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Fuse-Murakami T, Matsumoto R, Kanamori T. N-Terminal Amino Acid Affects the Translation Efficiency at Lower Temperatures in a Reconstituted Protein Synthesis System. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5264. [PMID: 38791303 PMCID: PMC11120837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli (E. coli)-based protein synthesis using recombinant elements (PURE) system is a cell-free protein synthesis system reconstituted from purified factors essential for E. coli translation. The PURE system is widely used for basic and synthetic biology applications. One of the major challenges associated with the PURE system is that the protein yield of the system varies depending on the protein. Studies have reported that the efficiency of translation is significantly affected by nucleotide and amino acid sequences, especially in the N-terminal region. Here, we investigated the inherent effect of various N-terminal sequences on protein synthesis using the PURE system. We found that a single amino acid substitution in the N-terminal region significantly altered translation efficiency in the PURE system, especially at low temperatures. This result gives us useful suggestions for the expression of the protein of interest in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takashi Kanamori
- GeneFrontier Corporation, 273-1 Kashiwa, Kashiwa-shi 277-0005, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Kazemzadeh K, Pelosi L, Chenal C, Chobert SC, Hajj Chehade M, Jullien M, Flandrin L, Schmitt W, He Q, Bouvet E, Jarzynka M, Varoquaux N, Junier I, Pierrel F, Abby SS. Diversification of Ubiquinone Biosynthesis via Gene Duplications, Transfers, Losses, and Parallel Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad219. [PMID: 37788637 PMCID: PMC10597321 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of an ever-increasing diversity of prokaryotic genomes and metagenomes represents a major opportunity to understand and decipher the mechanisms behind the functional diversification of microbial biosynthetic pathways. However, it remains unclear to what extent a pathway producing a specific molecule from a specific precursor can diversify. In this study, we focus on the biosynthesis of ubiquinone (UQ), a crucial coenzyme that is central to the bioenergetics and to the functioning of a wide variety of enzymes in Eukarya and Pseudomonadota (a subgroup of the formerly named Proteobacteria). UQ biosynthesis involves three hydroxylation reactions on contiguous carbon atoms. We and others have previously shown that these reactions are catalyzed by different sets of UQ-hydroxylases that belong either to the iron-dependent Coq7 family or to the more widespread flavin monooxygenase (FMO) family. Here, we combine an experimental approach with comparative genomics and phylogenetics to reveal how UQ-hydroxylases evolved different selectivities within the constrained framework of the UQ pathway. It is shown that the UQ-FMOs diversified via at least three duplication events associated with two cases of neofunctionalization and one case of subfunctionalization, leading to six subfamilies with distinct hydroxylation selectivity. We also demonstrate multiple transfers of the UbiM enzyme and the convergent evolution of UQ-FMOs toward the same function, which resulted in two independent losses of the Coq7 ancestral enzyme. Diversification of this crucial biosynthetic pathway has therefore occurred via a combination of parallel evolution, gene duplications, transfers, and losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Kazemzadeh
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Pelosi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Clothilde Chenal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie-Carole Chobert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mahmoud Hajj Chehade
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Margaux Jullien
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Flandrin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - William Schmitt
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Qiqi He
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emma Bouvet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Manon Jarzynka
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nelle Varoquaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Junier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie S Abby
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Ojima-Kato T, Nishikawa Y, Furukawa Y, Kojima T, Nakano H. Nascent MSKIK Peptide Cancels Ribosomal Stalling by Arrest Peptides in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104676. [PMID: 37028767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The insertion of the DNA sequence encoding SKIK peptide adjacent to the M start codon of a difficult-to-express protein enhances protein production in Escherichia coli. In this report, we reveal that the increased production of the SKIK-tagged protein is not due to codon usage of the SKIK sequence. Furthermore, we found that insertion of SKIK or MSKIK just before the SecM arrest peptide (FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP), which causes ribosomal stalling on mRNA, greatly increased the production of the protein containing the SecM arrest peptide in the E. coli reconstituted cell-free protein synthesis system (PURE system). A similar translation enhancement phenomenon by MSKIK was observed for the CmlA leader peptide, a ribosome arrest peptide, whose arrest is induced by chloramphenicol. These results strongly suggest that the nascent MSKIK peptide prevents or releases ribosomal stalling immediately following its generation during the translation process, resulting in an increase of protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyo Ojima-Kato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yuma Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Furukawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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4
