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Pan G, Jin J, Liu H, Zhong C, Xie J, Qin Y, Zhang S. Integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome provides insights into polysaccharide accumulation in Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce rhizome. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17699. [PMID: 39006032 PMCID: PMC11243984 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce is a traditional Chinese herb that is widely cultivated in China. Polysaccharides are the major bioactive components in rhizome of P. odoratum and have many important biological functions. Methods To better understand the regulatory mechanisms of polysaccharide accumulation in P. odoratum rhizomes, the rhizomes of two P. odoratum cultivars 'Y10' and 'Y11' with distinct differences in polysaccharide content were used for transcriptome and metabolome analyses, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Results A total of 14,194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 6,689 DEGs were down-regulated in 'Y10' compared with those in 'Y11'. KEGG enrichment analysis of the down-regulated DEGs revealed a significant enrichment of 'starch and sucrose metabolism', and 'amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism'. Meanwhile, 80 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected, of which 52 were significantly up-regulated in 'Y11' compared to those in 'Y10'. The up-regulated DAMs were significantly enriched in 'tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis', 'pentose phosphate pathway' and 'ABC transporters'. The integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis have revealed that four DAMs, glucose, beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate, maltose and 3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol were significantly enriched for polysaccharide accumulation, which may be regulated by 17 DEGs, including UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (UGP2), hexokinase (HK), sucrose synthase (SUS), and UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH). Furthermore, 8 DEGs (sacA, HK, scrK, GPI) were identified as candidate genes for the accumulation of glucose and beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate in the proposed polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, and these two metabolites were significantly associated with the expression levels of 13 transcription factors including C3H, FAR1, bHLH and ERF. This study provided comprehensive information on polysaccharide accumulation and laid the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of medicinal quality formation in P. odoratum rhizomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Pan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Colleges of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhui Qin
- Colleges of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Paneque A, Fortus H, Zheng J, Werlen G, Jacinto E. The Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway: Regulation and Function. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040933. [PMID: 37107691 PMCID: PMC10138107 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) produces uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl glucosamine, UDP-GlcNAc, which is a key metabolite that is used for N- or O-linked glycosylation, a co- or post-translational modification, respectively, that modulates protein activity and expression. The production of hexosamines can occur via de novo or salvage mechanisms that are catalyzed by metabolic enzymes. Nutrients including glutamine, glucose, acetyl-CoA, and UTP are utilized by the HBP. Together with availability of these nutrients, signaling molecules that respond to environmental signals, such as mTOR, AMPK, and stress-regulated transcription factors, modulate the HBP. This review discusses the regulation of GFAT, the key enzyme of the de novo HBP, as well as other metabolic enzymes that catalyze the reactions to produce UDP-GlcNAc. We also examine the contribution of the salvage mechanisms in the HBP and how dietary supplementation of the salvage metabolites glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine could reprogram metabolism and have therapeutic potential. We elaborate on how UDP-GlcNAc is utilized for N-glycosylation of membrane and secretory proteins and how the HBP is reprogrammed during nutrient fluctuations to maintain proteostasis. We also consider how O-GlcNAcylation is coupled to nutrient availability and how this modification modulates cell signaling. We summarize how deregulation of protein N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation can lead to diseases including cancer, diabetes, immunodeficiencies, and congenital disorders of glycosylation. We review the current pharmacological strategies to inhibit GFAT and other enzymes involved in the HBP or glycosylation and how engineered prodrugs could have better therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of diseases related to HBP deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysta Paneque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Harvey Fortus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Julia Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Guy Werlen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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3
