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Tachibana A, Yasuma D, Takahashi R, Tanabe T. Chitin degradation enzyme-responsive system for controlled release of fibroblast growth factor-2. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 129:116-120. [PMID: 31492610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is widely found in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons, and is used as a biomedical material. However, chitin is not water-soluble, restricting its use for controlled release materials. We found that water-soluble chitosan can be acetylated to produce a chitin equivalent, or chitin gel. Chitin gel, produced by mixing chitosan solution with acetic anhydride, can be degraded by lysozyme and fetal bovine serum, so could provide an ideal means for controlled release in biological systems. We tested a combination of chitin gel with a chitin binding domain (CBD) fusion protein as a controlled release system regulated by chitin degradation. A fusion protein consisting of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) fused to CBD bound the chitin gel, and was released time-dependently rather than as an initial burst during lysozyme degradation, suggesting that this system could provide a means for controlled drug release in biological systems. Contrastingly, the trinitrophenyl residue (TNP-X) covalently bound to chitin gel, and was released by lysozyme degradation with an initial burst. If release of CBD-FGF-2 were simply dependent on lysozyme degradation of the chitin gel, the release behavior of CBD-FGF-2 would be similar to that of TNP-X, with an initial burst. Therefore, we propose that CBD-FGF-2 repeats the cycle of binding, release, and re-binding to the chitin gel during degradation. This system allows for a time-dependent, controlled release of CBD-FGF-2 without an initial burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tachibana
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Dai Yasuma
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Toshizumi Tanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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2
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Jia L, Wang W, Sang J, Wei W, Zhao W, Lu F, Liu F. Amyloidogenicity and Cytotoxicity of a Recombinant C-Terminal His 6-Tagged Aβ 1-42. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1251-1262. [PMID: 30537813 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is closely associated with the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reproducible and detailed studies on the aggregation kinetics and structure of various aggregates have been conducted using recombinant Aβ peptides. While the His6-tag is commonly used in the purification of recombinant proteins due to its great simplicity and affinity, there is little information on the aggregation of His6-tagged Aβ and its corresponding cytotoxicity. Moreover, it is also unclear whether there is an effect of the His6-tag on the amyloidogenicity and cytotoxicity of recombinant Aβ1-42. Herein, a method to express and purify a mutant C-terminally His6-tagged Aβ1-42 (named as Aβ1-42-His6) from Escherichia coli was described. Aβ1-42-His6 aggregated into β-sheet-rich fibrils as shown by thioflavin T fluorescence, atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Moreover, the fibrillar recombinant Aβ1-42-His6 showed strong toxicity toward PC12 cells in vitro. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the His6-tag contributed little to the secondary structure and intermolecular interactions, including hydrophobic interactions, salt bridges, and hydrogen bonding of the fibrillar pentamer of Aβ1-42. This highlights the biological importance of modification on the molecular structure of Aβ. Thus, the easily purified high-quality Aβ1-42-His6 offers great advantages for screening aggregation inhibitors or in vitro confirmation of rationally designed drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingcheng Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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3
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Liu R, Liang QN, Du SQ, Hu XJ, Ding Y. The crystal structure of red fluorescent protein TagRFP-T reveals the mechanism of its superior photostability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:229-34. [PMID: 27297107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The red fluorescent protein variant TagRFP-T has greatly improved photostability over its parent molecule, TagRFP, but the underlying mechanism leading to this improvement is to date unknown. The 1.95 Å resolution crystallographic structure of TagRFP-T showed that its chromophore exists as a mixture of cis and trans coplanar isomers in roughly equal proportions. Interestingly, both isomers are able to fluoresce, a property that has never been observed in any other fluorescent protein. We propose a "circular restoration model" for TagRFP-T to explain its superior photostability: There are four co-existing chromophore states (cis/trans protonated/ionized state) that can be driven by light to transform from one state into another. This model also explains how TagRPF-T essentially eliminates the temporary dark state (reversible photobleaching).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing-Nan Liang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shu-Qi Du
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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4