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Hanyu Y, Kato M. Specific N-terminal amino acids potentiate the periplasmic expression of single-chain variable fragments in Escherichia coli. Biotechniques 2023; 74:107-112. [PMID: 36748400 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-chain variable fragments (ScFvs) are important in therapy, diagnosis and research because of their elevated antigen affinity and low immunogenicity. At present, high-yield scFv expression in Escherichia coli is limited by insoluble aggregation in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm or low yields in the periplasm. Here we achieved increased expression of scFvs in the periplasm by inserting optimal amino acids between the signal peptide and scFv. We constructed an expression library with three random amino acids at the scFv N-terminus, screened this library with a single-step colony assay and identified the specific sequences that boosted periplasmic expression of scFvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Hanyu
- Biomaterials Research Group, Health & Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Mieko Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Bio-Peak Co., Ltd, 584-70 Shimonojo, Takasaki, 370-0854, Japan
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5
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Beklemishev AB, Pykhtina MB, Perminova LV, Kovalenko GA. Recombinant Strains Producing Thermomyces lanuginosus Thermostable Lipase and their Use in Heterogeneous Biocatalysis, Including Processes of Low-Temperature Synthesis of Esters. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822080026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Bayer C, Sepulchro AGV, Rennig M, Nørholm MH. Efficient Bacterial Genome Engineering throughout the Central Dogma Using the Dual-Selection Marker tetAOPT. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3440-3450. [PMID: 36206506 PMCID: PMC9594774 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of bacterial genomes is a fundamental craft in contemporary biotechnology. The ability to precisely edit chromosomes allows for the development of cells with specific phenotypes for metabolic engineering and for the creation of minimized genomes. Genetic tools are needed to select for cells that underwent editing, and dual-selection markers that enable both positive and negative selection are highly useful. Here, we present an optimized and easy-to-use version of the tetA dual-selection marker and demonstrate how this tetAOPT can be used efficiently to engineer at different stages of the central dogma of molecular biology. On the DNA level, tetAOPT can be used to create scarless knockouts across the Escherichia coli genome with efficiency above 90%, whereas recombinant gene integrations can be achieved with approximately 50% efficiency. On the RNA and protein level, we show that tetAOPT enables advanced genome engineering of both gene translation and transcription by introducing sequence variation in the translation initiation region or by exchanging promoters. Finally, we demonstrate the use of tetAOPT for genome engineering in the industrially relevant probiotic strain E. coli Nissle.
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7
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Le NTP, Phan TTP, Phan HTT, Truong TTT, Schumann W, Nguyen HD. Influence of N-terminal His-tags on the production of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm of Bacillus subtilis. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 35:e00754. [PMID: 35911505 PMCID: PMC9326129 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of fusion tags to produce recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm of Bacillus subtilis is not well-studied as in E. coli. This study aimed to investigate the influence of His-tags with different codons on the protein production levels of the high expression gene (gfp+) and low expression gene (egfp) in the cytoplasm of B. subtilis cells. We used three different N-terminal His-tags, M-6xHis, MRGS-8xHis and MEA-8xHis, to investigate their effects on the production levels of GFP variants under the control of the Pgrac212 in B. subtilis. The fusions of His-tags with GFP+ caused a reduction compared to the construct without His-tag. When three His-tags fused with egfp, the EGFP production levels were significantly increased up to 3.5-, 12-, and 15-fold. This study suggested that His-tag at the N-terminus could enhance the protein production for the low expression gene and reduce that of the high expression gene in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Thi Phuong Le
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thi Phuong Phan
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Thi Thu Phan
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuom Thi Tinh Truong
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Cancer research laboratory, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Wolfgang Schumann
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Duc Nguyen
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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8
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Engineering microbial cell viability for enhancing chemical production by second codon engineering. Metab Eng 2022; 73:235-246. [PMID: 35987432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories offer a promising strategy for the sustainable production of industrial chemicals from renewable biomass feedstock. However, their performance is often limited by poor microbial cell viability (MCV). Here, MCV was engineered to enhance chemical production by optimizing the regulation of lifespan-specific genes to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In Escherichia coli, MCV was improved by reducing ROS accumulation using second codon engineering to regulate hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (arcA), resulting in lysine production up to 213 g L-1 with its productivity 5.90 g L-1·h-1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MCV was increased by decreasing ROS accumulation using second codon engineering to fine-tune ceramide synthase (lag1), leading to glucaric acid production up to 9.50 g L-1 with its productivity 0.057 g L-1·h-1. These results demonstrate that engineering MCV is a potential strategy to boost the performance of microbial cell factories in industrial processes.
