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Farah N, Lim CW, Chin VK, Chong PP, Basir R, Yeo WWY, Tay ST, Choo S, Lee TY. Photoactivated riboflavin inhibits planktonic and biofilm growth of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106665. [PMID: 38685359 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by Candida species pose a serious threat to humankind. Antibiotics abuse and the ability of Candida species to form biofilm have escalated the emergence of drug resistance in clinical settings and hence, rendered it more difficult to treat Candida-related diseases. Lethal effects of Candida infection are often due to inefficacy of antimicrobial treatments and failure of host immune response to clear infections. Previous studies have shown that a combination of riboflavin with UVA (riboflavin/UVA) light demonstrate candidacidal activity albeit its mechanism of actions remain elusive. Thus, this study sought to investigate antifungal and antibiofilm properties by combining riboflavin with UVA against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species. The MIC20 for the fluconazole and riboflavin/UVA against the Candida species tested was within the range of 0.125-2 μg/mL while the SMIC50 was 32 μg/mL. Present findings indicate that the inhibitory activities exerted by riboflavin/UVA towards planktonic cells are slightly less effective as compared to controls. However, the efficacy of the combination towards Candida species biofilms showed otherwise. Inhibitory effects exerted by riboflavin/UVA towards most of the tested Candida species biofilms points towards a variation in mode of action that could make it an ideal alternative therapeutic for biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuratiqah Farah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Woei Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Voon Kin Chin
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, No 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wendy Wai Yeng Yeo
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Sulin Choo
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, No 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tze Yan Lee
- Perdana University School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Suite 9.2, 9th Floor, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan, Damansara Heights, 50490, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Rodrigues ABF, Passos JCDS, Costa MS. Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, using Toluidine blue on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103600. [PMID: 37150491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Candida albicans is the most frequent etiological agent of candidiasis, it has been reported a sizable number of infections related to the non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, Candida krusei. In addition, dual biofilms (biofilms composed by two species) may easily occur in vivo, becoming even more challenging the treatment of an infection. The fungicide effect of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), using toluidine blue O (TBO) on both C. albicans and C. krusei development has been demonstrated. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PDT on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. METHODS The effect of PDT was observed on the metabolic activity of mature dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt) assay and the identification of Candida albicans and Candida krusei was performed on CHROMagar Candida medium. RESULTS it was observed a reduction of ∼30% in the metabolic activity of a mature biofilm treated with PDT, using 0.05mg·mL-1 TBO and during biofilm formation a predominance of C. albicans on C. krusei was observed. The inhibition observed was related to reduction in the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) of Candida albicans from 31.33 ± 3.7 to 17.0 ± 1.5. The number of CFU of C. krusei was not significantly modified. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the efficiency of PDT in inhibiting the dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by reducing C. albicans development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Furtado Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Juliene Cristina da Silva Passos
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Maricilia Silva Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Wang M, Gu K, Wan M, Gan L, Chen J, Zhao W, Shi H, Li J. Hydrogen peroxide enhanced photoinactivation of Candida albicans by a novel boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivative. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00408-2. [PMID: 37022583 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has received increasing attention as a promising approach to combat Candida albicans infections. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of a new BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-boradiazaindacene) derivative and hydrogen peroxide on C. albicans. BDP-4L in combination with H2O2 demonstrated enhanced photokilling efficacy. In suspended cultures of C. albicans, the maximum decrease was 6.20 log and 2.56 log for PDI using BDP-4L (2.5 μM) with or without H2O2, respectively. For mature C. albicans biofilms, 20 μM BDP-4L plus H2O2 eradicated C. albicans, causing an over 6.7 log count reduction in biofilm-associated cells, while only a reduction of ~ 1 log count was observed when H2O2 was omitted. Scanning electron microscopy analysis and LIVE/DEAD assays suggested that PDI using BDP-4L plus H2O2 induced more damage to the cell membrane. Correspondingly, amplification of nucleic acids release was observed in biofilms treated with the combined PDI. Additionally, we also discovered that the addition of hydrogen peroxide potentiated the generation of 1O2 in PDI using the singlet oxygen sensor green probe. Collectively, BDP-4L combined with H2O2 presents a promising approach in the treatment of C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Kedan Gu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, No.150, Rd. Fucheng, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Miyang Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jingtao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Rd. Wulumuqi, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Jiyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Dias LM, Klein MI, Ferrisse TM, Medeiros KS, Jordão CC, Bellini A, Pavarina AC. The Effect of Sub-Lethal Successive Applications of Photodynamic Therapy on Candida albicans Biofilm Depends on the Photosensitizer. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010111. [PMID: 36675932 PMCID: PMC9861309 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of successive applications of sub-lethal doses of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by Photodithazine® (PDZ) and curcumin (CUR) associated with LED in the viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and gene expression of Candida albicans. The microbial assays were performed using planktonic cultures and biofilms. Ten successive applications (Apl#) were performed: aPDT (P+L+; C+L+), photosensitizer (P+L-; C+L-), and LED (P-L+; C-L+). Control groups were used (P-L-; C-L-). The viability of C. albicans was determined by cultivating treated cultures on agar plates with or without fluconazole (FLU). In addition, the ROS detection and expression of SOD1, CAP1, and ERG11 genes were determined. For planktonic cultures, no viable colonies were observed after Apl#3 (without FLU) and Apl#2 (with FLU) for either photosensitizer. Biofilm treated with P+L+ resulted in the absence of cell viability after Apl#7, while C+L+ showed ~1.40 log10 increase in cell viability after Apl#2, regardless of FLU. For both photosensitizers, after the last application with viable colonies, the production of ROS was higher in the biofilms than in the planktonic cultures, and SOD1 expression was the highest in P+L+. A reduction of CAP1 and ERG11 expression occurred after P+L+, regardless of FLU. C+L+ had a higher level of ROS, and the treatments were non-significant for gene expression. Sub-lethal doses of aPDT mediated by CUR could induce C. albicans resistance in biofilms, while C. albicans cells in biofilms were susceptible to aPDT mediated by PDZ.
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Viana de Sousa T, Carolina Jordão C, Augusto Abreu-Pereira C, Gorayb Pereira AL, Barbugli PA, Klein MI, Pavarina AC. Hydrogen peroxide enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans biofilms. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:94-109. [PMID: 36916295 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2189011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) combined with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on biofilms formed by Candida albicans strains which are either susceptible to or resistant to fluconazole. Biofilms were grown and treated with H2O2, followed by the application of Photodithazine® (P) and red light-emitting diode (LED) (L) either separately or combined (n = 12). After the treatment, biofilms were evaluated by estimating colony-forming unit ml-1, extracellular matrix components [water -soluble and -insoluble polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA)], biomass (total and insoluble dry-weight), and protein concentration. Biofilms formed by both strains presented a significant reduction in cell viability, biomass, extracellular matrix components (both types of polysaccharides, eDNA), and proteins (in the soluble and insoluble portion of biofilms) compared to the control. Microscopy images of the biofilms after treatments showed disarticulation of the matrix and scattered fungal cells. The application of H2O2 can disturb the organization of the extracellular matrix, and its association with aPDT potentiated the effect of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tábata Viana de Sousa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Carolina Jordão
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - César Augusto Abreu-Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Gorayb Pereira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlise Inêz Klein
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Souza SO, Raposo BL, Sarmento-Neto JF, Rebouças JS, Macêdo DPC, Figueiredo RCBQ, Santos BS, Freitas AZ, Cabral Filho PE, Ribeiro MS, Fontes A. Photoinactivation of Yeast and Biofilm Communities of Candida albicans Mediated by ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ Porphyrin. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060556. [PMID: 35736039 PMCID: PMC9225021 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main cause of superficial candidiasis. While the antifungals available are defied by biofilm formation and resistance emergence, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) arises as an alternative antifungal therapy. The tetracationic metalloporphyrin Zn(II) meso-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+) has high photoefficiency and improved cellular interactions. We investigated the ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ as a photosensitizer (PS) to photoinactivate yeasts and biofilms of C. albicans strains (ATCC 10231 and ATCC 90028) using a blue light-emitting diode. The photoinactivation of yeasts was evaluated by quantifying the colony forming units. The aPDI of ATCC 90028 biofilms was assessed by the MTT assay, propidium iodide (PI) labeling, and scanning electron microscopy. Mammalian cytotoxicity was investigated in Vero cells using MTT assay. The aPDI (4.3 J/cm2) promoted eradication of yeasts at 0.8 and 1.5 µM of PS for ATCC 10231 and ATCC 90028, respectively. At 0.8 µM and same light dose, aPDI-treated biofilms showed intense PI labeling, about 89% decrease in the cell viability, and structural alterations with reduced hyphae. No considerable toxicity was observed in mammalian cells. Our results introduce the ZnTnHex-2-PyP4+ as a promising PS to photoinactivate both yeasts and biofilms of C. albicans, stimulating studies with other Candida species and resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueden O. Souza
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.O.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Bruno L. Raposo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
| | - José F. Sarmento-Neto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (J.F.S.-N.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Júlio S. Rebouças
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (J.F.S.-N.); (J.S.R.)
| | - Danielle P. C. Macêdo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, PE, Brazil; (D.P.C.M.); (B.S.S.)
| | - Regina C. B. Q. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM-FIOCRUZ), Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil;
| | - Beate S. Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, PE, Brazil; (D.P.C.M.); (B.S.S.)
| | - Anderson Z. Freitas
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.F.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Paulo E. Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
| | - Martha S. Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.F.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (B.L.R.); (P.E.C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.O.S.); (A.F.)
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Orlandi VT, Martegani E, Bolognese F, Caruso E. Searching for antimicrobial photosensitizers among a panel of BODIPYs. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1233-1248. [PMID: 35377108 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) gained increasing attention for its potential to inhibit the growth and spread of microorganisms, both as free-living cells and/or embedded in biofilm communities. In this scenario, compounds belonging to the family of boron-dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) represent a very promising class of photosensitizers for applications in antimicrobial field. In this study, twelve non-ionic and three cationic BODIPYs were assayed for the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. As expected, S. aureus showed to be very sensitive to BODIPYs and mild conditions were sufficient to reach good rates of photoinactivation with both neutral and monocationic ones. Surprisingly, one neutral compound (named B9 in this study) resulted the best BODIPY to photoinactivate P. aeruginosa PAO1. The photoinactivation of C. albicans was reached with both neutral and mono-cationic BODIPYs. Furthermore, biofilms of the three model microorganisms were challenged with BODIPYs in light-based antimicrobial technique. S. aureus biofilms were successfully inhibited with milder conditions than those applied to P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Notably, it was possible to eradicate 24-h-old biofilms of both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, this study supports the potential of neutral BODIPYs as pan-antimicrobial PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
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Use of Photodynamic Therapy Associated with Antimicrobial Peptides for Bacterial Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063226. [PMID: 35328647 PMCID: PMC8953507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the challenges related to antimicrobial resistance, other strategies for controlling infections have been suggested, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and antimicrobial peptides (AMP). This study aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to obtain evidence on the antimicrobial effectiveness of aPDT associated with AMP and establish in vitro knowledge on this topic for further study designs. The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scielo, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Two independent and calibrated researchers (Kappa = 0.88) performed all the systematic steps according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The odds ratio (OR) was used as the effect measure. The Peto method was used to perform the meta-analysis due to the sparse data. Twenty studies were included in the present review. The result was significant (OR = 0.14/p = 0.0235/I-squared = 0%), showing better outcomes of aPDT associated with peptides than those of aPDT alone for controlling the microbial load. Only 20% of the studies included evaluated this approach in a biofilm culture. Combined treatment with aPDT and AMP highly increased the ability of microbial reduction of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, additional blind studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this therapy on microbial biofilms.
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