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Yuan Y, Imtiaz M, Rizwan M, Dai Z, Hossain MM, Zhang Y, Huang H, Tu S. The role and its transcriptome mechanisms of cell wall polysaccharides in vanadium detoxication of rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127966. [PMID: 34906871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall-polysaccharides play a crucial role in heavy metals binding, and hence, contribute to heavy metal detoxication in plants. However, there is no data regarding the molecular mechanisms of vanadium (V) binding to root cell walls in plants, especially in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Taking two rice cultivars with various V tolerance as the research material, the present study investigated the effect of various V concentrations on subcellular distribution of V and revealed the regulatory mechanism of cell wall polysaccharides to V exposure. The results showed that rice roots inhibited the upward movement of V, and root cell walls accumulated 69.85-82.71% of V in roots. Furthermore, hemicellulose-1 (HC-1) in cell walls shared up to 67.72% and 66.95% of the cell-wall-bound V in tolerant and sensitive cultivars, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that V stress induced the remolding of cell wall polysaccharides. Under V stress, V-tolerant rice generated up to 19.3% pectin, 40.9% HC-1, and 49.34% HC-2, which were higher than V-sensitive cultivar. The genes encoding UGDH, UGE, and AXS for polysaccharide biosynthesis were higher expressed in V-tolerant rice than V-sensitive rice when exposed to V. The results could provide novel insight for phytoremediation and food security guarantees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhihua Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Md Muzammel Hossain
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hengliang Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shuxin Tu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Research Centre for Environment Pollution and Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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4
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Kroef V, Ruegenberg S, Horn M, Allmeroth K, Ebert L, Bozkus S, Miethe S, Elling U, Schermer B, Baumann U, Denzel MS. GFPT2/GFAT2 and AMDHD2 act in tandem to control the hexosamine pathway. eLife 2022; 11:69223. [PMID: 35229715 PMCID: PMC8970586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) produces the essential metabolite UDP-GlcNAc and plays a key role in metabolism, health, and aging. The HBP is controlled by its rate-limiting enzyme glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT/GFAT) that is directly inhibited by UDP-GlcNAc in a feedback loop. HBP regulation by GFPT is well studied but other HBP regulators have remained obscure. Elevated UDP-GlcNAc levels counteract the glycosylation toxin tunicamycin (TM), and thus we screened for TM resistance in haploid mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) using random chemical mutagenesis to determine alternative HBP regulation. We identified the N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase AMDHD2 that catalyzes a reverse reaction in the HBP and its loss strongly elevated UDP-GlcNAc. To better understand AMDHD2, we solved the crystal structure and found that loss-of-function (LOF) is caused by protein destabilization or interference with its catalytic activity. Finally, we show that mESCs express AMDHD2 together with GFPT2 instead of the more common paralog GFPT1. Compared with GFPT1, GFPT2 had a much lower sensitivity to UDP-GlcNAc inhibition, explaining how AMDHD2 LOF resulted in HBP activation. This HBP configuration in which AMDHD2 serves to balance GFPT2 activity was also observed in other mESCs and, consistently, the GFPT2:GFPT1 ratio decreased with differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Taken together, our data reveal a critical function of AMDHD2 in limiting UDP-GlcNAc production in cells that use GFPT2 for metabolite entry into the HBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Kroef
- Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruegenberg
- Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Kira Allmeroth
- Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Miethe
- Molecular Genetics of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Elling
- Vienna Biocenter, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Ruegenberg S, Mayr FAMC, Atanassov I, Baumann U, Denzel MS. Protein kinase A controls the hexosamine pathway by tuning the feedback inhibition of GFAT-1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2176. [PMID: 33846315 PMCID: PMC8041777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine pathway (HP) is a key anabolic pathway whose product uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is an essential precursor for glycosylation processes in mammals. It modulates the ER stress response and HP activation extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. The highly conserved glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT-1) is the rate-limiting HP enzyme. GFAT-1 activity is modulated by UDP-GlcNAc feedback inhibition and via phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). Molecular consequences of GFAT-1 phosphorylation, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the GFAT-1 R203H substitution that elevates UDP-GlcNAc levels in C. elegans. In human GFAT-1, the R203H substitution interferes with UDP-GlcNAc inhibition and with PKA-mediated Ser205 phosphorylation. Our data indicate that phosphorylation affects the interactions of the two GFAT-1 domains to control catalytic activity. Notably, Ser205 phosphorylation has two discernible effects: it lowers baseline GFAT-1 activity and abolishes UDP-GlcNAc feedback inhibition. PKA controls the HP by uncoupling the metabolic feedback loop of GFAT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ruegenberg
- grid.419502.b0000 0004 0373 6590Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix A. M. C. Mayr
- grid.419502.b0000 0004 0373 6590Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilian Atanassov
- grid.419502.b0000 0004 0373 6590Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin S. Denzel