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Morande PE, Borge M, Abreu C, Galletti J, Zanetti SR, Nannini P, Bezares RF, Pantano S, Dighiero G, Oppezzo P, Gamberale R, Giordano M. Surface localization of high-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 2 on leukemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to secondary autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1115-22. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.957205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Yang M, Ge W, Chowdhury R, Claridge TDW, Kramer HB, Schmierer B, McDonough MA, Gong L, Kessler BM, Ratcliffe PJ, Coleman ML, Schofield CJ. Asparagine and aspartate hydroxylation of the cytoskeletal ankyrin family is catalyzed by factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:7648-60. [PMID: 21177872 PMCID: PMC3045019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) catalyzes the β-hydroxylation of an asparagine residue in the C-terminal transcriptional activation domain of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), a modification that negatively regulates HIF transcriptional activity. FIH also catalyzes the hydroxylation of highly conserved Asn residues within the ubiquitous ankyrin repeat domain (ARD)-containing proteins. Hydroxylation has been shown to stabilize localized regions of the ARD fold in the case of a three-repeat consensus ankyrin protein, but this phenomenon has not been demonstrated for the extensive naturally occurring ARDs. Here we report that the cytoskeletal ankyrin family are substrates for FIH-catalyzed hydroxylations. We show that the ARD of ankyrinR is multiply hydroxylated by FIH both in vitro and in endogenous proteins purified from human and mouse erythrocytes. Hydroxylation of the D34 region of ankyrinR ARD (ankyrin repeats 13–24) increases its conformational stability and leads to a reduction in its interaction with the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (CDB3), demonstrating the potential for FIH-catalyzed hydroxylation to modulate protein-protein interactions. Unexpectedly we found that aspartate residues in ankyrinR and ankyrinB are hydroxylated and that FIH-catalyzed aspartate hydroxylation also occurs in other naturally occurring AR sequences. The crystal structure of an FIH variant in complex with an Asp-substrate peptide together with NMR analyses of the hydroxylation product identifies the 3S regio- and stereoselectivity of the FIH-catalyzed Asp hydroxylation, revealing a previously unprecedented posttranslational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory and Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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6
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Lu Z, Chen W, Liu R, Hu X, Ding Y. A novel method for high-level production of psychrophilic TAB5 alkaline phosphatase. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:217-22. [PMID: 20600939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat labile alkaline phosphatases (APs) are widely used in biomedical research for they can easily be heat inactivated once they have done their job. Here we reported a novel method for high-level production of recombinant psychrophilic Antarctic bacterium strain TAB5 alkaline phosphatase (TAP) in Escherichia coli. We synthesized the whole TAP gene according to the synonymous codon choice that is optimal for the E. coli translational system. Then the gene was cloned into pT7 expression vector, expressed in BL21 (DE3) pLysS strain by auto-induction system. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. The typical yield was 90.9 mg protein from 16.2 g wet cells in 1L culture medium with the purity over 99%, 340 times as many mg/L (and 21 times the mg/g cells) compared to previous methods. The dephosphorylation activity assay showed that the purified recombinant TAP has similar activity to calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase in room temperature, and it can be totally inactivated by treatment at 60°C for 15 min. Our research provides a novel method for high-level expression, purification and characterization of TAP which is sufficient for high throughput genome analysis and may replace the widely used shrimp AP because of its low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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A novel method for high-level production of TEV protease by superfolder GFP tag. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2009:591923. [PMID: 20182554 PMCID: PMC2826880 DOI: 10.1155/2009/591923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its stringent sequence specificity, tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease is widely used to remove fusion tags from recombinant proteins. Due to the poor solubility of TEV protease, many strategies have been employed to increase the expression level of this enzyme. In our work, we introduced a novel method to produce TEV protease by using visible superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) as the fusion tag. The soluble production and catalytic activity of six variants of sfGFP-TEV was examined, and then the best variant was selected for large-scale production. After purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and Q anion exchange chromatography, the best variant of sfGFP-TEV fusion protease was obtained with purity of over 98% and yield of over 320 mg per liter culture. The sfGFP-TEV had a similar catalytic activity to that of the original TEV protease. Our research showed a novel method of large-scale production of visible and functional TEV protease for structural genomics research and other applications.
