial activity without compromising the initial phases of skin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Alves Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- LASER Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiza de Almeida Queiroz Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- LASER Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafaela de Brito Ribeiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sarah Luiza Galvão de Jesus
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thales Augusto Anestino
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alisson Samuel Portes Caldeira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Vice Directorate of Research, René Rachou Institute-Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Ribeiro Souto
- LASER Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gleide Fernandes de Avelar
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio Almeida Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernão Castro Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ivana Márcia Alves Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- LASER Biotechnologies, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. Periodontal ligament stem cell-derived exosome-loaded Emodin mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against cariogenic bacteria. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:311. [PMID: 38454402 PMCID: PMC10919019 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cell-derived exosome-loaded Emodin (Emo@PDL-Exo) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus as the cariogenic bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS After isolating and characterizing PDL-Exo, the study proceeded to prepare and verify the presence of Emo@PDL-Exo. The antimicrobial effect, anti-biofilm activity, and anti-metabolic potency of Emo, PDL-Exo, and Emo@PDL-Exo were then evaluated with and without irradiation of blue laser at a wavelength of 405 ± 10 nm with an output intensity of 150 mW/cm2 for a duration of 60 s. In addition, the study assessed the binding affinity of Emodin with GtfB and SlpA proteins using in silico molecular docking. Eventually, the study examined the generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in the gene expression levels of gelE and sprE. RESULTS The study found that using Emo@PDL-Exo-mediated aPDT resulted in a significant decrease in L. acidophilus and S. mutans by 4.90 ± 0.36 and 5.07 log10 CFU/mL, respectively (P < 0.05). The study found that using Emo@PDL-Exo for aPDT significantly reduced L. acidophilus and S. mutans biofilms by 44.7% and 50.4%, respectively, compared to untreated biofilms in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the metabolic activity of L. acidophilus and S. mutans decreased by 58.3% and 71.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). The molecular docking analysis showed strong binding affinities of Emodin with SlpA and GtfB proteins, with docking scores of -7.4 and -8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. The study also found that the aPDT using Emo@PDL-Exo group resulted in the most significant reduction in gene expression of slpA and gtfB, with a decrease of 4.2- and 5.6-folds, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05), likely due to the increased generation of endogenous ROS. DISCUSSION The study showed that aPDT using Emo@PDL-Exo can effectively reduce the cell viability, biofilm activity, and metabolic potency of S. mutans and L. acidophilus. aPDT also significantly reduced the expression levels of gtfB and slpA mRNA due to the increased endogenous ROS generation. The findings suggest that Emo@PDL-Exo-mediated aPDT could be a promising antimicrobial approach against cariogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, BioHealth Lab, Tehran, Iran.
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Boretti A. Potential use of curcumin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus infection. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1165-1169. [PMID: 37083191 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
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Afrasiabi S, Entezari S, Etemadi A, Chiniforush N. The influence of different mode of power density during antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for photokilling of Streptococcus mutans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103770. [PMID: 37640204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the inactivation potency of riboflavin and curcumin plus blue diode laser against Streptococcus mutans with different power densities. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, standard-strain S. mutans was exposed to curcumin and riboflavin plus blue diode laser with different power densities (0.4-1.0 W/cm2) as well as chlorhexidine (CHX). The colony forming units (CFUs)/mL was calculated. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Antibacterial analysis indicated that the blue diode laser irradiation with curcumin and riboflavin provided a satisfactory reduction of the S. mutans level. In addition, S. mutans was more affected by curcumin + blue diode laser when the power density was set to 1.0 W/cm2 (P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, bacterial suspensions treated with CHX showed maximum colony number reduction, compared with the control (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION This study showed the blue diode laser along with curcumin had strong bactericidal effect on S. mutans, and this effect improved by increasing the power density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afrasiabi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarvin Entezari