- grid.419502.b0000 0004 0373 6590Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777CECAD - Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Oliveira IA, Allonso D, Fernandes TVA, Lucena DMS, Ventura GT, Dias WB, Mohana-Borges RS, Pascutti PG, Todeschini AR. Enzymatic and structural properties of human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 2 (hGFAT2). J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100180. [PMID: 33303629 PMCID: PMC7948480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates play a central role in several cellular processes, and alteration in their composition is associated with numerous human pathologies. Substrates for cellular glycosylation are synthesized in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which is controlled by the glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransfera-se (GFAT). Human isoform 2 GFAT (hGFAT2) has been implicated in diabetes and cancer; however, there is no information about structural and enzymatic properties of this enzyme. Here, we report a successful expression and purification of a catalytically active recombinant hGFAT2 (rhGFAT2) in Escherichia coli cells fused or not to a HisTag at the C-terminal end. Our enzyme kinetics data suggest that hGFAT2 does not follow the expected ordered bi–bi mechanism, and performs the glucosamine-6-phosphate synthesis much more slowly than previously reported for other GFATs. In addition, hGFAT2 is able to isomerize fructose-6-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate even in the presence of equimolar amounts of glutamine, which results in unproductive glutamine hydrolysis. Structural analysis of a three-dimensional model of rhGFAT2, corroborated by circular dichroism data, indicated the presence of a partially structured loop in the glutaminase domain, whose sequence is present in eukaryotic enzymes but absent in the E. coli homolog. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that this loop is the most flexible portion of the protein and plays a key role on conformational states of hGFAT2. Thus, our study provides the first comprehensive set of data on the structure, kinetics, and mechanics of hGFAT2, which will certainly contribute to further studies on the (patho)physiology of hGFAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Diego Allonso
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tácio V A Fernandes
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, IBCCF, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Macromoléculas, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniela M S Lucena
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo T Ventura
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner Barbosa Dias
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro G Pascutti
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, IBCCF, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriane R Todeschini
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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7
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Zhang S, Shi Y, Huang L, Wang C, Zhao D, Ma K, Wu J, Peng D. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of rhizomes, stems, and leaves of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce reveals candidate genes associated with polysaccharide synthesis. Gene 2020; 744:144626. [PMID: 32224272 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce is a well-known traditional Chinese herb. Polysaccharides are major bioactive components of Polygonatum odoratum, which can improve immunity, and are used to treat rheumatic heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. This study identified potential genes and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate polysaccharide synthesis in Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce using RNA sequencing data from leaf, stem, and rhizome tissues. 76,714 unigenes were annotated in public databases. Analysis of KEGG annotations identified 18 key enzymes responsible for polysaccharide biosynthesis and the most of the upregulated expressed unigenes were enriched in rhizome tissue compared with leaf or stem tissue. 73 TFs involved in polysaccharide synthesis were predicted. In addition, key enzyme genes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. This study substantially enlarged the public transcriptome datasets of this species, and provided insight into detection of novel genes involved in synthesis of polysaccharides and other secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038
| | - Luqi Huang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenkai Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038
| | - Derui Zhao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038
| | - Kelong Ma
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Clinical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038; Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Daiyin Peng
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
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8
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Ruegenberg S, Horn M, Pichlo C, Allmeroth K, Baumann U, Denzel MS. Loss of GFAT-1 feedback regulation activates the hexosamine pathway that modulates protein homeostasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:687. [PMID: 32019926 PMCID: PMC7000685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is the key enzyme in the hexosamine pathway (HP) that produces uridine 5′-diphospho-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), linking energy metabolism with posttranslational protein glycosylation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, we previously identified gfat-1 gain-of-function mutations that elevate UDP-GlcNAc levels, improve protein homeostasis, and extend lifespan. GFAT is highly conserved, but the gain-of-function mechanism and its relevance in mammalian cells remained unclear. Here, we present the full-length crystal structure of human GFAT-1 in complex with various ligands and with important mutations. UDP-GlcNAc directly interacts with GFAT-1, inhibiting catalytic activity. The longevity-associated G451E variant shows drastically reduced sensitivity to UDP-GlcNAc inhibition in enzyme activity assays. Our structural and functional data point to a critical role of the interdomain linker in UDP-GlcNAc inhibition. In mammalian cells, the G451E variant potently activates the HP. Therefore, GFAT-1 gain-of-function through loss of feedback inhibition constitutes a potential target for the treatment of age-related proteinopathies. Mutations in the hexosamine pathway key enzyme glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT-1) improve protein quality control and extend C. elegans lifespan. Here the authors present the crystal structures of full-length human GFAT-1 alone and with bound ligands and perform activity assays, which show that gain-of-function in the longevity-associated G451E variant is caused by a loss of feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ruegenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,University of Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Moritz Horn
