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Narimisa N, Razavi S, Masjedian Jazi F. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates originating from Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1388790. [PMID: 38860007 PMCID: PMC11163077 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1388790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella represents a significant global public health concern. Among various serovars, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is prevalent in multiple countries. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. Typhimurium isolates from diverse sources in Iran. Methods We conducted a comprehensive and systematic search for relevant articles until December 2023 in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SID. The collected data were analyzed using Stata software version 17. Results Eighteen studies examined the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. Typhimurium for various antibiotics in Iran. Piperacillin and tetracycline exhibited the highest resistance rates, at 79 and 60% respectively, while cefixime and ceftriaxone had the lowest resistance rates at 0%. Conclusion Our findings indicate a high level of antibiotic resistance among the studied antibiotics. This high level of antibiotic resistance raises concerns and underscores the necessity for monitoring the use of antibiotics. Moreover, resistance to these antibiotics was more prevalent in samples isolated from animals compared to other sources. This highlights the importance of animal screening to detect the presence of drug-resistant isolates, with the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic resistance and preventing the transmission of resistant strains to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faramarz Masjedian Jazi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Wu Y, Mao W, Shao J, He X, Bao D, Yue M, Wang J, Shen W, Qiang X, Jia H, He F, Ruan Z. Monitoring the long-term spatiotemporal transmission dynamics and ecological surveillance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Goldcoast: A multicenter genomic epidemiology study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169116. [PMID: 38065491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Goldcoast poses a significant threat to the effective treatment and control of salmonellosis within the ecological environment. Here, we conducted a genomic epidemiological study delineate the global dissemination scenarios of the multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast originated from 11 countries for over 20 years. The population structure and evolutionary history of multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast was investigated through phylogenomic and long-term spatiotemporal transmission dynamic analysis. ST358 and ST2529 are the predominant lineages of S. Goldcoast. Multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast strains have mainly been identified in the ST358 lineage from human and the ST2529 lineage from livestock. ST358 S. Goldcoast was estimated to have emerged in the United Kingdom in 1969, and then spread to China, with both countries serve as centers for the global dissemination of the ST358 lineage. After its emergence and subsequent spread in Chinese clinical and environmental samples, occasional instances of this lineage have been reported in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. Clonal transmission of ST358 and ST2529 S. Goldcoast have occurred not only on an international and intercontinental scale but also among clinical, environmental and livestock samples. These data indicated that international circulation and local transmission of S. Goldcoast have occurred for over a decade. Continued surveillance of multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast from a global "One Health" perspective is urgently needed to facilitate monitoring the spread of the antimicrobial resistant high-risk clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Weifang Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing University Affiliated Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jiayu Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Xianhong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Danni Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital, Taizhou 317199, China
| | - Meina Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Jinyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xinhua Qiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Huiqiong Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fang He
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 314408, China
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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Suwanthada P, Kongsoi S, Miura N, Belotindos LP, Piantham C, Toyting J, Akapelwa ML, Pachanon R, Koide K, Kim H, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. The Impact of Substitutions at Positions 1 and 8 of Fluoroquinolones on the Activity Against Mutant DNA Gyrases of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:552-560. [PMID: 37792363 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections are reported globally, their treatment is challenging owing to the ineffectiveness of the currently available antimicrobial drugs against resistant bacteria. It is therefore essential to discover novel antimicrobial drugs for the management of these infections. In this study, we report high inhibitory activities of the novel fluoroquinolones (FQs; WQ-3810 and WQ-3334) with substitutions at positions R-1 by 6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridine-2-yl and R-8 by methyl group or bromine, respectively, against wild-type and mutant DNA gyrases of Salmonella Typhimurium. The inhibitory activities of these FQs were assessed against seven amino acid substitutions in DNA gyrases conferring FQ resistance to S. Typhimurium, including high-level resistant mutants, Ser83Ile and Ser83Phe-Asp87Asn by in vitro DNA supercoiling assay. Drug concentrations of WQ compounds with 6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridine-2-yl that suppressed DNA supercoiling by 50% (IC50) were found to be ∼150-fold lower than ciprofloxacin against DNA gyrase with double amino acid substitutions. Our findings highlight the importance of the chemical structure of an FQ drug on its antimicrobial activity. Particularly, the presence of 6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridine-2-yl at R-1 and either methyl group or bromine at R-8 of WQ-3810 and WQ-3334, respectively, was associated with improved antimicrobial activity. Therefore, WQ-3810 and WQ-3334 are promising candidates for use in the treatment of patients infected by FQ-resistant Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pondpan Suwanthada
