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Komatsu H, Inui A, Yoshio S, Fujisawa T. Pharmacotherapy options for managing hepatitis B in children. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:449-467. [PMID: 33090882 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1841165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the first global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, with particular focus given to hepatitis B and C in 2016. To achieve the reduction of mortality in children, it is indispensable to know which children should be treated and how to treat them. AREA COVERED In this article, the authors review the antiviral treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection including antivirals available for children with chronic HBV infection. EXPERT OPINION The approvals of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) and pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) for children have lowered a hurdle to the initiation of antiviral treatment in children. The international guidelines use nearly the same criteria of antiviral treatment for children with chronic HBV infection, but the WHO guidelines provide a cautious stance on the antiviral treatment of children. Not only PEG-IFN but also NAs with a high genetic barrier to drug resistance should be the first-line treatment for children. In settings with limited medical resources, NAs can be the first-line treatment for children. Although the concept of an 'immune-tolerant phase' is challenged, evidence is not sufficient to recommend the treatment of HBeAg-positive immune-tolerant children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University, Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoo Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Eastern Yokohama Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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El‐Raziky ME, Fouad HM, Abd Elkhalak NS, Ghobrial CM, El‐Karaksy HM. Paediatric chronic hepatitis B virus infection: are children too tolerant to treat? Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1144-1150. [PMID: 30362178 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Guidelines for managing the hepatitis B (HB) virus infection in children are still evolving. We aimed to assess the eligibility of children with HB virus infections for treatment based on the current guidelines. METHODS This observational study took place in 2016 and focused on children with isolated chronic HB infections, who attended the paediatric hepatology units at two centres in Egypt. We recruited all treatment-naïve children aged one year to 18 years who had completed at least 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS The study comprised 103 children aged between 1.5-18 years. Of these, 51 (50%) had the HB e antigen-positive chronic infection, 28 (27%) had the HB-negative chronic infection, 11 (11%) had the HB e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis and none had the HB e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis. The remaining 13 (12%) children did not fulfil the criteria for chronic HB definitions. Only two of the children were candidates for treatment: both had HB e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis and had undergone liver biopsies. CONCLUSION Only two of the 103 children with chronic HB were eligible for treatment according to the current guidelines and every measure should be taken to prevent the HB virus infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan Mina Fouad
- The Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University Cairo Egypt
- The National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute Cairo Egypt
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Chien RN, Kao JH, Peng CY, Chen CH, Liu CJ, Huang YH, Hu TH, Yang HI, Lu SN, Ni YH, Chuang WL, Lee CM, Wu JC, Chen PJ, Liaw YF. Taiwan consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 118:7-38. [PMID: 30527436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The experts of Taiwan Association for the Study of Liver (TASL) have actively participated and led the guidelines on hepatitis B virus (HBV) management by Asian Pacific Association for the Study of Liver (APASL) which is the first international association for the study of liver to publish the statement on HBV management before. However, there are more and more new data on the natural history and treatment of HBV infection in the past decade. These include new application of an old biomarker (quantitative HBsAg), clinical significance of HBV genotype and naturally occurring mutations, the role of non-invasive examination in evaluating severity of hepatic fibrosis, clinical significance of outcome calculators, new drug or new combination strategies towards more effective therapy and organ transplantation including liver and non-liver transplantation. It is time to publish the guidelines on HBV management of Taiwan. Hence, TASL have conducted an expert meeting to review, to discuss and to debate the relevant literatures, followed by draft the manuscript of HBV management guidelines and recommendations. The guidelines include general management, indications for fibrosis assessment, time to start or stop drug therapy, choice of drug to initiate therapy, when and how to monitor the patients during and after stopping drug therapy. Recommendations on the therapy of patients in special circumstances, including women in childbearing age, patients with antiviral drug resistance, concurrent viral infection, hepatic decompensation, patient receiving immune suppression or chemotherapy and patients in the setting of liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Nan Chien