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8
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Laifenfeld D, Gilchrist A, Drubin D, Jorge M, Eddy SF, Frushour BP, Ladd B, Obert LA, Gosink MM, Cook JC, Criswell K, Somps CJ, Koza-Taylor P, Elliston KO, Lawton MP. The role of hypoxia in 2-butoxyethanol-induced hemangiosarcoma. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:254-66. [PMID: 19812364 PMCID: PMC2794330 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying compound-induced hemangiosarcomas in mice, and therefore, their human relevance, a systems biology approach was undertaken using transcriptomics and Causal Network Modeling from mice treated with 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE). 2-BE is a hemolytic agent that induces hemangiosarcomas in mice. We hypothesized that the hemolysis induced by 2-BE would result in local tissue hypoxia, a well-documented trigger for endothelial cell proliferation leading to hemangiosarcoma. Gene expression data from bone marrow (BM), liver, and spleen of mice exposed to a single dose (4 h) or seven daily doses of 2-BE were used to develop a mechanistic model of hemangiosarcoma. The resulting mechanistic model confirms previous work proposing that 2-BE induces macrophage activation and inflammation in the liver. In addition, the model supports local tissue hypoxia in the liver and spleen, coupled with increased erythropoeitin signaling and erythropoiesis in the spleen and BM, and suppression of mechanisms that contribute to genomic stability, events that could be contributing factors to hemangiosarcoma formation. Finally, an immunohistochemistry method (Hypoxyprobe) demonstrated that tissue hypoxia was present in the spleen and BM. Together, the results of this study identify molecular mechanisms that initiate hemangiosarcoma, a key step in understanding safety concerns that can impact drug decision processes, and identified hypoxia as a possible contributing factor for 2-BE-induced hemangiosarcoma in mice.
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9
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Expression and purification of recombinant arginine decarboxylase (speA) from Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1823-9. [PMID: 19603287 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structures of almost all the enzymes of arginine metabolism have been determined, but arginine decarboxylase's structure is not resolved yet. In order to characterize and crystallize arginine decarboxylase, we overexpressed biosynthetic arginine decarboxylase (ADC; EC 4.1.1.19, encoded by the speA gene) from Escherichia coli in the T7 expression system as a cleavable poly-His-tagged fusion construct. The expressed recombinant His(10)-ADC (77.3 kDa) was first purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, then proteolytically digested with Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease to remove the poly-His fusion tag, and finally purified by anion exchange chromatography. The His(10) tag removed recombinant ADC (74.1 kDa)'s typical yield was 90 mg from 1 l of culture medium with purity above 98%. The recombinant ADC was assayed for decarboxylase activity, showing decarboxylase activity of 2.8 U/mg, similar to the purified native E. coli ADC. The decarboxylase activity assay also showed that the purified recombinant ADC tolerated broad ranges of pH (pH 6-9) and temperature (20-80 degrees C). Our research may facilitate further studies of ADC structure and function, including the determination of its crystal structure by X-ray diffraction.
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10
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Galletti J, Cañones C, Morande P, Borge M, Oppezzo P, Geffner J, Bezares R, Gamberale R, Giordano M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells bind and present the erythrocyte protein band 3: possible role as initiators of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3674-83. [PMID: 18714043 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the frequent association between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia are currently unclear. The erythrocyte protein band 3 (B3) is one of the most frequently targeted Ags in autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In this study, we show that CLL cells specifically recognize B3 through a still unidentified receptor. B3 interaction with CLL cells involves the recognition of its N-terminal domain and leads to its internalization. Interestingly, when binding of erythrocyte-derived vesicles as found physiologically in blood was assessed, we observed that CLL cells could only interact with inside-out vesicles, being this interaction strongly dependent on the recognition of the N-terminal portion of B3. We then examined T cell responses to B3 using circulating CLL cells as APCs. Resting B3-pulsed CLL cells were unable to induce T cell proliferation. However, when deficient costimulation was overcome by CD40 engagement, B3-pulsed CLL cells were capable of activating CD4(+) T cells in a HLA-DR-dependent fashion. Therefore, our work shows that CLL cells can specifically bind, capture, and present B3 to T cells when in an activated state, an ability that could allow the neoplastic clone to trigger the autoaggressive process against erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremías Galletti