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Siriporn Kongsoi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nami Miura
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lawrence P Belotindos
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Research for Development Division, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Munoz, Philippines
| | - Chayada Piantham
- Division of Bioinformatics, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jirachaya Toyting
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mwangala L Akapelwa
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ruttana Pachanon
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kentaro Koide
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: HU-IVRe, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: HU-IVRe, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Yu JL, Jiang LL, Dong R, Liu SY. Intracranial infection and sepsis in infants caused by Salmonella derby: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6961-6966. [PMID: 37901018 PMCID: PMC10600864 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i28.6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella derby (S. derby) is a Gram-negative diplococcus that is common in the digestive tract. Infected patients generally experience symptoms such as fever and diarrhea. Mild cases are mostly self-healing gastroenteritis, and severe cases can cause fatal typhoid fever. Clinical cases are more common in children. The most common form of S. derby infection is self-healing gastroenteritis, in which, fever lasts for about 2 d and diarrhea for < 7 d. S. derby can often cause bacterial conjunctivitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, peritonitis and urethritis. However, intracranial infections in infants caused by S. derby are rare in clinical practice and have not been reported before in China. CASE SUMMARY A 4-mo-old female infant had recurrent fever for 2 wk, with a maximum body temperature of around 39.4°C. Treatment for infectious fever in a local hospital was ineffective, and she was admitted to our hospital. Before admission, there was one sudden convulsion, characterized by unclear consciousness, limb twitching, gaze in both eyes, and slight cyanosis on the face. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture was positive for Gram-negative bacilli, which conformed to S. derby. After treatment with meropenem and ceftriaxone antibiotics, the patient was discharged home in a clinically stable state after 4 wk of treatment. CONCLUSION We reported a rare case of S. derby cultured in CSF. S. derby enters the CSF through the blood-brain barrier, causing purulent meningitis. If not treated timeously, it can lead to serious, life-threatening infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Lu Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Li Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Dong
- Department of Neonatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
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Uzairue LI, Shittu OB, Ojo OE, Obuotor TM, Olanipekun G, Ajose T, Arogbonlo R, Medugu N, Ebruke B, Obaro SK. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of invasive Salmonella enterica from children with bacteremia in north-central Nigeria. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231175322. [PMID: 37223673 PMCID: PMC10201152 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231175322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bacteremia due to invasive Salmonella enterica has been reported earlier in children in Nigeria. This study aimed to detect the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of invasive Salmonella enterica from children with bacteremia in north-central Nigeria. Method From June 2015 to June 2018, 4163 blood cultures yielded 83 Salmonella isolates. This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the Salmonella isolates. The Salmonella enterica were isolated and identified using standard bacteriology protocol. Biochemical identifications of the Salmonella enterica were made by Phoenix MD 50 identification system. Further identification and confirmation were done with polyvalent antisera O and invA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done following clinical and laboratory standard institute guidelines. Resistant genes and virulence genes were determined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Result Salmonella typhi 51 (61.4%) was the most prevalent serovar, followed by Salmonella species 13 (15.7%), choleraesuis 8 (9.6%), enteritidis 6 (7.2%), and typhimurium 5 (6.1%). Fifty-one (61.4%) of 83 Salmonella enterica were typhoidal, while 32 (38.6%) were not. Sixty-five (78.3%) of the 83 Salmonella enterica isolates were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, followed by chloramphenicol 39 (46.7%), tetracycline 41 (41.4%), piperacillin 33 (33.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanate, and streptomycin 21 (25.3%), while cephalothin was 19 (22.9%). Thirty-nine (46.9%) of the 83 Salmonella enterica isolates were multi-drug resistant, and none were extensive drug resistant or pan-drug resistant. A blaTEM 42 (50.6%), floR 32 (38.6%), qnrA 24 (28.9%), tetB 20 (20.1%), tetA 10 (10.0%), and tetG 5 (6.0%) were the antibiotic resistance genes detected. There were perfect agreement between phenotypic and genotypic detection of antimicrobial resistance in tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, while beta-lactam showed κ = 0.60 agreement. All of the Salmonella enterica isolates had the virulence genes invA, sopB, mgtC, and sip4D, while 33 (39.8%), 45 (51.8%), and 2 (2.4%) had ssaQ, spvC, and ljsGI-1, respectively. Conclusion Our findings showed multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica in children with bacteremia in northern Nigeria. In addition, significant virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were found in invasive Salmonella enterica in northern Nigeria. Thus, our study emphasizes the need to monitor antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica from invasive sources in Nigeria and supports antibiotic prudence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard I Uzairue