- Liver Research Unit, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hui Hu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hwa-I Yang
- Department of Genomic Research Center, Sinica Academia, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Won-Long Chuang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mo Lee
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Chin Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fan Liaw
- Liver Research Unit, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Arora A, Anand AC, Kumar A, Singh SP, Aggarwal R, Dhiman RK, Aggarwal S, Alam S, Bhaumik P, Dixit VK, Goel A, Goswami B, Kumar A, Kumar M, Madan K, Murugan N, Nagral A, Puri AS, Rao PN, Saraf N, Saraswat VA, Sehgal S, Sharma P, Shenoy KT, Wadhawan M. INASL Guidelines on Management of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Patients receiving Chemotherapy, Biologicals, Immunosupressants, or Corticosteroids. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 8:403-431. [PMID: 30568345 PMCID: PMC6286881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) reactivation in patients receiving chemotherapy, biologicals, immunosupressants, or corticosteroids is emerging to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with current or prior exposure to HBV infection. These patients suffer a dual onslaught of illness: one from the primary disease for which they are receiving the culprit drug that led to HBV reactivation, and the other from HBV reactivation itself. The HBV reactivation not only leads to a compromised liver function, which may culminate into hepatic failure; it also adversely impacts the treatment outcome of the primary illness. Hence, identification of patients at risk of reactivation before starting these drugs, and starting treatment aimed at prevention of HBV reactivation is the best strategy of managing these patients. There are no Indian guidelines on management of HBV infection in patients receiving chemotherapy, biologicals, immunosupressants, or corticosteroids for the treatment of rheumatologic conditions, malignancies, inflammatory bowel disease, dermatologic conditions, or solid-organ or bone marrow transplantation. The Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL) had set up a taskforce on HBV in 2016, with a mandate to develop consensus guidelines for management of various aspects of HBV infection, relevant to India. In 2017 the taskforce had published the first INASL guidelines on management of HBV infection in India. In the present guidelines, which are in continuation with the previous guidelines, the issues on management of HBV infection in patients receiving chemotherapy, biologicals, immunosupressants, or corticosteroids are addressed.
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Key Words
- ACLF, Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure
- AFP, Alphafetoprotein
- ALT, Alanine Aminotransferase
- Anti-HBc, Antibodies to Hepatitis B Core Antigen
- Anti-HBs, Antibodies to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
- CHB, Chronic Hepatitis B
- CHOP, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone
- CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease
- DILI, Drug-Induced Liver Injury
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- ETV, Entecavir
- GRADE, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation
- HAV, Hepatitis A Virus
- HBIG, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin
- HBV DNA, Hepatitis B Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- HBV, Hepatitis B Virus
- HBcAg, Hepatitis B Core Antigen
- HBeAg, Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen
- HBsAg, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
- HDV, Hepatitis D Virus
- HEV, Hepatitis E Virus
- HLA, Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I
- INASL, Indian National Association for Study of the Liver
- LAM, Lamivudine
- NAs, Nucleos(t)ide Analogs
- NHL, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- NK, Natural Killer
- PegIFN-α, Pegylated Interferon Alpha
- RA, Rheumatoid Arthritis
- SLE, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- TAF, Tenofovir Alafenamide
- TDF, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
- TLC, Total Leucocyte Count
- ULN, Upper Limit of Normal
- cancer
- cccDNA, Covalently Closed Circular Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- chemotherapy
- hepatitis B
- immunosupressants
- liver failure
- rcDNA, Relaxed-Circular Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology & Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology & Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivaram P. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Radha K. Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shyam Aggarwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Alam
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Bhaumik
- Department of Medicine, Agartala Govt. Medical College (AGMC), Agartala, India
| | - Vinod K. Dixit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Bhabadev Goswami
- Department of Gastoenterology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Rheumatology, Fortis Flt Lt Rajan Dhall Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Max Smart Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok and Apollo Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Amarender S. Puri
- Department of Gastroenterology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Padaki N. Rao
- Hepatology, Asian Institute Of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neeraj Saraf