- Dentist, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardavan Etemadi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Etemadi A, Hashemi SS, Chiniforush N. Evaluation of the effect of photodynamic therapy with Curcumin and Riboflavin on implant surface contaminated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103833. [PMID: 37802275 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peri-implantitis is a destructive inflammatory disease affecting both hard and soft tissues of the osseointegrated implant and causing bone loss and envelope surrounding the implant. The study aimed at evaluating the effect of Photodynamic therapy with Curcumin and Riboflavin on the level of decontamination of implant surface impregnated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental and laboratory study, 42 implants (4.3 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length) were infected with A.a. bacterial suspension. Then, the implants carrying A.a biofilm were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 6). The groups included: 1- a negative control group (without treatment), 2- a positive control group of Chlorhexidine 0.12 %, 3- a Curcumin (5 mg/ ml) group, 4- a Riboflavin (0.5 %) group, 5- an LED irradiation group (390-480 nm), 6- a photodynamic therapy with Curcumin group, and 7- a photodynamic therapy with Riboflavin group. Then, the implants were sonicated and the amount of CFU/mL of each sample was calculated. One-way ANOVA and Tamhane tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The lowest mean number of colonies of A.a (CFU/ mL) were seen in the following groups, respectively: the positive control group of Chlorhexidine 0.12 %, the photodynamic therapy with Curcumin group, the photodynamic therapy with Riboflavin group, the Curcumin (5 mg/ ml) group, the Riboflavin (0.5 %) group, the LED radiation group, and the negative control group. The use of photodynamic therapy with Curcumin significantly reduced the number of colonies of A.a (CFU/ mL) in comparison with the photodynamic therapy with Riboflavin group (p = 0.004), the Riboflavin group (p = 0.045), the LED radiation group (p = 0.012), and the negative control group (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION aPDT with Curcumin and LED can reduce A.a biofilm on implant surfaces and can be used as a safe and non-invasive disinfection method to reduce A.a biofilm on implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Etemadi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Shahmoradi M, Narimani T, Najafi F, Asadi Y, Fekrazad R. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with dendrosomal curcumin and blue laser against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103825. [PMID: 37797908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the loss of tooth-supporting structures. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the main pathogens responsible for periodontitis. Because of the limitations of antibiotic use, various alternative approaches have been developed. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy uses photosensitizers and light to eliminate pathogens. Curcumin is a promising photosensitizer, but has low bioavailability and water solubility. However, dendrosomes can efficiently encapsulate curcumin, overcoming these obstacles. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy with blue laser and dendrosomal curcumin against Porphyromonas gingivalis. METHODS In this in vitro experiment, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of dendrosomal curcumin was determined using a serial dilution approach. Porphyromonas gingivalis suspensions were subjected to blue laser irradiation (447 nm, output power 100 mW) for 30 to 180 s. Finally, several subMIC dendrosomal curcumin concentrations and blue laser irradiation periods were applied to the bacterial suspensions. The negative control group received no therapy, whereas the positive control group was treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine. Consequently, the colony count of each group was calculated. RESULTS Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis with dendrosomal Curcumin at concentrations of 8-250 μg/mL significantly reduced bacterial growth compared to untreated group. 90 second exposure to a blue laser (31.8 J/cm2) completely inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Blue laser irradiation for 60 s (21.2 J/cm2) markedly reduced bacterial growth but did not completely prevent its survival. Photodynamic therapy using dendrosomal curcumin at concentrations of 2-4 μg/mL and irradiation for 30-90 s resulted in complete eradication of Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The reduction in survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis following photodynamic therapy with dendrosomal curcumin and blue laser indicates that this technique could be a useful approach to eradicate Porphyromonas gingivalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Shahmoradi
- Periodontology Department, Dental faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Narimani
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farrokh Najafi
- Biomaterial Engineering Faculty, Amir Kabir University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasin Asadi