- Department of Microbiology, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Sciences, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke B Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi E Ojo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology
and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope M Obuotor
- Department of Microbiology, Federal
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Grace Olanipekun
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Theresa Ajose
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ronke Arogbonlo
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nubwa Medugu
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology and
Parasitology, National Hospital, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria
| | - Bernard Ebruke
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Stephen K Obaro
- International Foundation Against
Infectious Disease in Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Pediatric Infectious Division, the
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Tang B, Elbediwi M, Nambiar RB, Yang H, Lin J, Yue M. Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Duck, Chicken, and Pig Farms and Retail Markets in Eastern China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125722. [PMID: 36047803 PMCID: PMC9603869 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01257-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica poses a significant public health concern worldwide. However, the dissemination of Salmonella enterica among food animals in eastern China has not been fully addressed. Here, we demonstrated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and the whole-genome characterization of 105 S. enterica isolates from 1,480 fecal samples and anal swabs collected from 22 different farms (chickens, ducks, and pigs) and two live animal markets located in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces in eastern China in 2019. The prevalence of isolates in duck farms (19.17%, 23/120) was statistically significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in chicken farms (6.61%, 37/523) and pig farms (3.50%, 7/200). Among these isolates, 75.26% (79/105) were multidrug resistant, with the highest rates of resistance to tetracycline (76.20%) and ampicillin (67.62%) and the lowest resistance rate to meropenem (0.00%). The serotypes were consistent with sequence types and were closely related to the sampling animal species and sites. S. enterica serotype Kentucky (20.95%, 22/105) was the most frequent serotype and harbored more AMR patterns and genes than others. Furthermore, IncFII(S) and IncHI2 were the most prevalent replicons. A total of 44 acquired AMR genes were found. Among those genes, aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, floR, dfrA14, fosA7, mph(A), qnrS1, sul1, tet(A), and ARR-3 were the dominant AMR genes mediating the AMR toward aminoglycosides, β-lactams, phenicol, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, macrolide, quinolone, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and rifampin, respectively. The consistency of acquired AMR genes with AMR phenotypes for ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftazidime, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline was >90%. Together, our study highlights the application of whole-genome sequencing to assess veterinary public health threats. IMPORTANCE Public health is a significant concern in China, and the foodborne pathogen Salmonella, which is spread via the animal-borne food chain, plays an important role in the overall disease burden in China annually. The development of advanced sequencing technologies has introduced a new way of understanding emerging pathogens. However, the routine surveillance application of this method in China remains in its infancy. Here, we applied a pool of all isolates from the prevalence data in Zhejiang and Fujian for whole-genome sequencing and combined these data with the cutting-edge bioinformatic analysis pipeline for one-step determination of the complete genetic makeup for all 105 genomes. The illustrated method could provide a cost-effective approach, without labor-intensive laboratory characterization, for predicting serotypes, genotypes, plasmid types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes, and thus would provide essential knowledge for emerging pathogens. Our findings and perspectives are essential for delivering updated knowledge on foodborne pathogens in an understudied region in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reshma B. Nambiar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Clinical Features, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Serogroups of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolated From Infants Less Than 3 Months Old in the Recent Decade. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:813-818. [PMID: 35939611 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic treatment is indicated for infants with nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) enterocolitis. However, whether antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a problem among young infants is unknown. This study investigated the characteristics of NTS infections in young infants. METHODS Infants less than 3 months old with NTS infections were enrolled and grouped into 2 cohorts (diagnosed 2010-2015 or 2016-2021). Salmonella isolated from blood or cerebrospinal fluid was defined as invasive NTS (iNTS). The clinical features, AMR and serogroups were compared between cohorts. RESULTS In total, 102 young infants had NTS infections, 6.9% of which were iNTS. Infants with iNTS infections were younger, hospitalized longer, and received longer antibiotic courses. More than half of cases of iNTS were resistant to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and greater than or equal to 3 antibiotics. iNTS was mainly observed in Salmonella groups C2 and E. Over the past decade, group B (44%), group E (26%) and group C2 (16%) have been the most common serogroups. NTS significantly increased AMR to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and greater than or equal to 3 antibiotics. Both multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance in NTS also significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS The serogroups varied with time, and the main causes of iNTS, groups C2 and E, increased over the past decade. The prevalence of AMR also increased, especially for iNTS. Given the low iNTS rate and high AMR, routine antibiotic use among infants with NTS infections between 1 and 3 months old should be reconsidered. Further large-scale research is required to formulate therapeutic strategies.
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The Clinical Implication of Serogroup Distribution and Drug Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Children: A Single Center Study in Southern Taiwan during 2004-2019. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9091403. [PMID: 36138712 PMCID: PMC9497768 DOI: 10.3390/children9091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: A regional antibiotic susceptibility database of certain pathogens is crucial for first-line physicians in terms of providing clinical judgement and appropriate selection of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study is to update the epidemiological data of Salmonella serogroups and drug resistance in pediatric patients. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study enrolling patients aged from 0 to 18 years who were hospitalized with cultured proven non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection from 2004 to 2019. The isolates were collected and the demographic data, serogroups of Salmonella and antimicrobial susceptibilities were further analyzed. Results: A total of 1583 isolates of NTS were collected. Serogroup C2 was prone to cause invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis (iNTS), especially bacteremia. Patients aged < 2 years were associated with serogroups B and C2 infection, while those aged ≥ 2 years were associated with serogroups D and E infection. The prevalence of serogroup B declined with simultaneous increase in prevalence of serogroups D and E. Serogroups B and E were associated with ceftriaxone resistance, while Serogroup D was less drug-resistant than the others. The prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella had not increased, although more ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were found in iNTS infection. Conclusions: Age < 2 years is a risk factor of iNTS for children, and the distribution of serogroup changes should be closely monitored. Ceftriaxone is still the drug of choice for treating pediatric iNTS infection, and although no increase was observed in the prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant strains in this study, continuing surveillance of such cases is warranted.
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Clinical Characteristics and Drug Resistance Analysis of 90 Cases of Children with Salmonella Enteritis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5091945. [PMID: 35966239 PMCID: PMC9365572 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To summarize the clinical characteristics and drug sensitivity analysis of children with Salmonella enteritis in our hospital, explore the characteristics and drug resistance of Salmonella infection, and guide the rational clinical use of drugs. Methods. The clinical data of 90 pediatric Salmonella enteritis patients treated in our hospital from January 2015 to January 2020 were selected as the observation group of this retrospective study, and 90 patients with non-Salmonella enteritis were selected at the same time as a control group. Discuss the clinical characteristics of Salmonella, drug sensitivity analysis, infection characteristics, and drug resistance and guide the rational clinical use of drugs. Results. The susceptibility rates of 15 antibiotics from high to low were imipenem and meropenem, piperacillin, cefoperazone, compound trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, and ceftazidime. Salmonella strains were both resistant to imipenem and meropenem. Salmonella is sensitive and has a low rate of resistance to quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and a high rate of resistance to cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazime, and cefpiramide), both reached more than 28%. Salmonella has the highest resistance to penicillin and erythromycin, both at 85.00% and above. Among 90 children with Salmonella enteritidis food poisoning, 32 were hospitalized, 21 cases were hospitalized less than 7 days, and 11 cases were 7-14 days. The longest hospital stay was 12 days, the shortest was 1 day, and the average was 6.1 days. Seven people stayed for observation and 51 people were discharged after treatment. All the children recovered without death. Conclusion. In clinical practice, antibiotics should be used rationally based on drug susceptibility results. In the case of poor efficacy of cephalosporins, amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate, piperacillin, tazobactam, or imipenem, cephalosporin antibiotics can be considered the first choice for clinical empiric medication.