- Hepatology, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurugram, India
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjeev Sehgal
- Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurugram, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology & Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manav Wadhawan
- Hepatology & Liver Transplant (Medicine), Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute (FELDI), Fortis Escorts Hospital, Delhi, India
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Lee KJ, Choe BH, Choe JY, Kim JY, Jeong IS, Kim JW, Yang HR, Chang JY, Kim KM, Moon JS, Ko JS. A Multicenter Study of the Antiviral Efficacy of Entecavir Monotherapy Compared to Lamivudine Monotherapy in Children with Nucleos(t)ide-naïve Chronic Hepatitis B. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e63. [PMID: 29441755 PMCID: PMC5809752 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the long-term efficacy of entecavir (ETV) and lamivudine (LAM) therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who had not received nucleoside analogue treatment. METHODS In this multicenter, retrospective study, we included pediatric CHB patients younger than 20 years who received ETV or LAM treatment for at least 12 months and had no concomitant diseases. All of the patients were followed up every 1 to 3 months. At each visit, the patients underwent clinical evaluation and biochemical testing. RESULTS Eight (53.3%), 14 (93.3%), and 2 (15.4%) of the ETV-treated patients achieved virologic suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, respectively, at 1 year. In the ETV group, the cumulative rate of virologic suppression at 3 years was 91.7%, which was significantly higher than that in the LAM group (P < 0.001). The mean duration of treatment before virologic suppression was shorter in the ETV group than in the LAM group (P = 0.040). The cumulative rate of seroconversion in the ETV group at 3 years was 39.4%, which was not significantly different from that in the LAM group (P = 0.439). The ETV group showed lower cumulate rates of virologic breakthrough (33.3% at 6 years) and genotypic mutation than the LAM group (P = 0.033 and P = 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSION ETV is superior to LAM in pediatric CHB treatment because of its higher virologic suppression rate and lower cumulative rates of virologic breakthrough and genotypic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jae Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ho Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Young Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - In Sook Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Whi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ran Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yuong Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Pawłowska M, Domagalski K, Smok B, Rajewski P, Wietlicka-Piszcz M, Halota W, Tretyn A. Continuous up to 4 Years Entecavir Treatment of HBV-Infected Adolescents - A Longitudinal Study in Real Life. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163691. [PMID: 27685782 PMCID: PMC5042476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the long-term (up to 4 years) efficacy and safety of entecavir ETV treatment and analysed the significance of baseline and on-treatment factors in long-term ETV outcomes in adolescents with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We determined the cumulative virological and serological outcomes of 44 adolescents with CHB receiving ETV for up to 4 years. To investigate the dynamics of HBV DNA, ALT activity and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion over time and their associations with the considered factors, generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used. The cumulative rates of undetectable HBV DNA (<20 IU/ml) and HBeAg seroconversion after 4 years were 89.7% and 55.4%, respectively. In the study group, we showed that having undetectable HBV DNA at the 6th or 12th month of therapy predicted the achievement of a sustained response rate (SRR, defined as the loss of HBV DNA, loss of HBeAg and ALT normalization) at year 3 of ETV therapy (P = 0.048, OR = 5.83; P = 0.012; OR = 14.57, respectively). The GEE analysis indicated that of the different factors, the duration of ETV therapy had a strong impact on the achievement of virological suppression, HBeAg seroconversion and SRR in adolescents. Each month after the initiation of therapy, the odds of loss of HBV DNA increased by approximately 5% (OR = 1.05, P<0.0001), on average. Additionally, the GEE analysis revealed that adolescents with an age at infection of ≥10 years had 3 times higher odds of achieving undetectable HBV DNA than patients with a younger infection age (OR = 3.67, P = 0.028). None of the ETV-treated patients reported significant adverse effects. ETV is an effective and safe treatment option for adolescents with CHB. Undetectable HBV DNA in the 6th and/or 12th month of ETV treatment and older age at infection could predict maintained virological suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pawłowska
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Domagalski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Beata Smok
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Rajewski
- Provincial Infectious Diseases Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wietlicka-Piszcz
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Information Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Halota
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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