- Periodontology Department, Dental faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Radiation Science Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Harris DM, Sulewski JG. Photoinactivation and Photoablation of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1160. [PMID: 37764967 PMCID: PMC10535405 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of phototherapy target human pathogens and Porphyromonas gingivitis (Pg) in particular. The various approaches can be organized into five different treatment modes sorted by different power densities, interaction times, effective wavelengths and mechanisms of action. Mode 1: antimicrobial ultraviolet (aUV); mode 2: antimicrobial blue light (aBL); mode 3: antimicrobial selective photothermolysis (aSP); mode 4: antimicrobial vaporization; mode 5: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This report reviews the literature to identify for each mode (a) the putative molecular mechanism of action; (b) the effective wavelength range and penetration depth; (c) selectivity; (d) in vitro outcomes; and (e) clinical trial/study outcomes as these elements apply to Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). The characteristics of each mode influence how each is translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Harris
- Bio-Medical Consultants, Inc., Canandaigua, NY 14424, USA
- Department of Periodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - John G. Sulewski
- Institute for Advanced Dental Technologies, Huntington Woods, MI 48070, USA
- Millennium Dental Technologies, Inc., Cerritos, CA 90703, USA
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12
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An Overview of Potential Natural Photosensitizers in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010224. [PMID: 36672732 PMCID: PMC9855789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. There are several different types of cancer recognized thus far, which can be treated by different approaches including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination thereof. However, these approaches have certain drawbacks and limitations. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is regarded as an alternative noninvasive approach for cancer treatment based on the generation of toxic oxygen (known as reactive oxygen species (ROS)) at the treatment site. PDT requires photoactivation by a photosensitizer (PS) at a specific wavelength (λ) of light in the vicinity of molecular oxygen (singlet oxygen). The cell death mechanisms adopted in PDT upon PS photoactivation are necrosis, apoptosis and stimulation of the immune system. Over the past few decades, the use of natural compounds as a photoactive agent for the selective eradication of neoplastic lesions has attracted researchers' attention. Many reviews have focused on the PS cell death mode of action and photonanomedicine approaches for PDT, while limited attention has been paid to the photoactivation of phytocompounds. Photoactivation is ever-present in nature and also found in natural plant compounds. The availability of various laser light setups can play a vital role in the discovery of photoactive phytocompounds that can be used as a natural PS. Exploring phytocompounds for their photoactive properties could reveal novel natural compounds that can be used as a PS in future pharmaceutical research. In this review, we highlight the current research regarding several photoactive phytocompound classes (furanocoumarins, alkaloids, poly-acetylenes and thiophenes, curcumins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and natural extracts) and their photoactive potential to encourage researchers to focus on studies of natural agents and their use as a potent PS to enhance the efficiency of PDT.
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13
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Alkahtany MF. Efficacy of curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy for root canal therapy procedures: A systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103252. [PMID: 36563708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CUR-mediated PDT (Curcumin mediated PDT) as an adjunct to conventional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT of the RC system with endodontic infections. METHODS The focused research question was: "Whether the application Curcumin mediated PDT as an adjunct is more effective than the traditional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT of the RC system alone for improving antibacterial and/or mechanical features among subjects undergoing RCT?". An electronic literature search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. In vitro reports utilizing Curcumin mediated PDT as an adjunct to conventional chemo-mechanical debridement considering permanent dentition assessing the antibacterial and/or mechanical effect were included. RESULTS Eighteen articles were included in the review, out of which 13 studies assessed the antibacterial activity, while 5 evaluated the mechanical properties. Most of the studies concluded that Curcumin mediated PDT had a significant antibacterial activity than the conventional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT. Four of the five studies suggested that Curcumin mediated PDT had no impact on the push-out bond strength of root dentin. Furthermore, the significant heterogeneity in the data from the included studies did not permit the author to carry out a meta-analysis. CONCLUSION There is potential for application of Curcumin mediated PDT as an adjunct to the conventional chemo-mechanical debridement and/or standard PDT in reducing the bacterial load, however, Curcumin mediated PDT has minimal effect on enhancing the pushout bond strength of fiber posts to radicular dentin. Moreover, clinical studies are required to provide a more conclusive opinion on the efficacy of Curcumin mediated PDT for RCT procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen F Alkahtany