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Chang YJ, Chen CL, Yang HP, Chiu CH. Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Non-Typhoid Salmonella in Food in Northern Taiwan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060705. [PMID: 35745560 PMCID: PMC9229336 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common bacteria causing food poisoning worldwide. We evaluated the prevalence, the serotypes, and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella isolates from many kinds of food, particularly pork and chicken in retail, in Taiwan between January 2017 and December 2019. The E-test was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility and a polymerase chain reaction was performed for serotyping. A total of 459 different foods were investigated, and 117 Salmonella strains were isolated. Retail pork and chicken were the most common Salmonella-contaminated foods (64.1% and 29.1%, respectively). Of the 117 isolates, 23 serotypes were identified. The serotypes Derby (16.2%), Anatum (13.7%), and Agona (8.5%) were the most prevalent. The resistance rates to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and carbapenem were 41.9%, 11.1%, and 1.7%, respectively. The Derby and Anatum serotypes were prevalent in chicken and pork; the Anatum serotype had significantly higher ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone resistance rates and was highly prevalent in 2017 and 2018. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis revealed that the 58 randomly chosen Salmonella isolates belonged to 18 sequence types (STs). ST64 (Anatum, 16 out of 58, 27.6%) was the most common, followed by ST321 (Muenster, 6/58, 10.3%), ST831 (Give, 5/58, 8.6%), ST155 (London, 4/58, 6.9%) and ST314 (Kentucky, 4/58, 6.9%). Multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains were remarkably observed in the serotypes Anatum (ST64) and Goldcoast (ST358). This study revealed that retail pork was commonly contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella. Thus, periodic investigations of Salmonella serotypes and AMR are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Chang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Yang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-03-3281200
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11
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Yu J, Xu X, Wang Y, Zhai X, Pan Z, Jiao X, Zhang Y. Prophage-mediated genome differentiation of the Salmonella Derby ST71 population. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35451954 PMCID: PMC9453062 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Salmonella Derby ST71 strains have been recognized as poultry-specific by previous studies, multiple swine-associated S. Derby ST71 strains were identified in this long-term, multi-site epidemic study. Here, 15 representative swine-associated S. Derby ST71 strains were sequenced and compared with 65 (one swine-associated and 64 poultry-associated) S. Derby ST71 strains available in the NCBI database at a pangenomic level through comparative genomics analysis to identify genomic features related to the differentiation of swine-associated strains and previously reported poultry-associated strains. The distribution patterns of known Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and virulence factor (VF) encoding genes were not capable of differentiating between the two strain groups. The results demonstrated that the S. Derby ST71 population harbours an open pan-genome, and swine-associated ST71 strains contain many more genes than the poultry-associated strains, mainly attributed to the prophage sequence contents in the genomes. The numbers of prophage sequences identified in the swine-associated strains were higher than those in the poultry-associated strains. Prophages specifically harboured by the swine-associated strains were found to contain genes that facilitate niche adaptation for the bacterial hosts. Gene deletion experiments revealed that the dam gene specifically present in the prophage of the swine-associated strains is important for S. Derby to adhere onto the host cells. This study provides novel insights into the roles of prophages during the genome differentiation of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xianyue Zhai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
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12
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Patil S, Liu X, Chen H, Francisco NM, Wen F, Chen Y. Genetic Characterization of Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica ST34 Co-Harbouring Plasmid-Borne mcr-1, bla CTX-M-15 and bla KPC-2 Recovered from a Paediatric Patient in Shenzhen, China. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:757-763. [PMID: 35264859 PMCID: PMC8899097 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s349585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2015, plasmid-borne mcr-1 has been reported in various bacterial strains in the clinical setting globally. However, the transmission mechanisms of this gene in Salmonella are not well defined. This study aimed to characterize the genomic features of a Salmonella enterica ST34 isolate, which carried a mcr-1, mapped to a carbapenemase and extended spectrum β-lactamase encoding gene located on the IncX4 plasmid. Methods Salmonella enterica was recovered from a diarrheal paediatric patient in Shenzhen, China. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using the VITEK 2 system. Drug resistance genes were identified using targeted primers and Sanger sequencing. The transferability and genome location of mcr-1 was determined by performing conjugation, S1-PFGE and Southern blot hybridization analysis. WGS was performed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing and was assembled using the A5-Miseq pipeline, and gene annotation was performed using RAST 2.0. The database Centre for Genomic Epidemiology's website was used to identify resistance genes and sequence types (STs). Results We found that the isolate was extensively drug resistant and belonging to ST34, carrying an IncX4 plasmid with mcr-1, bla KPC-2 and bla CTX-M-15. We also noticed that genes bla PAO, fosA, catB, the mutation in oprD and mexT (MexEF-OprN efflux regulator), and exotoxin-encoding genes (exoS, exoY and exoT) were associated with resistance and virulence in the genome. In addition, heavy metal resistance genes as silP and silE were determined. Conclusion This study highlights the potential risk of ST34 of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium carrying multiple drug resistance encoding genes in a single IncX4 plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patil
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, People’s Republic of China
- Paediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Paediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ngiambudulu M Francisco
- Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, 3635, Angola
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, People’s Republic of China
- Paediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Sciences and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Hengkrawit K, Tangjade C. Prevalence and Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Multi-Drug-Resistance Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Central Thailand, 2012–2019. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1305-1315. [PMID: 35378891 PMCID: PMC8976529 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s355213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Multi-drug resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella (MDR-NTS) is an increasing threat worldwide. In Thailand, data for the past decade is limited. This research is to determine the prevalence and trends of nonsusceptibility patterns of the bacteria, especially to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Methods This retrospective study was extracted data of patients who had non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection, from 10 hospitals between June 2011 and June 2020. Demographic data, culture reports, and antimicrobial susceptibility were included in the analysis. Results A total of 433 patients were identified. The most common age group was less than 15 years old (53.6%), with a median age of 12 years (IQR 57–4). Of these people, 61.1% had gastroenteritis and 36.7% had bacteremia. The most prevalent serogroups was C (28.6%). MDR-NTS rate was 52.8% (95% CI 39–44). The resistant rates were 43%, 32.8%, 22.8%, 6.7%, 4%, 0.45%, 0.45% for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem and meropenem retrospectively. Resistant rates have been increasing, especially for ciprofloxacin (30%), which rose from 16.6% in 2011–2015 to 39.5% in 2016–2020 (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) 2.4,95% CI 1.51–3.72) and for ceftriaxone 25.4% which rose from 16.1% to 32% (PRR 2 95% CI 1.24–3.16). Ampicillin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, amikacin, gentamicin, and ceftazidime remained static at 62.3%, 49.5%, 33.2%, 15.2%, 8.8%, 2.8%, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of MDR-NTS has been increasing over the past decade, particularly those strains which demonstrate resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Finding successful treatment requires a comprehensive selection of proper antimicrobials as well as close monitoring, especially in cases with severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitchawan Hengkrawit
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakarinwirot University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Correspondence: Kitchawan Hengkrawit, Pediatric Infectious Disease unit, Department of Pediatrics, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakarinwirot University, P.O.Box: 222 Moo 1, Tiwanon Road, Pak Kret, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand, Tel +66 2 502 2345, Fax +662 502-2305, Email
| | - Chidchanok Tangjade
- Pediatrics Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakarinwirot University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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14
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Woh PY, Yeung MPS, Goggins WB, Lo N, Wong KT, Chow V, Chau KY, Fung K, Chen Z, Ip M. Genomic Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Young Children Hospitalized for Gastroenteritis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0024821. [PMID: 34346743 PMCID: PMC8552638 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00248-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis in children remains a significant burden on health care and constitutes a majority of all admissions for Salmonella infections in public hospitals in Hong Kong. In this prospective study, 41% of 241 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis from three public hospitals during 2019 were culture confirmed to have NTS infection. These Salmonella isolates were whole-genome sequenced and in silico predicted for their serovars/serotypes using the Salmonella In Silico Typing Resource (SISTR) and SeqSero1, and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were determined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three major clades belonging