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Kheirollahi A, Sadeghi S, Orandi S, Moayedi K, Khajeh K, Khoobi M, Golestani A. Chondroitinase as a therapeutic enzyme: Prospects and challenges. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 172:110348. [PMID: 37898093 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The chondroitinases (Chase) are bacterial lyases that specifically digest chondroitin sulfate and/or dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans via a β-elimination reaction and generate unsaturated disaccharides. In recent decades, these enzymes have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their potential applications in various aspects of medicine from the treatment of spinal cord injury to use as an analytical tool. In spite of this diverse spectrum, the application of Chase is faced with several limitations and challenges such as thermal instability and lack of a suitable delivery system. In the current review, we address potential therapeutic applications of Chase with emphasis on the challenges ahead. Then, we summarize the latest achievements to overcome the problems by considering the studies carried out in the field of enzyme engineering, drug delivery, and combination-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Orandi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Moayedi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Golestani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The structures and applications of microbial chondroitin AC lyase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:199. [PMID: 35996038 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
As an important glycosaminoglycan hydrolase, chondroitin lyases can hydrolyze chondroitin sulfate (CS) and release disaccharides and oligosaccharides. They are further divided into chondroitin AC, ABC, and B lyases according to their spatial structure and substrate specificity. Chondroitin AC lyase can hydrolyze chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A), chondroitin sulfate C (CS-C), and hyaluronic acid (HA), making it an essential biocatalyst for the preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate, analysis of the structure of the chondroitin sulfate, treatment of spinal cord injury, and purification of heparin. This paper provides an overview of reported chondroitin AC lyases, including their properties and the challenges faced in industrial applications. Up to now, although many attempts have been adopted to improve the enzyme properties, the most important factors are still the low activity and stability. The relations between the stability of the enzyme and the spatial structure were also summarized and discussed. Also perspectives for remodeling the enzymes with protein engineering are included.
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Zhou LJ, Guo LB, Wei W, Lv ZX, Zhang YW. A Novel Chondroitin AC Lyase With Broad Substrate Specificity From Pedobacter rhizosphaerae: Cloning, Expression, and Characterization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:808872. [PMID: 35004658 PMCID: PMC8733870 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.808872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin AC lyase (ChSaseAC) is one of the essential polysaccharides lyases in low molecular chondroitin sulfate production. In this work, a novel PrChSaseAC from Pedobacter rhizosphaerae was successfully cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli. After optimizing the induction, the recombinant PrChSaseAC could be expressed efficiently at 0.1 mM IPTG, 25°C, and 12 h induction. Then, it was purified with Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The characterization of the purified PrChSaseAC showed that it had high specific activity and good storage stability, which would favor the production of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate. It also displayed activity toward chondroitin sulfate C and hyaluronic acid. PrChSaseAC had the highest activity at pH 7.5, 37°C, 10 mM Ca2+, and 5 mg/ml of chondroitin sulfate A. Molecular docking of substrate and enzyme showed the interactions between the enzyme and substrate; it revealed that the enzyme showed high activity to CS-A and hyaluronic acid, but lower activity to CS-C attributed to the structure of the binding pocket. The high stability and specific activity of the enzyme will benefit the industrial production or clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jian Zhou
- The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, China
| | - Li-Bin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Zhongshiduqing Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Lv
- The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Wang Z, Sun J, Li Y, Song G, Su H, Yu W, Gong Q. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a glycosaminoglycan lyase from Vibrio sp. H240. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 154:109952. [PMID: 34871823 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan lyase is an effective tool for the functional studies of glycosaminoglycans and for the preparation of oligosaccharides. In this study, a new glycosaminoglycan lyase HCLaseV with a molecular weight of 90 kDa was cloned, expressed, and characterized from Vibrio sp. H240. The lyase belonged to the polysaccharide lyase (PL)- 8 family. HCLaseV showed enzyme activities toward chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate B, chondroitin sulfate C, and hyaluronic acid. HCLaseV exhibited the highest activity against HA at pH 7.0 and 40 °C. HCLaseV was an endo-type enzyme whose degradation end-product was unsaturated disaccharides. Ca2+ inhibited the activity of HCLaseV to a certain extent, which was different from most of the enzymes in the PL-8 family. Mutagenesis studies showed that the Ca2+ inhibition might be related to the Asn244 residue. The sequence homology was evaluated by mutagenesis studies, and the catalytic residues in HCLaseV were presumed to be His278, Trp485, and Tyr287. These characteristics are helpful for further basic research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Junhao Sun