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Afrasiabi S, Barikani HR, Chiniforush N. Comparison of bacterial disinfection efficacy using blue and red lights on dental implants contaminated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103178. [PMID: 36602065 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial disinfection efficacy of four photosensitizers (PSs; curcumin, riboflavin, toluidine blue O, and phycocyanin) with blue diode laser (Blue DL) and blue light-emitting diode (Blue LED) or Red DL and Red LED in dental implants contaminated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 dental implants were contaminated with A. actinomycetemcomitans. All implants were then randomized into ten different disinfection modalities (n = 6 implants per group). The irradiation wavelength in Blue DL and Blue LED or Red DL and Red LED was 450, 430-460, 635, and 630 nm, respectively and its applied energy density was 60 J/cm2 in all groups. Group IX was served as the control group and in group X disinfection was performed with 0.2% chlorhexidine. After the treatments, the colony forming units (CFUs)/ml were calculated to determine antimicrobial effects of each treatment. RESULTS All disinfection methods significantly reduced bacteria amounts of dental implants inoculated with A. actinomycetemcomitans compared to control group. The CFU/ml in LED group was significantly lower than the DL in all studied groups. CONCLUSION aPDT could be an effective supplement in dental implants disinfection. The LED, proved to be better in reducing CFU/ml of A. actinomycetemcomitans on dental implants surface than DL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afrasiabi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Barikani
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Zheng N, Zhou M, He Y, Xu H, Chen X, Duan Z, Yang L, Zeng R, Liu Y, Li M. Low curcumin concentrations combined with blue light inhibits cutibacterium acnes biofilm-induced inflammatory response through suppressing MAPK and NF-κB in keratinocytes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103204. [PMID: 36403927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin has been employed as a photosensitizer agent during photodynamic therapy (PDT). Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) can cause an inflammatory response in human keratinocytes; however, no research has been conducted to determine whether curcumin and its photodynamic properties can prevent this inflammatory reaction. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that curcumin may control the C. acnes biofilm-induced inflammatory response in keratinocytes, either alone or in combination with blue light photodynamic therapy. METHODS Following C. acnes biofilm stimulation, human primary keratinocytes were treated with 20 μM curcumin solution alone or 5 μM curcumin with combined blue light irradiation. The amount of secreted protein was measured using an ELISA kit. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its downstream proteins were determined using western blot. RESULTS Treatment with 20 μM curcumin, but not 5 μM curcumin, reduced the inflammatory response to C. acnes biofilms in keratinocytes by blocking the TLR2/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, 5 μM curcumin combined with blue light also reduced the C. acnes biofilm-induced inflammation indicated above by blocking the TLR2/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION Curcumin alone, in sufficient concentrations, or low-concentration curcumin with blue light had anti-inflammatory activity on keratinocytes stimulated by C. acnes biofilms through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways by downregulating TLR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan He
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoxiang Xu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Duan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 169 Hushan Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China.
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 12 Jiang Wang Miao Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China.
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16
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The Potential Application of Natural Photosensitizers Used in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Oral Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060767. [PMID: 35745686 PMCID: PMC9227410 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral health problems and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacterial strains have become major global challenges and are essential elements that negatively affect general well-being. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is based on a light source and oxygen that activates a nontoxic photosensitizer, resulting in microbial destruction. Synthetic and natural products can be used to help the APDT against oral microorganisms. The undesirable consequences of conventional photosensitizers, including toxicity, and cost encourage researchers to explore new promising photosensitizers based on natural compounds such as curcumin, chlorella, chlorophyllin, phycocyanin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, and riboflavin. In this review, we summarize in vitro studies describing the potential use of APDT therapy conjugated with some natural products against selected microorganisms that are considered to be responsible for oral infections.