to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis sequence type 11 (ST11) (43%), multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium ST19 (12%) and its monophasic variant ST34 (25%), and mostly singletons of 15 other serovars. MDR S. Typhimurium and its variant were more common in infants <24 months of age and possessed genotypic resistance to five antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), aminoglycosides (Am), sulfonamides (Su), and tetracyclines (T). Older children were more often infected with S. Enteritidis, which possessed distinct genotypic resistance to AAmSu and fluoroquinolones. In addition, 3% of the isolates possessed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) CTX-M genes, while one isolate (1%) harboring the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1 was identified. Our findings provide a more complete genomic epidemiological insight into NTS causing gastroenteritis and identify a wider spectrum of determinants of resistance to third-generation beta-lactams and carbapenems, which are often not readily recognized. With high rates of multidrug-resistant NTS from studies in the Asia-Pacific region, the rapid and reliable determination of serovars and resistance determinants using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is invaluable for enhancing public health interventions for infection prevention and control. IMPORTANCE Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis is a foodborne disease with a large global burden. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens is an important public health concern, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella is prevalent in Southeast Asia and China. Using whole-genome sequencing, this study highlights the relationship of the MDR Salmonella serotypes and the diverse range of Salmonella genotypes that contaminate our food sources and contribute to disease in this locality. The findings update our understanding of Salmonella epidemiology and associated MDR determinants to enhance the tracking of foodborne pathogens for public health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yee Woh
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - May Pui Shan Yeung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - William Bernard Goggins
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Norman Lo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kam Tak Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Viola Chow
- Department of Pathology, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Tai Po, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ka Yee Chau
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kitty Fung
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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15
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Ho PY, Chen WL, Cheng MF, Shen YT, Hu HH, Sheu SK, Huang IF. Factors affecting fecal excretion time in pediatric nontyphoid Salmonella infection. Pediatr Neonatol 2021; 62:387-393. [PMID: 33903054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether the appropriate antibiotics therapy affects the fecal excretion time in pediatric salmonellosis of different severities and explored the factors associated with the fecal excretion time of nontyphoid Salmonella. METHODS Between 2012 and 2017, admitted children with nontyphoid salmonellosis who consented to receive consecutive stool cultures every 4-7 days until 2 consecutive negative results were obtained were enrolled. Patients were stratified into no, appropriate (bacteremia or severe patients receiving antibiotics active in vitro), and inappropriate antibiotics (patients with mild or moderate severity receiving antibiotics or severe receiving antibiotics resistant in vitro) therapy groups. A previously proposed severity score was used to classify the patients into severe, moderate, and mild severity classes. The demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory data and severity were compared among the groups. To explore the factors associated with the fecal excretion time of nontyphoid Salmonella, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using linear regression analysis. RESULTS This study enrolled 126 children with nontyphoid salmonellosis; 58 and 18 in the mild and severe classes, respectively. The no, appropriate and inappropriate antibiotics therapy groups comprised 69, 24 and 33 patients, respectively. The mean fecal excretion time was 12.17 days. The appropriate antibiotics therapy group had comparable fecal excretion time with that of no antibiotics group. Age <1 year, increased white blood cell count, decreased hemoglobin, and inappropriate antibiotics therapy significantly prolonged fecal excretion time in univariate analysis (p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that inappropriate antibiotics therapy and decreased hemoglobin significantly prolonged the fecal excretion time. CONCLUSION Inappropriate antibiotics therapy and decreased hemoglobin prolong the fecal excretion time of nontyphoid Salmonella, whereas appropriate antibiotics therapy does not. Continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance and judicious use of antibiotics in children with nontyphoid salmonellosis are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Tainan Branch, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tso Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hsiang Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Sheu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - I-Fei Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Taiwan; Pojen Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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16