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Pichlo
- University of Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kira Allmeroth
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- University of Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Martin S Denzel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,CECAD-Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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9
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Bitterwolf P, Gallus S, Peschke T, Mittmann E, Oelschlaeger C, Willenbacher N, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Valency engineering of monomeric enzymes for self-assembling biocatalytic hydrogels. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9752-9757. [PMID: 32055344 PMCID: PMC6993604 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
All-enzyme hydrogels are efficient reagents for continuous flow biocatalysis. These materials can be obtained by self-assembly of two oligomeric enzymes, modified with the complementary SpyTag and SpyCatcher units. To facilitate access to the large proportion of biocatalytically relevant monomeric enzymes, we demonstrate that the tagging valency of the monomeric (S)-stereoselective ketoreductase Gre2p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be designed to assemble stable, active hydrogels with the cofactor-regenerating glucose 1-dehydrogenase GDH from Bacillus subtilis. Mounted in microfluidic reactors, these gels revealed high conversion rates and stereoselectivity in the reduction of prochiral methylketones under continuous flow for more than 8 days. The sequential use as well as parallelization by 'numbering up' of the flow reactor modules demonstrate that this approach is suitable for syntheses on the semipreparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bitterwolf
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Sabrina Gallus
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Theo Peschke
- Novartis AG , Kohlestrasse WSJ 103 , CH-4002 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Esther Mittmann
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Claude Oelschlaeger
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 , D-76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Gotthard-Franz-Straße 3 , D-76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG1) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany .
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10
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Walter LA, Batt AR, Darabedian N, Zaro BW, Pratt MR. Azide- and Alkyne-Bearing Metabolic Chemical Reporters of Glycosylation Show Structure-Dependent Feedback Inhibition of the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1918-1921. [PMID: 29979493 PMCID: PMC6261355 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs) of protein glycosylation are analogues of natural monosaccharides that bear reactive groups, like azides and alkynes. When they are added to living cells and organisms, these small molecules are biosynthetically transformed into nucleotide donor sugars and then used by glycosyltransferases to modify proteins. Subsequent installation of tags by bioorthogonal chemistries can then enable the visualization and enrichment of these glycoproteins. Although this two-step procedure is powerful, the use of MCRs has the potential to change the endogenous production of the natural repertoire of donor sugars. A major route for the generation of these glycosyltransferase substrates is the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which results in uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). Interestingly, the rate-determining enzyme of the HBP, glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), is feedback inhibited by UDP-GlcNAc. This raises the possibility that a build-up of UDP-MCRs would block the biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, resulting in off target effects. Here, we directly test this possibility with recombinant human GFAT and a small panel of synthetic UDP-MCRs. We find that MCRs with larger substitutions at the N-acetyl position do not inhibit GFAT, whereas those with modifications of the 2- or 6-hydroxy group do. These results further illuminate the considerations that should be applied to the use of MCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Walter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California 840 Downey Way, LJS 250, Los Angeles, CA, 90089 (USA)
| | - Anna R. Batt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California 840 Downey Way, LJS 250, Los Angeles, CA, 90089 (USA)
| | - Narek Darabedian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California 840 Downey Way, LJS 250, Los Angeles, CA, 90089 (USA)
| | - Balyn W. Zaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California 840 Downey Way, LJS 250, Los Angeles, CA, 90089 (USA)
| | - Matthew R. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California 840 Downey Way, LJS 250, Los Angeles, CA, 90089 (USA)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California 840 Downey Way, LJS 250, Los Angeles, CA, 90089 (USA)
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11