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17
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Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Cintra LTA, Nakao JM, Takamiya AS, Queiroz ÍODA, Henrique Dos Santos P, de Oliveira SHP, Sivieri-Araujo G. Cytotoxicity of root canal irrigating solutions and photodynamic therapy using curcumin photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102795. [PMID: 35263668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown satisfactory antibacterial effects. However, few information regarding the cytotoxicity potential of PDT using curcumin as a photosensitizer (PS) on fibroblasts are found. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of root canal irrigating solutions and photodynamic therapy with curcumin PS on the L-929 cell line. METHODS Healthy mouse skin fibroblast cells were distributed into the following 7 experimental groups: G1 - culture medium DMEM (control group); G2 - 0.9% sodium chloride; G3 - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G4 - 5% NaOCl; G5 - PDT with curcumin PS at 500 mg/L + blue LED; G6 - PDT with curcumin PS at 750 mg/L + blue LED; and G7 - PDT with curcumin PS at 1000 mg/L + blue LED. All experimental groups which underwent PDT action were submitted to blue LED for 4 minutes, with a wavelength of 480 nm and energy fluency of 75 J/cm². The cultures were maintained under standard cell culture conditions (37°C, 100% humidity, 5% CO2). Cell viability analysis was performed using the colorimetric method to evaluate the periods of 6, 24, and 48 hours. Data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test to compare groups and Friedman test to compare periods (α = 0.05). RESULTS When comparing the periods, no significant differences were observed for any of the experimental groups analyzed (p > 0.05), except for the NaOCl2.5 group that exhibited higher cell viability at 6 hours compared to the period of 48 hours (p = 0.0489). In the comparisons of the experimental groups, there were no statistically significant differences between the control group compared to all disinfection protocols, regardless of the period evaluated (p > 0.05), except for the PDT + C1000 group that showed lower cell viability (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PDT with curcumin at 1000 mg/L was cytotoxic on L-929 fibroblast cell culture. However, laser-activated curcumin at a concentration of 500 mg/L presented no influence on L-929 fibroblast cell viability in in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrico Badaoui Strazzi-Sahyon
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Discipline of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Midori Nakao
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Discipline of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline Satie Takamiya
- Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Índia Olinta de Azevedo Queiroz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Discipline of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gustavo Sivieri-Araujo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Discipline of Endodontics, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Current strategies of combating bacterial infections are limited and involve the use of antibiotics and preservatives. Each of these agents has generally inadequate efficacy and a number of serious adverse effects. Thus, there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial drugs and food preservatives with higher efficacy and lower toxicity. Edible plants have been used in medicine since ancient times and are well known for their successful antimicrobial activity. Often photosensitizers are present in many edible plants; they could be a promising source for a new generation of drugs and food preservatives. The use of photodynamic therapy allows enhancement of antimicrobial properties in plant photosensitizers. The purpose of this review is to present the verified data on the antimicrobial activities of photodynamic phytochemicals in edible species of the world’s flora, including the various mechanisms of their actions.