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Chang YJ, Chen YC, Chen NW, Hsu YJ, Chu HH, Chen CL, Chiu CH. Changing Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection in Taiwanese Children. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648008. [PMID: 33868207 PMCID: PMC8044818 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) typically causes self-limiting diarrheal disease but may occasionally lead to invasive infection. This study investigated the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of children with NTS infection between 2012 and 2019. We retrospectively analyzed pediatric patients with NTS infections, confirmed by positive cultures, in a tertiary medical center in Taiwan in 2012 and 2019. Clinical features and laboratory data of the patients were collected. Changes in the serogroup category and antimicrobial resistance were also analyzed. Of the total 797 isolates collected, 55 had NTS bacteremia. Compared with the resistance rates in 2012, the rates of resistances to third-generation cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin were significantly higher in 2019 (4.1% vs 14.3%, P < 0.001; 1.9% vs 28.6%, P < 0.001), especially in groups B, D, and E. Moreover, we observed significantly higher antimicrobial resistance (25.3%) to third-generation cephalosporin, and approximately half the NTS isolates in the infant group were multidrug resistant – a higher rate than those of other age groups in 2019. Invasive NTS often presented with a longer fever duration, lower hemoglobin level and with no elevated C-reactive protein (P < 0.05). Non-invasive NTS isolates in 2019 were significantly more resistant to ceftriaxone (P < 0.001) and ciprofloxacin (P < 0.001) than those in 2012. The antimicrobial resistance of NTS in children has increased progressively in the past decade, and different serogroups exhibited different resistance patterns. During this period, infants showed the highest risk to get a third-generation cephalosporin-resistant NTS infection. The high rates of antimicrobial resistance among children with NTS in Taiwan merit continual surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jie Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Han Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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17
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Gourkhede DP, Bhoomika S, Pathak R, Yadav JP, Nishanth D, Vergis J, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Antimicrobial efficacy of Cecropin A (1-7)- Melittin and Lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enteritidis. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104405. [PMID: 32707313 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated intracellular antibacterial efficacy of two short-chain cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) namely, Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against three field strains of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enteritidis. Initially, antimicrobial ability of both the AMPs was evaluated for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis strains. Besides, the AMPs were evaluated for its in vitro stability (high-end temperatures, proteases, physiological concentrations of cationic salts and pH) and safety (haemolytic assay in sheep erythrocytes; cytotoxicity assay in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line and human epithelioma HEp-2 cell line and beneficial gut lactobacilli). Later, a time-kill assay was performed to assess the intracellular antibacterial activity of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis in RAW 264.7 and HEp-2 cells. The observed MBC values of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis (128 μM; 256 μM) were generally twice or four-fold greater than the MIC values (64 μM). Further, both the AMPs were found variably stable after exposure at high-end temperatures (70 °C and 90 °C), protease treatment (trypsin, proteinase K, lysozyme), higher concentration of physiological salts (150 mM NaCl and 2 mM MgCl2) and hydrogen ion concentrations (pH 4.0 to 8.0). Both the AMPs were found non-haemolytic on sheep erythrocytes, revealed minimal cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and HEp-2 cells, and was tested safe against beneficial gut lactobacilli (L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus). Intracellular bacteriostatic effect with both cationic AMPs against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis was evident in RAW 264.7 cells; however, in both the cell lines, the significant bactericidal effect was not observed (P > 0.05) with both cationic AMPs understudy against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis. Based on the results of the present study, both the cationic AMPs understudy may not be useful for the intracellular elimination of multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis; hence, further studies such as conjugation of these AMPs with either cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) and/or nanoparticles (NPs) are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha P Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sirsant Bhoomika
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dani Nishanth
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, KVASU, 673 576, Kerala, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S B Barbuddhe
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telangana, India
| | - D B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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