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Willems AP, van Engelen BGM, Lefeber DJ. Genetic defects in the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:1640-54. [PMID: 26721333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital disorders of glycosylation are caused by defects in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. Classically, gene defects with multisystem disease have been identified in the ubiquitously expressed glycosyltransferases required for protein N-glycosylation. An increasing number of defects are being described in sugar supply pathways for protein glycosylation with tissue-restricted clinical symptoms. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we address the hexosamine and sialic acid biosynthesis pathways in sugar metabolism. GFPT1, PGM3 and GNE are essential for synthesis of nucleotide sugars uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-sialic acid) as precursors for various glycosylation pathways. Defects in these enzymes result in contrasting clinical phenotypes of congenital myasthenia, immunodeficiency or adult-onset myopathy, respectively. We therefore discuss the biochemical mechanisms of known genetic defects in the hexosamine and CMP-sialic acid synthesis pathway in relation to the clinical phenotypes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Both UDP-GlcNAc and CMP-sialic acid are important precursors for diverse protein glycosylation reactions and for conversion into other nucleotide-sugars. Defects in the synthesis of these nucleotide sugars might affect a wide range of protein glycosylation reactions. Involvement of multiple glycosylation pathways might contribute to disease phenotype, but the currently available biochemical information on sugar metabolism is insufficient to understand why defects in these pathways present with tissue-specific phenotypes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Future research on the interplay between sugar metabolism and different glycosylation pathways in a tissue- and cell-specific manner will contribute to elucidation of disease mechanisms and will create new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke P Willems
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Liu Y, Cai DX, Wang L, Li JZ, Wang WN. Glucosamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: characterization and regulation under alkaline and cadmium stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1754-1764. [PMID: 25956985 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal residues and chemical contaminators considered as relevant sources of aquatic environmental pollutants have a generally immunosuppressive effect on aquatic organisms, depressing metabolic activities and immune response. Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT, EC2.6.1.16) is the first, and rate-limiting, enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and is involved in the regulation of chitin biosynthesis and glycosylation of proteins. We have isolated and characterized GFAT from the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Amino acid sequence similarity of the Lv-GFAT (L.vannamei-GFAT) was highest to GFATs isolated from insects and mammals (83 % similarity to that of Haemaphysalis longicornis). The open-reading frame of the Lv-GFAT codes for a protein of 41.6 kDa with a calculated isoelectric point of 5.03. RT-PCR assays showed that endogenous Lv-GFAT mRNA is most strongly expressed in the intestine. Further analysis of Lv-GFAT gene expression in hepatopancreas by quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that Lv-GFAT transcript levels increased when the shrimp were exposed to alkaline pH (9.3) and cadmium stress, but the time when its mRNA expression level peaked differed under these stresses. We also first expressed the recombinant protein of GFAT from shrimps in Escherichia coli. Western blot analyses confirmed that the Lv-GFAT protein was strongly expressed in the hepatopancreas after exposure to the LC-Cd stress. These results suggest that Lv-GFAT expression is stimulated by alkaline pH and cadmium stress and that it may play important roles in resistance of shrimp to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - D X Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - J Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - W N Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Isolation of the GFA1 gene encoding glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase of Sporothrix schenckii and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Santos-Aberturas J, Engel J, Dickerhoff J, Dörr M, Rudroff F, Weisz K, Bornscheuer UT. Exploration of the Substrate Promiscuity of Biosynthetic Tailoring Enzymes as a New Source of Structural Diversity for Polyene Macrolide Antifungals. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Gaucher-Wieczorek F, Guérineau V, Touboul D, Thétiot-Laurent S, Pelissier F, Badet-Denisot MA, Badet B, Durand P. Evaluation of synthase and hemisynthase activities of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2014; 458:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Assrir N, Richez C, Durand P, Guittet E, Badet B, Lescop E, Badet-Denisot MA. Mapping the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine regulatory site of human glucosamine-6P synthase by saturation-transfer difference NMR and site-directed mutagenesis. Biochimie 2013; 97:39-48. [PMID: 24075873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme glucosamine-6P Synthase (Gfat, L-glutamine:D-fructose-6P amidotransferase) is involved in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the formation of glucosamine-6P from the substrates d-fructose-6-phosphate and l-glutamine. In eukaryotic cells, Gfat is inhibited by UDPGlcNAc, the end product of the biochemical pathway. In this work we present the dissection of the binding and inhibition properties of this feedback inhibitor and of its fragments by a combination of STD-NMR experiments and inhibition measurements on the wild type human enzyme (hGfat) as well as on site-directed mutants. We demonstrate that the UDPGlcNAc binding site is located in the isomerase domain of hGfat. Two amino acid residues (G445 and G461) located at the bottom of the binding site are identified to play a key role in the specificity of UDPGlcNAc inhibition of hGfat activity vs its bacterial Escherichia coli counterpart. We also show that UDPGlcNAc subcomponents have distinct features: the nucleotidic moiety is entirely responsible for binding whereas the N-acetyl group is mandatory for inhibition but not for binding, and the sugar moiety acts as a linker between the nucleotidic and N-acetyl groups. Combining these structural recognition determinants therefore appears as a promising strategy to selectively inhibit hGfat, which may for example help reduce complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Assrir