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19
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Lu H, Luan X, Wu X, Meng L, Zhang X, Wang Y, Han Y, Wang X, Sun L, Bi L. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapeutic effects of cationic amino acid-porphyrin conjugate 4i on Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102539. [PMID: 34555533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is considered to be among the principal pathogens in periodontal disease. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by cationic amino acid-porphyrin conjugate 4i on P. gingivalis METHODS: The uptake of 4i by P. gingivalis over different times of incubation was evaluated by optical density using a microplate reader. Laser radiation at λ=650nm-660nm with I =50 mW/cm2 at doses of 0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, and 12 J/cm2 was used for aPDT. A colony-counting method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to observe the neutralization of P. gingivalis. The fluorescent molecular probe 3'(p-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorescein and the reagent Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green were used to measure the quantities of •OH and 1O2 produced by 4i after irradiation with different light energies. RESULTS The 4i conjugate was absorbed gradually by P. gingivalis, reaching a maximum at 30 min. A clear cytotoxic effect on P. gingivalis was observed with aPDT using 62.5 µM 4i, with colony counts dropping by a factor of 3.35 log10, indicating a sterilization rate of 99.95%. Light irradiation resulted principally in the production of • OHby 4i. A live/dead viability assay demonstrated substantial red fluorescence in P. gingivalis treated with aPDT. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that 4i-aPDT caused substantial cytotoxicity in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lu
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaomin Luan
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Liangjia Bi
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
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20
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Moradi M, Fazlyab M, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N. Antimicrobial action of photodynamic therapy on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm using curing light, curcumin and riboflavin. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:274-282. [PMID: 34529329 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with curcumin and riboflavin on three-week Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. At first the 15-mm root canals of 65 single rooted extracted human teeth (including maxillary incisors, mandibular and maxillary canines and mandibular premolars) were separated from the crown and were prepared with ProTaper instruments. After autoclave sterilisation, samples were inoculated with E. faecalis suspension, and incubated for three weeks. After ensuring biofilm formation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in two teeth, the remaining 63 teeth were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 9): aPDT + curcumin, aPDT + riboflavin, LED, curcumin, riboflavin, 5.25% NaOCl (positive control) and no intervention (negative control). For light source a LED unit with 390-480 nm wavelength (peak of 460 nm), power density of 1000 ± 100 mW cm-2 and mean energy density of 60 J cm-2 was used. The roots were horizontally sectioned into coronal, middle and apical thirds each with 5 mm thicknesses. Dentin chips with equal weight (1 ± 0.005 g) were collected from the root canal walls with Gates Glidden drills and were transferred into microtubes containing 1 mL of sterile saline and vortexed for 30 s. Next, 10 µL of the contents of each tube was serially diluted and eventually, 10 µL of each solution was cultured on BHI agar. The number of colony-forming units was determined. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests. The colony reduction was not significantly different between NaOCl and either riboflavin + LED or Curcumin + LED. The 5.25% NaOCl group showed maximum reduction in colony count, compared with the negative control (P = 0.00). Groups with aPDT with Curcumin + LED (P = 0.005), and with riboflavin + LED (P = 0.011) showed significant reduction in colony count in all three canal thirds (P < 0.05) without any difference with one another. With significant reduction of E. faecalis colony count, aPDT with Curcumin and riboflavin can serve as an adjunct to routine root canal disinfection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Moradi
- Faculty of dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Fazlyab
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Trigo-Gutierrez JK, Vega-Chacón Y, Soares AB, Mima EGDO. Antimicrobial Activity of Curcumin in Nanoformulations: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7130. [PMID: 34281181 PMCID: PMC8267827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) is a natural substance extracted from turmeric that has antimicrobial properties. Due to its ability to absorb light in the blue spectrum, CUR is also used as a photosensitizer (PS) in antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). However, CUR is hydrophobic, unstable in solutions, and has low bioavailability, which hinders its clinical use. To circumvent these drawbacks, drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been used. In this review, we summarize the DDSs used to carry CUR and their antimicrobial effect against viruses, bacteria, and fungi, including drug-resistant strains and emergent pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. The reviewed DDSs include colloidal (micelles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, cyclodextrins, chitosan, and other polymeric nanoparticles), metallic, and mesoporous particles, as well as graphene, quantum dots, and hybrid nanosystems such as films and hydrogels. Free (non-encapsulated) CUR and CUR loaded in DDSs have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial action when used alone or as a PS in aPDT. They also show low cytotoxicity, in vivo biocompatibility, and improved wound healing. Although there are several in vitro and some in vivo investigations describing the nanotechnological aspects and the potential antimicrobial application of CUR-loaded DDSs, clinical trials are not reported and further studies should translate this evidence to the clinical scenarios of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-000, Brazil; (J.K.T.-G.); (Y.V.-C.); (A.B.S.)