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Wu Y, Zhou Y, Song J, Hu X, Ding Y, Zhang Z. Using green and red fluorescent proteins to teach protein expression, purification, and crystallization. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 36:43-54. [PMID: 21591159 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We have designed a laboratory curriculum using the green and red fluorescent proteins (GFP and RFP) to visualize the cloning, expression, chromatography purification, crystallization, and protease-cleavage experiments of protein science. The EGFP and DsRed monomer (mDsRed)-coding sequences were amplified by PCR and cloned into pMAL (MBP-EGFP) or pT7His (His(10) -mDsRed) prokaryotic expression vectors. Then the fluorescent proteins were expressed in Rosetta (DE3) pLysS by IPTG induction or autoinduction. We purified the fluorescent proteins by affinity chromatography (Amylose and metal ion-chelating column), anion-exchange chromatography (High Q column), size exclusive chromatography (Sephacryl S-200 column), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Methyl HIC column) to exhibit the protein-purification techniques. After purification, the fusion protein MBP-EGFP was cleaved by TEV protease. The recombinant mDsRed protein was crystallized by hanging drop vapor diffusion technique to show students the basic operation of crystallization. The whole procedure can be monitored real time by naked eyes when using fluorescent proteins. The demonstration of expression, purification, crystallization, and protease cleavage became much more vivid and interesting, which greatly deepened the students' understanding of modern protein-science techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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12
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Gallego EDCM, Lopez-Bernad F, Sánchez-Acedo C, Quilez J. Flotillin-1 localization on sporozoites oF Eimeria tenella. J Parasitol 2007; 93:197-8. [PMID: 17436964 DOI: 10.1645/ge-977r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to identify parasite surface components involved in the interaction with the host cell, the present research focuses on the rafts of Eimeria tenella that might be involved in the host cell invasion process. To that end, this study was undertaken to investigate the expression of flotillin-1, which is an important component and marker of lipid rafts at the plasma membrane of sporozoites of E. tenella. The expression of this plasma membrane protein was identified by an antibody that specifically reacts with flotillin- and was studied by electron microscopy. Flotillin-1 was found to occur in patches on the surface of E. tenella sporozoites. Immunoblot analysis of the total proteins of the sporozoites showed only 1 band of approximately 48 kDa. This indicates that the antibody exclusively recognized the molecules of flotillin-1 expressed on the surface of E. tenella sporozoites. The presence of flotillin-1 on the cellular membrane of sporozoites predominantly at the apical tip suggests that flotillin-1 belongs to the invasion machinery of E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- E del Cacho M Gallego
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
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del Cacho E, Gallego M, Sánchez-Acedo C, Lillehoj HS. EXPRESSION OF FLOTILLIN-1 ON EIMERIA TENELLA SPOROZOITES AND ITS ROLE IN HOST CELL INVASION. J Parasitol 2007; 93:328-32. [PMID: 17539416 DOI: 10.1645/ge-992r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are detergent-resistant, liquid-ordered microdomains in plasma membranes that are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids and involved in intracellular signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and molecular sorting. In this study, we investigated the possibility that lipid rafts on Eimeria tenella sporozoites may act as platforms for host cell invasion. Flotillin-1, a resident protein of lipid rafts, was identified on E. tenella sporozoites and was prominently expressed at the apex of the cells, a region mediating host cell invasion. Pretreatment of sporozoites with antibody against flotillin-1 blocked parasite invasion. Furthermore, the anticoccidial drug, monensin, disrupted the localization of flotillin-1 within raft structures resulting in loss of invasion. We conclude that Eimeria sporozoites utilize lipid rafts containing flotillin-1 for internalization into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio del Cacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
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14
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Su Y, Ding Y, Jiang M, Hu X, Zhang Z. Protein 4.2 Komatsu (D175Y) associated with the lack of interaction with ankyrin in human red blood cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 38:221-8. [PMID: 17188914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane skeletal proteins play an important role in regulating the shape and function of the human red blood cell. Protein 4.2 interacts with cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (CDB3) and ankyrin for association between the skeleton network and the membrane. The deficiency of protein 4.2 may result in hereditary spherocytosis. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of the linkage of protein 4.2 Komatsu (D175Y) and protein 4.2 Nippon (A142T) with hereditary spherocytosis, a series of protein 4.2-derived mutants were designed and expressed in Escherichia coli. Their interactions with ankyrin and CDB3 were investigated by Far Western blot and pull-down assay in vitro. The results showed that the mutant D175Y of protein 4.2 cannot interact with ankyrin while mutant A142T, just like normal protein 4.2, can bind to ankyrin directly and can associate with CDB3 in the presence of ankyrin. Based on comparing the binding abilities of the protein 4.2 mutants D175F, D175A, D175K and D175Y with ankyrin and CDB3, we suggested that defective binding of protein 4.2 Komatsu to ankyrin is resulted from the charge effect of amino acid residue 175 substitution (D-->Y), which leads to significant structural change in protein 4.2 function domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Jiang M, Ding Y, Su Y, Hu X, Li J, Zhang Z. Arginase-flotillin interaction brings arginase to red blood cell membrane. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6561-4. [PMID: 17113085 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Flotillin-1 and arginase are both up-regulated in red blood cell membrane of type 2 diabetic patients. For studying why the soluble arginase can bind to the membrane and whether such binding would modify arginase activity, the arginase1 and related proteins were cloned and expressed. The results showed that flotillin-1 can interact with arginase1, and hence arginase activity was up-regulated by 26.8%. It was estimated that about 61% of arginase1 is bound to the membrane mediated by flotillin-1. The arginase activity in diabetic patients was significantly higher than that of the controls (752.4+/-38.5 U/mg protein vs 486.7+/-28.7 U/mg protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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16
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Anong WA, Weis TL, Low PS. Rate of rupture and reattachment of the band 3-ankyrin bridge on the human erythrocyte membrane. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22360-22366. [PMID: 16762928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513839200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal bridge connecting the erythrocyte membrane to the spectrin-based skeleton is established by band 3 and ankyrin; mutations leading to reduced bridge formation or increased bridge rupture result in morphological and mechanical abnormalities. Because membrane mechanical properties are determined in part by the protein interactions that stabilize the membrane, we have evaluated the rates of rupture and reattachment of band 3-ankyrin bridges under both resting and mechanically stressed conditions. To accomplish this, we have examined the rate of ankyrin displacement from inside-out vesicles by the hexahistidine-tagged cytoplasmic domain of band 3, cdb3-(His)6 and the rate of substitution of cdb3-(His)6 into endogenous band 3-ankyrin bridges in resealed erythrocytes in the presence and absence of shear stress. We demonstrate that 1) exogenous cdb3-(His)6 displaces endogenous ankyrin from IOVs with a half-time and first order rate constant of 42 +/- 14 min and 0.017 +/- 0.0058 min(-1), respectively; 2) exogenous cdb3-(His)6 substitutes endogenous band 3 in its linkage to ankyrin in resealed cells with a half-time and first order rate constant of 12 +/- 3.6 min and 0.060 +/- 0.019 min(-1), respectively; 3) cdb3-(His)6-mediated rupture of the band 3-ankyrin bridge in resealed cells results in decreased membrane mechanical stability, decreased deformability, abnormal morphology, and spontaneous vesiculation of the cells; and 4) the above on/off rates are not significantly accelerated by mechanical shear stress. We conclude that the off rates of the band 3-ankyrin interaction are sufficiently slow to allow sustained erythrocyte deformation without loss of elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Anong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Tahlia L Weis
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
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17
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Su Y, Ding Y, Jiang M, Jiang W, Hu X, Zhang Z. Associations of protein 4.2 with band 3 and ankyrin. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 289:159-66. [PMID: 16718373 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions are thought to play the vital role in maintenance and deformation of red blood cell (RBC) membrane. Protein 4.2, a 76-KDa peripheral protein, binds to the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (CDB3) and also interacts with ankyrin in RBCs. In order to explore the characteristics of protein 4.2-CDB3-ankyrin interactions, three protein 4.2-derived recombinant proteins encompassing amino acid residues 31-200, 1-300, and 187-260 respectively were expressed in Escherichia coli. Their interactions with CDB3 and ankyrin were investigated by using Far-Western blot and pull-down assay. The results showed that the CDB3-binding site of protein 4.2 is located in the region of residues 200-211 and the ankyrin-binding site is located in the region of residues 187-200 of protein 4.2. Our findings also suggested that the ankyrin D34 domain can interact directly with protein 4.2. The proper tertiary structures of these protein 4.2 fragments are essential for protein 4.2-ankyrin interaction. Meanwhile, ankyrin can enhance the interaction between protein 4.2 and CDB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Gill HS, Boron WF. Expression and purification of the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain of the Na/HCO3 cotransporter NBCe1-A: structural insights from a generalized approach. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 49:228-34. [PMID: 16757179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic, N-terminal domain (Nt) of the electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter--NBCe1--over-expresses in Escherichia coli and yields a large amount of soluble protein. A novel purification strategy, which involves a streptomycin precipitation, overcomes obstacles of instability and copurifying proteins, and leads to the first seen Nt-NBCe1 crystals. The purification procedure generally lends itself to the purification of Nts from other classes of the SLC4 family. Size-exclusion chromatography suggests that the Nt of NBCe1 as well as the Nt of other SLC4 members form dimers. A comparison of Nt-NBCe1 to SLC4 member Nt-AE1, based on purification properties and predicted secondary-structure sequence alignments, suggests a similar mechanism for dimer stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harindarpal S Gill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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19