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, UPR2301, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Celine Richez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, UPR2301, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Durand
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, UPR2301, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Guittet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, UPR2301, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Badet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, UPR2301, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ewen Lescop
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, UPR2301, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Marie-Ange Badet-Denisot
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre de Recherche de Gif, UPR2301, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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17
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Czarnecka J, Kwiatkowska K, Gabriel I, Wojciechowski M, Milewski S. EngineeringCandida albicansglucosamine-6-phosphate synthase for efficient enzyme purification. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:564-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; 11/12 Narutowicza St; 80-233; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Karolina Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; 11/12 Narutowicza St; 80-233; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Iwona Gabriel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; 11/12 Narutowicza St; 80-233; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Marek Wojciechowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; 11/12 Narutowicza St; 80-233; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; 11/12 Narutowicza St; 80-233; Gdańsk; Poland
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18
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Mouilleron S, Badet-Denisot MA, Pecqueur L, Madiona K, Assrir N, Badet B, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. Structural basis for morpheein-type allosteric regulation of Escherichia coli glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase: equilibrium between inactive hexamer and active dimer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34533-46. [PMID: 22851174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.380378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino-terminal cysteine of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) acts as a nucleophile to release and transfer ammonia from glutamine to fructose 6-phosphate through a channel. The crystal structure of the C1A mutant of Escherichia coli GlmS, solved at 2.5 Å resolution, is organized as a hexamer, where the glutaminase domains adopt an inactive conformation. Although the wild-type enzyme is active as a dimer, size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and quasi-elastic light scattering, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation data show that the dimer is in equilibrium with a hexameric state, in vitro and in cellulo. The previously determined structures of the wild-type enzyme, alone or in complex with glucosamine 6-phosphate, are also consistent with a hexameric assembly that is catalytically inactive because the ammonia channel is not formed. The shift of the equilibrium toward the hexameric form in the presence of cyclic glucosamine 6-phosphate, together with the decrease of the specific activity with increasing enzyme concentration, strongly supports product inhibition through hexamer stabilization. Altogether, our data allow us to propose a morpheein model, in which the active dimer can rearrange into a transiently stable form, which has the propensity to form an inactive hexamer. This would account for a physiologically relevant allosteric regulation of E. coli GlmS. Finally, in addition to cyclic glucose 6-phosphate bound at the active site, the hexameric organization of E. coli GlmS enables the binding of another linear sugar molecule. Targeting this sugar-binding site to stabilize the inactive hexameric state is therefore suggested for the development of specific antibacterial inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouilleron
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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19
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López-Romero E, Reyes-Montes MDR, Pérez-Torres A, Ruiz-Baca E, Villagómez-Castro JC, Mora-Montes HM, Flores-Carreón A, Toriello C. Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:85-102. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, now named the S. schenckii species complex, has largely been known as the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, which is an acute or chronic subcutaneous mycosis of humans and other mammals. Gene sequencing has revealed the following species in the S. schenckii complex: Sporothrix albicans, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix luriei, Sporothrix mexicana and S. schenckii. The increasing number of reports of Sporothrix infection in immunocompromised patients, mainly the HIV-infected population, suggests sporotrichosis as an emerging global health problem concomitant with the AIDS pandemic. Molecular studies have demonstrated a high level of intraspecific variability. Components of the S. schenckii cell wall that act as adhesins and immunogenic inducers, such as a 70-kDa glycoprotein, are apparently specific to this fungus. The main glycan peptidorhamnomannan cell wall component is the only O-linked glycan structure known in S. schenckii. It contains an α-mannobiose core followed by one α-glucuronic acid unit, which may be mono- or di-rhamnosylated. The oligomeric structure of glucosamine-6-P synthase has led to a significant advance in the development of antifungals targeted to the enzyme’s catalytic domain in S. schenckii.