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Polat E, Kang K. Natural Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:584. [PMID: 34063973 PMCID: PMC8224061 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Health problems and reduced treatment effectiveness due to antimicrobial resistance have become important global problems and are important factors that negatively affect life expectancy. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is constantly evolving and can minimize this antimicrobial resistance problem. Reactive oxygen species produced when nontoxic photosensitizers are exposed to light are the main functional components of APDT responsible for microbial destruction; therefore, APDT has a broad spectrum of target pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Various photosensitizers, including natural extracts, compounds, and their synthetic derivatives, are being investigated. The main limitations, such as weak antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, solubility, specificity, and cost, encourage the exploration of new photosensitizer candidates. Many additional methods, such as cell surface engineering, cotreatment with membrane-damaging agents, nanotechnology, computational simulation, and sonodynamic therapy, are also being investigated to develop novel APDT methods with improved properties. In this review, we summarize APDT research, focusing on natural photosensitizers used in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In addition, we describe the limitations observed for natural photosensitizers and the methods developed to counter those limitations with emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Polat
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Kyungsu Kang
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Gangwon-do, Korea;
- Division of Bio-Medical Science Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gangneung 25451, Gangwon-do, Korea
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Abstract
The recent development of several methods for extracting curcumin from the root of the plant Curcuma longa has led to intensified research on the properties of curcumin and its fields of application. Following the studies and the accreditation of curcumin as a natural compound with antifungal, antiviral, and antibacterial properties, new fields of application have been developed in two main directions—food and medical, respectively. This review paper aims to synthesize the fields of application of curcumin as an additive for the prevention of spoilage, safety, and quality of food. Simultaneously, it aims to present curcumin as an additive in products for the prevention of bacterial infections and health care. In both cases, the types of curcumin formulations in the form of (nano)emulsions, (nano)particles, or (nano)composites are presented, depending on the field and conditions of exploitation or their properties to be used. The diversity of composite materials that can be designed, depending on the purpose of use, leaves open the field of research on the conditioning of curcumin. Various biomaterials active from the antibacterial and antibiofilm point of view can be intuited in which curcumin acts as an additive that potentiates the activities of other compounds or has a synergistic activity with them.
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Attenuation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans virulence using curcumin-decorated nanophytosomes-mediated photo-sonoantimicrobial chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6012. [PMID: 33727630 PMCID: PMC7966776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to focus on the simultaneous use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (SACT), which is called photo-sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PSACT) to attenuate the virulence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Following the synthesis of Curcumin-decorated nanophytosomes (Cur-NPhs) as a novel photo-sonosensitizer, its particle size, polydispersity, ζ-potential surface morphology, physical stability, drug release, and entrapment efficiency were determined. In the Cur-NPhs-PSACT, the antimicrobial activities of Cur-NPhs against A. actinomycetemcomitans were investigated using cell viability, biofilm killing/degradation, metabolic activity, expression of quorum-sensing-associated qseB and qseC genes, and biofilm-associated rcpA gene under blue laser irradiation plus ultrasonic waves. Characterization tests showed the presence of a sphere-shaped vesicle and the self-closed structure of Cur-NPhs, resulting in a high drug-loading content and encapsulation efficiency. However, the antimicrobial effect of Cur-NPhs-PSACT was dose-dependent, PSACT using the high concentrations of Cur-NPhs (50 × 10-4 g/L) showed significant reductions (P < 0.05) in cell viability (13.6 log10 CFU/mL), biofilm killing/degradation (65%), metabolic activity (89.6%,), and mRNA levels of virulence determinant genes (qseB; 9.8-fold, qseC; 10.2-fold, and recA; 10.2-fold). This study concludes that the Cur-NPhs-PSACT had antimicrobial activities against A. actinomycetemcomitans by downregulating the expression of virulence genes, and may attenuate this bacterium that decreases periodontal disease severity in patients.
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