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Jiang W, Ding Y, Su Y, Jiang M, Hu X, Zhang Z. Interaction of glucose transporter 1 with anion exchanger 1 in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339:1255-61. [PMID: 16343432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) mediates the passive diffusion of d-glucose across the cell membrane, providing the energy resource in glycolysis in the erythrocytes. Anion exchanger 1 (band 3) is another important membrane protein that mediates rapid exchange of CO(2) through Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchange across the erythrocyte membrane. For verifying the presumption over a decade that GLUT1 and band 3 in the erythrocyte would be interacting with each other, we cloned and expressed both the cytoplasmic domains of GLUT1 and band 3 in Escherichia coli, and tested their binding ability. By coimmunoprecipitation we found that among the tested N-terminal, C-terminal, and loop fraction of GLUT1, only the C-terminal of GLUT1 can interact with cytoplasmic domain of band 3. The interaction was further verified by coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down assay using both proteins as bait and target. These results showed that GLUT1 and band 3 form a protein complex that can regulate the activities of the proteins within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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20
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Ding Y, Jiang M, Jiang W, Su Y, Zhou H, Hu X, Zhang Z. Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant human flotillin-1 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 42:137-45. [PMID: 15939299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human flotillin-1 (reggie-2), a major hydrophobic protein of biomembrane microdomain lipid rafts, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli with four different fusion tags (hexahistidine, glutathione S-transferase, NusA, and thioredoxin) to increase the yield. The best expressed flotillin-1 with thioredoxin tag was solubilized from inclusion bodies, first purified by immobilized metal affinity column under denaturing condition and direct refolded on column by decreasing urea gradient method. The thioredoxin tag was cleaved by thrombin, and the flotillin-1 protein was further purified by anion exchanger and gel filtration column. The purified protein was verified by denaturing gel electrophoresis and Western blot. The typical yield was 3.4 mg with purity above 98% from 1L culture medium. Using pull-down assay, the interaction of both the recombinant flotillin-1 and the native flotillin-1 from human erythrocyte membranes with c-Cbl-associated protein or neuroglobin was confirmed, which demonstrated that the recombinant proteins were functional active. This is the first report describing expression, purification, and characterization of active recombinant raft specific protein in large quantity and highly purity, which would facilitate further research such as X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Bisaglia M, Trolio A, Tessari I, Bubacco L, Mammi S, Bergantino E. Cloning, expression, purification, and spectroscopic analysis of the fragment 57–102 of human α-synuclein. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 39:90-6. [PMID: 15596364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein plays an important role in many neurodegenerative disorders, referred to as alpha-synucleinopathies, that include, among others, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The central region of the wild type protein, known as the non-Abeta component of amyloid plaques (NAC, amino acids 61-95), seems to be responsible for its aggregation process. To structurally characterize this fragment by nuclear magnetic resonance, we produced it by DNA recombinant technology. This technique, unlike chemical synthesis, allows the production of labeled samples (13C, 15N) required for NMR studies. Because the NAC region is very sparingly soluble in aqueous buffer, we cloned a slightly larger portion of alpha-synuclein, alphasyn57-102, with the presence of several charged residues in both extremities of the NAC region. The conformational preferences of purified alphasyn57-102, in solution and bound to SDS micelles, was studied. Our results indicate that the protein is largely unfolded in solution but exhibits a helical conformation in the lipid-associated state. The methodology that we have used in this work for the cloning, expression, and purification of alphasyn57-102 can be easily applied to most small proteins, thus representing a powerful tool for structural NMR analysis of labeled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bisaglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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