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yunlu Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Guanrui Song
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Hai Su
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wengong Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Qianhong Gong
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Guo LB, Zhu CY, Wu YB, Fan XM, Zhang YW. A novel chondroitin AC lyase from Pedobacter xixiisoli: Cloning, expression, characterization and the application in the preparation of oligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 146:109765. [PMID: 33812567 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin AC lyase can efficiently hydrolyze chondroitin sulfate (CS) to low molecule weight chondroitin sulfate, which has been widely used in clinical therapy, including anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory. In this work, a novel chondroitin AC lyase from Pedobacter xixiisoli (PxchonAC) was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The characterization of PxchonAC showed that it has specific activities on chondroitin sulfate A, Chondroitin sulfate C and hyaluronic acid with 428.77, 270.57, and 136.06 U mg-1, respectively. The Km and Vmax of PxchonAC were 0.61 mg mL-1 and 670.18 U mg-1 using chondroitin sulfate A as the substrate. The enzyme had a half-life of roughly 660 min at 37 °C in the presence of Ca2+ and remained a residual activity of 54 % after incubated at 4 °C for 25 days. Molecular docking revealed that Asn123, His223, Tyr232, Arg286, Arg290, Asn372, and Glu374 were mainly involved in the substrate binding. The enzymatic hydrolysis product was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography, demonstrating PxchonAC could hydrolyze CS efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Bei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Wang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and their low-molecular weight derivates have received considerable interest in terms of their potential clinical applications, and display a wide variety of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties. Structurally distinct GAG chains can be prepared by enzymatic depolymerization. A variety of bacterial chondroitin sulfate (CS) lyases have been identified, and have been widely used as catalysts in this process. Here, we identified a putative chondroitin AC exolyase gene, AschnAC, from an Arthrobacter sp. strain found in a CS manufacturing workshop. We expressed the enzyme, AsChnAC, recombinantly in Escherichia coli, then purified and characterized it in vitro. The enzyme indeed displayed exolytic cleavage activity toward HA and various CSs. Removing the putative N-terminal secretion signal peptide of AsChnAC improved its expression level in E. coli while maintaining chondroitin AC exolyase activity. This novel catalyst exhibited its optimal activity in the absence of added metal ions. AsChnAC has potential applications in preparation of low-molecular weight GAGs, making it an attractive catalyst for further investigation.
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Fang Y, Yang S, Fu X, Xie W, Li L, Liu Z, Mou H, Zhu C. Expression, Purification and Characterization of Chondroitinase AC II from Marine Bacterium Arthrobacter sp. CS01. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17030185. [PMID: 30897810 PMCID: PMC6471956 DOI: 10.3390/md17030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitinase (ChSase), a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) lyase, can degrade chondroitin sulfate (CS) to unsaturate oligosaccharides, with various functional activities. In this study, ChSase AC II from a newly isolated marine bacterium Arthrobacter sp. CS01 was cloned, expressed in Pichia pastoris X33, purified, and characterized. ChSase AC II, with a molecular weight of approximately 100 kDa and a specific activity of 18.7 U/mg, showed the highest activity at 37 °C and pH 6.5 and maintained stability at a broad range of pH (5–7.5) and temperature (below 35 °C). The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of Mn2+ and was strongly inhibited by Hg2+. Moreover, the kinetic parameters of ChSase AC II against CS-A, CS-C, and HA were determined. TLC and ESI-MS analysis of the degradation products indicated that ChSase AC II displayed an exolytic action mode and completely hydrolyzed three substrates into oligosaccharides with low degrees of polymerization (DPs). All these features make ChSase AC II a promising candidate for the full use of GAG to produce oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Fang
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Suxiao Yang
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaodan Fu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Wancui Xie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhemin Liu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Haijin Mou