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20
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Mouilleron S, Badet-Denisot MA, Badet B, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. Dynamics of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 505:1-12. [PMID: 20709015 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine-6P synthase, which catalyzes glucosamine-6P synthesis from fructose-6P and glutamine, channels ammonia over 18Å between its glutaminase and synthase active sites. The crystal structures of the full-length Escherichia coli enzyme have been determined alone, in complex with the first bound substrate, fructose-6P, in the presence of fructose-6P and a glutamine analog, and in the presence of the glucosamine-6P product. These structures represent snapshots of reaction intermediates, and their comparison sheds light on the dynamics of catalysis. Upon fructose-6P binding, the C-terminal loop and the glutaminase domains get ordered, leading to the closure of the synthase site, the opening of the sugar ring and the formation of a "closed" ammonia channel. Then, glutamine binding leads to the closure of the Q-loop to protect the glutaminase site, the activation of the catalytic residues involved in glutamine hydrolysis, the swing of the side chain of Trp74, which allows the communication between the two active sites through an "open" channel, and the rotation of the glutaminase domains relative to the synthase domains dimer. Therefore, binding of the substrates at the appropriate reaction time is responsible for the formation and opening of the ammonia channel and for the activation of the enzyme glutaminase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouilleron
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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21
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Valerio-Lepiniec M, Aumont-Nicaise M, Roux C, Raynal B, England P, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA, Desmadril M. Analysis of the Escherichia coli glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase activity by isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 498:95-104. [PMID: 20416269 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) is responsible for the first and rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose-6P (F6P) into D-glucosamine-6P (GlcN6P) using L-glutamine (Gln) as nitrogen donor (synthase activity) according to an ordered bi-bi process where F6P binds first. In the absence of F6P, the enzyme exhibits a weak hydrolyzing activity of Gln into Glu and ammonia (glutaminase activity), whereas the presence of F6P strongly stimulates it (hemi-synthase activity). Until now, these different activities were indirectly measured using either coupled enzyme or colorimetric methods. In this work, we have developed a direct assay monitoring the heat released by the reaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of GlmS. The direct determination at 37 degrees C of kinetic parameters and affinity constants for both F6P and Gln demonstrated that part of the ammonia produced by Gln hydrolysis in the presence of both substrates is not used for the formation of the GlcN6P. The full characterization of this phenomenon allowed to identify experimental conditions where this leak of ammonia is negligible. Enthalpy measurements at 25 degrees C in buffers of various heats of protonation demonstrated that no proton exchange with the medium occurred during the enzyme-catalyzed glutaminase or synthase reaction suggesting for the first time that both products are released as a globally neutral pair composed by the Glu carboxylic side chain and the GlcN6P amine function. Finally we showed that the oligomerization state of GlmS is concentration-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Valerio-Lepiniec
- Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 8619, Université de Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France.
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22
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Nakaishi Y, Bando M, Shimizu H, Watanabe K, Goto F, Tsuge H, Kondo K, Komatsu M. Structural analysis of human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, a key regulator in type 2 diabetes. FEBS Lett 2008; 583:163-7. [PMID: 19059404 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the hexoamine biosynthetic pathway and plays an important role in type 2 diabetes. We now report the first structures of the isomerase domain of the human GFAT in the presence of cyclic glucose-6-phosphate and linear glucosamine-6-phosphate. The C-terminal tail including the active site displays a rigid conformation, similar to the corresponding Escherichia coli enzyme. The diversity of the CF helix near the active site suggests the helix is a major target for drug design. Our study provides insights into the development of therapeutic drugs for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nakaishi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan.