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Ndeh D, Munoz Munoz J, Cartmell A, Bulmer D, Wills C, Henrissat B, Gray J. The human gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron encodes the founding member of a novel glycosaminoglycan-degrading polysaccharide lyase family PL29. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17906-17916. [PMID: 30262663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and GAG-degrading enzymes have wide-ranging applications in the medical and biotechnological industries. The former are also an important nutrient source for select species of the human gut microbiota (HGM), a key player in host-microbial interactions. How GAGs are metabolized by the HGM is therefore of interest and has been extensively investigated in the model human gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The presence of as-yet uncharacterized GAG-inducible genes in its genome and of related species, however, is testament to our incomplete understanding of this process. Nevertheless, it presents a potential opportunity for the discovery of additional GAG-degrading enzymes. Here, we investigated a gene of unknown function (BT_3328) from the chondroitin sulfate (CS) utilization locus of B. thetaiotaomicron NMR and UV spectroscopic assays revealed that it encodes a novel polysaccharide lyase (PL), hereafter referred to as BtCDH, reflecting its source (B. thetaiotaomicron (Bt)) and its ability to degrade the GAGs CS, dermatan sulfate (DS), and hyaluronic acid (HA). When incubated with HA, BtCDH generated a series of unsaturated HA sugars, including Δ4,5UA-GlcNAc, Δ4,5UA-GlcNAc-GlcA-GlcNac, Δ4,5UA-[GlcNAc-GlcA]2-GlcNac, and Δ4,5UA-[GlcNAc-GlcA]3-GlcNac, as end products and hence was classed as endo-acting. A combination of genetic and biochemical assays revealed that BtCDH localizes to the cell surface of B. thetaiotaomicron where it enables extracellular GAG degradation. BtCDH homologs were also detected in several other HGM species, and we therefore propose that it represents the founding member of a new polysaccharide lyase family (PL29). The current discovery also contributes new insights into CS metabolism by the HGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Ndeh
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jose Munoz Munoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Cartmell
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - David Bulmer
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Bio-Imaging Unit, William Leech Building, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Wills
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, King's Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, F-13288 Marseille, France; USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 23218 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Gray
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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A new member of family 8 polysaccharide lyase chondroitin AC lyase ( Ps PL8A) from Pedobacter saltans displays endo- and exo-lytic catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yin FX, Wang FS, Sheng JZ. Uncovering the Catalytic Direction of Chondroitin AC Exolyase: FROM THE REDUCING END TOWARDS THE NON-REDUCING END. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4399-406. [PMID: 26742844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c115.708396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysaccharides that play vital functional roles in numerous biological processes, and compounds belonging to this class have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Chondroitin AC lyase (ChnAC) (EC 4.2.2.5) catalyzes the degradation of various GAGs, including chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, to give the corresponding disaccharides containing an Δ(4)-unsaturated uronic acid at their non-reducing terminus. ChnAC has been isolated from various bacteria and utilized as an enzymatic tool for study and evaluating the sequencing of GAGs. Despite its substrate specificity and the fact that its crystal structure has been determined to a high resolution, the direction in which ChnAC catalyzes the cleavage of oligosaccharides remain unclear. Herein, we have determined the structural cues of substrate depolymerization and the cleavage direction of ChnAC using model substrates and recombinant ChnAC protein. Several structurally defined oligosaccharides were synthesized using a chemoenzymatic approach and subsequently cleaved using ChnAC. The degradation products resulting from this process were determined by mass spectrometry. The results revealed that ChnAC cleaved the β1,4-glycosidic linkages between glucuronic acid and glucosamine units when these bonds were located on the reducing end of the oligosaccharide. In contrast, the presence of a GlcNAc-α-1,4-GlcA unit at the reducing end of the oligosaccharide prevented ChnAC from cleaving the GalNAc-β1,4-GlcA moiety located in the middle or at the non-reducing end of the chain. These interesting results therefore provide direct proof that ChnAC cleaves oligosaccharide substrates from their reducing end toward their non-reducing end. This conclusion will therefore enhance our collective understanding of the mode of action of ChnAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xin Yin
- From the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China and
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- From the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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11
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Kale V, Friðjónsson Ó, Jónsson JÓ, Kristinsson HG, Ómarsdóttir S, Hreggviðsson GÓ. Chondroitin Lyase from a Marine Arthrobacter sp. MAT3885 for the Production of Chondroitin Sulfate Disaccharides. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:479-492. [PMID: 25912370 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) saccharides from cartilage tissues have potential application in medicine or as dietary supplements due to their therapeutic bioactivities. Studies have shown that depolymerized CS saccharides may display enhanced bioactivity. The objective of this study was to isolate a CS-degrading enzyme for an efficient production of CS oligo- or disaccharides. CS-degrading bacteria from marine environments were enriched using in situ artificial support colonization containing CS from shark cartilage as substrate. Subsequently, an Arthrobacter species (strain MAT3885) efficiently degrading CS was isolated from a CS enrichment culture. The genomic DNA from strain MAT3885 was pyro-sequenced by using the 454 FLX sequencing technology. Following assembly and annotation, an orf, annotated as family 8 polysaccharide lyase genes, was identified, encoding an amino acid sequence with a similarity to CS lyases according to NCBI blastX. The gene, designated choA1, was cloned in Escherichia coli and expressed downstream of and in frame with the E. coli malE gene for obtaining a high yield of soluble recombinant protein. Applying a dual-tag system (MalE-Smt3-ChoA1), the MalE domain was separated from ChoA1 with proteolytic cleavage using Ulp1 protease. ChoA1 was defined as an AC-type enzyme as it degraded chondroitin sulfate A, C, and hyaluronic acid. The optimum activity of the enzyme was at pH 5.5-7.5 and 40 °C, running a 10-min reaction. The native enzyme was estimated to be a monomer. As the recombinant chondroitin sulfate lyase (designated as ChoA1R) degraded chondroitin sulfate efficiently compared to a benchmark enzyme, it may be used for the production of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides for the food industry or health-promoting products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Kale
- Matís, Vínlandsleið 12, 113, Reykjavík, Iceland
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12
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Nakamichi Y, Mikami B, Murata K, Hashimoto W. Crystal structure of a bacterial unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase with specificity for heparin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4787-97. [PMID: 24403065 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix molecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are typical targets for some pathogenic bacteria, which allow adherence to host cells. Bacterial polysaccharide lyases depolymerize GAGs in β-elimination reactions, and the resulting unsaturated disaccharides are subsequently degraded to constituent monosaccharides by unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolases (UGLs). UGL substrates are classified as 1,3- and 1,4-types based on the glycoside bonds. Unsaturated chondroitin and heparin disaccharides are typical members of 1,3- and 1,4-types, respectively. Here we show the reaction modes of bacterial UGLs with unsaturated heparin disaccharides by x-ray crystallography, docking simulation, and site-directed mutagenesis. Although streptococcal and Bacillus UGLs were active on unsaturated heparin disaccharides, those preferred 1,3- rather than 1,4-type substrates. The genome of GAG-degrading Pedobacter heparinus encodes 13 UGLs. Of these, Phep_2830 is known to be specific for unsaturated heparin disaccharides. The crystal structure of Phep_2830 was determined at 1.35-Å resolution. In comparison with structures of streptococcal and Bacillus UGLs, a pocket-like structure and lid loop at subsite +1 are characteristic of Phep_2830. Docking simulations of Phep_2830 with unsaturated heparin disaccharides demonstrated that the direction of substrate pyranose rings differs from that in unsaturated chondroitin disaccharides. Acetyl groups of unsaturated heparin disaccharides are well accommodated in the pocket at subsite +1, and aromatic residues of the lid loop are required for stacking interactions with substrates. Thus, site-directed mutations of the pocket and lid loop led to significantly reduced enzyme activity, suggesting that the pocket-like structure and lid loop are involved in the recognition of 1,4-type substrates by UGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakamichi
- From the Laboratory of Basic and Applied Molecular Biotechnology, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, and
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Xylitol does not inhibit xylose fermentation by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing xylA as severely as it inhibits xylose isomerase reaction in vitro. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:77-84. [PMID: 21655987 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient fermentation of xylose, which is abundant in hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass, is essential for producing cellulosic biofuels economically. While heterologous expression of xylose isomerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been proposed as a strategy to engineer this yeast for xylose fermentation, only a few xylose isomerase genes from fungi and bacteria have been functionally expressed in S. cerevisiae. We cloned two bacterial xylose isomerase genes from anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides stercoris HJ-15 and Bifidobacterium longum MG1) and introduced them into S. cerevisiae. While the transformant with xylA from B. longum could not assimilate xylose, the transformant with xylA from B. stercoris was able to grow on xylose. This result suggests that the xylose isomerase (BsXI) from B. stercoris is functionally expressed in S. cerevisiae. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain with BsXI consumed xylose and produced ethanol with a good yield (0.31 g/g) under anaerobic conditions. Interestingly, significant amounts of xylitol (0.23 g xylitol/g xylose) were still accumulated during xylose fermentation even though the introduced BsXI might not cause redox imbalance. We investigated the potential inhibitory effects of the accumulated xylitol on xylose fermentation. Although xylitol inhibited in vitro BsXI activity significantly (K(I) = 5.1 ± 1.15 mM), only small decreases (less than 10%) in xylose consumption and ethanol production rates were observed when xylitol was added into the fermentation medium. These results suggest that xylitol accumulation does not inhibit xylose fermentation by engineered S. cerevisiae expressing xylA as severely as it inhibits the xylose isomerase reaction in vitro.
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