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23
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Floquet N, Durand P, Maigret B, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA, Perahia D. Collective motions in glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase: influence of ligand binding and role in ammonia channelling and opening of the fructose-6-phosphate binding site. J Mol Biol 2008; 385:653-64. [PMID: 18976669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The large protein motions of the bacterial enzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase have been addressed using full atom normal modes analysis for the empty, the glucose-6-phosphate and the glucose-6-phosphate+glutamate bound proteins. The approach that was used involving energy minimizations along the normal modes coordinates identified functional motions of the protein, some of which were characterized earlier by X-ray diffraction studies. This method made it possible for the first time to highlight significant energy differences according to whether none, only one or both of the active sites of the protein were occupied. Our data favoured a specific motion of the glutamine binding domain following the fixation of fructose-6-phosphate and suggested a rigidified structure with both sites occupied. Here, we show that most of the collective large amplitude motions of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase that are modulated by ligand binding are crucial for the enzyme catalytic cycle, as they strongly modify the geometry of both the ammonia channel and the C-tail, demonstrating their role in ammonia transfer and ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Floquet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles-CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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24
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Durand P, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B, Mouilleron S, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA. Highlights of glucosamine-6P synthase catalysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474:302-17. [PMID: 18279655 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamine:d-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, also known as glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlcN6P synthase), which catalyzes the first step in a pathway leading to the formation of uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), is a key point in the metabolic control of the biosynthesis of amino sugar-containing macromolecules. The molecular mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by GlcN6P synthase is complex and involves amide bond cleavage followed by ammonia channeling and sugar isomerization. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge on this multi-faceted enzyme emphasizing the progress made during the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Durand
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles-CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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25
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Characterisation of glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.6.1.16) and N-acetylglucosamine metabolism in Bifidobacterium. Arch Microbiol 2007; 189:157-67. [PMID: 17943273 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum, in contrast to other bifidobacterial species, is auxotrophic for N-acetylglucosamine. Growth experiments revealed assimilation of radiolabelled N-acetylglucosamine in bacterial cell walls and in acetate, an end-product of central metabolism via the bifidobacterial D: -fructose-6-phosphate shunt. While supplementation with fructose led to reduced N-acetylglucosamine assimilation via the D: -fructose-6-phosphate shunt, no significant difference was observed in levels of radiolabelled N-acetylglucosamine incorporated into cell walls. Considering the central role played by glutamine fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GlmS) in linking the biosynthetic pathway for N-acetylglucosamine to hexose metabolism, the GlmS of Bifidobacterium was characterized. The genes encoding the putative GlmS of B. longum DSM20219 and B. bifidum DSM20082 were cloned and sequenced. Bioinformatic analyses of the predicted proteins revealed 43% amino acid identity with the Escherichia coli GlmS, with conservation of key amino acids in the catalytic domain. The B. longum GlmS was over-produced as a histidine-tagged fusion protein. The purified C-terminal His-tagged GlmS possessed glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase activity as demonstrated by synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate from fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine. It also possesses an independent glutaminase activity, converting glutamine to glutamate in the absence of fructose-6-phosphate. This is of interest considering the apparently reduced coding potential in bifidobacteria for enzymes associated with glutamine metabolism.
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Li Y, Roux C, Lazereg S, LeCaer JP, Laprévote O, Badet B, Badet-Denisot MA. Identification of a novel serine phosphorylation site in human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase isoform 1. Biochemistry 2007; 46:13163-9. [PMID: 17941647 DOI: 10.1021/bi700694c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (Gfat) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. The increasing amount of evidence that links excess hexosamine biosynthesis with pathogenic complications of type II diabetes highlights the need to understand the regulation of Gfat. Previous studies showed that eukaryotic Gfat is subjected to feedback inhibition by UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and to phosphorylation by cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA). In this study, overexpression of human Gfat isoform 1 (hGfat1) in insect cells revealed that hGfat1 is phosphorylated in vivo. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, we have identified Ser243 as a novel phosphorylation site. Biochemical properties of the wild type and the Ser243Glu mutant of hGfat1 overexpressed in Escherichia coli were compared. Our results provide evidence that phosphorylation at Ser243 stimulates glucosamine 6-phosphate-synthesizing activity, lowers amidohydrolyzing activity in the absence of fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) (glutaminase activity), and lowers Km(F6P) 2-fold, but has no effect on UDP-GlcNAc inhibition. On the basis of the sequence consensus, AMP-activated protein kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II were identified to phosphorylate specifically Ser243 in vitro. Phosphorylation by these two kinases results in an increase of enzymatic activity by 1.4-fold. These findings suggest for the first time that hGfat1 may be regulated by kinases other than PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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