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9
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Optimized Heterologous Expression and Efficient Purification of a New TRAIL-Based Antitumor Fusion Protein SRH-DR5-B with Dual VEGFR2 and DR5 Receptor Specificity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115860. [PMID: 35682540 PMCID: PMC9180153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, bifunctional proteins have been created by genetic and protein engineering methods to increase therapeutic effects in various diseases, including cancer. Unlike conventional small molecule or monotargeted drugs, bifunctional proteins have increased biological activity while maintaining low systemic toxicity. The recombinant anti-cancer cytokine TRAIL has shown a limited therapeutic effect in clinical trials. To enhance the efficacy of TRAIL, we designed the HRH–DR5-B fusion protein based on the DR5-selective mutant variant of TRAIL fused to the anti-angiogenic synthetic peptide HRHTKQRHTALH. Initially low expression of HRH–DR5-B was enhanced by the substitution of E. coli-optimized codons with AT-rich codons in the DNA sequence encoding the first 7 amino acid residues of the HRH peptide. However, the HRH–DR5-B degraded during purification to form two adjacent protein bands on the SDS-PAGE gel. The replacement of His by Ser at position P2 immediately after the initiator Met dramatically minimized degradation, allowing more than 20 mg of protein to be obtained from 200 mL of cell culture. The resulting SRH–DR5-B fusion bound the VEGFR2 and DR5 receptors with high affinity and showed increased cytotoxic activity in 3D multicellular tumor spheroids. SRH–DR5-B can be considered as a promising candidate for therapeutic applications.
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10
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Haas D, Hauptstein N, Dirauf M, Driessen MD, Ruopp M, Schubert US, Lühmann T, Meinel L. Chemo-Enzymatic PEGylation/POxylation of Murine Interleukin-4. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:97-104. [PMID: 34967625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a potentially interesting anti-inflammatory therapeutic, which is rapidly excreted. Therefore, serum half-life extension by polymer conjugation is desirable, which may be done by PEGylation. Here, we use PEtOx as an alternative to PEG for bioconjugate engineering. We genetically extended murine IL-4 (mIL-4) with the d-domain of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a previously identified substrate of transglutaminase (TG) Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa). Thereby, engineered mIL-4 (mIL-4-TG) became an educt for TG catalyzed C-terminal, site-directed conjugation. This was deployed to enzymatically couple an azide group containing peptide sequence to mIL-4, allowing C-terminal bioconjugation of polyethylene glycol or poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Both bioconjugates had wild-type potency and alternatively polarized macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Haas
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dirauf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc D Driessen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruopp
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Karamitros CS, Somody CM, Agnello G, Rowlinson S. Engineering of the Recombinant Expression and PEGylation Efficiency of the Therapeutic Enzyme Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:793985. [PMID: 34976980 PMCID: PMC8718881 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.793985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thymidine phosphorylase (HsTP) is an enzyme with important implications in the field of rare metabolic diseases. Defective mutations of HsTP lead to mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), a disease with a high unmet medical need that is associated with severe neurological and gastrointestinal complications. Current efforts focus on the development of an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using the Escherichia coli ortholog (EcTP). However, bacterial enzymes are counter-indicated for human therapeutic applications because they are recognized as foreign by the human immune system, thereby eliciting adverse immune responses and raising significant safety and efficacy risks. Thus, it is critical to utilize the HsTP enzyme as starting scaffold for pre-clinical drug development, thus de-risking the safety concerns associated with the use of bacterial enzymes. However, HsTP expresses very poorly in E. coli, whereas its PEGylation, a crucial chemical modification for achieving long serum persistence of therapeutic enzymes, is highly inefficient and negatively affects its catalytic activity. Here we focused on the engineering of the recombinant expression profile of HsTP in E. coli cells, as well as on the optimization of its PEGylation efficiency aiming at the development of an alternative therapeutic approach for MNGIE. We show that phylogenetic and structural analysis of proteins can provide important insights for the rational design of N’-terminus-truncation constructs which exhibit significantly improved recombinant expression levels. In addition, we developed and implemented a criteria-driven rational surface engineering strategy for the substitution of arginine-to-lysine and lysine-to-arginine residues to achieve more efficient, homogeneous and reproducible PEGylation without negatively affecting the enzymatic catalytic activity upon PEGylation. Collectively, our proposed strategies provide an effective way to optimize enzyme PEGylation and E. coli recombinant expression and are likely applicable for other proteins and enzymes.
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12
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Felpeto‐Santero C, Galán B, García JL. Production of 11α-hydroxysteroids from sterols in a single fermentation step by Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2514-2524. [PMID: 33660943 PMCID: PMC8601193 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
11α-hydroxylated steroid synthons are one of the most important commercially pharmaceutical intermediates used for the production of contraceptive drugs and glucocorticoids. These compounds are currently produced by biotransformation using fungal strains in two sequential fermentation steps. In this work, we have developed by a rational design new recombinant bacteria able to produce 11α-hydroxylated synthons in a single fermentation step using cholesterol (CHO) or phytosterols (PHYTO) as feedstock. We have designed a synthetic operon expressing the 11α-hydroxylating enzymes from the fungus Rhizopus oryzae that was cloned into engineered mutant strains of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis that were previously created to produce 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD), 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (ADD) from sterols. The introduction of the fungal synthetic operon in these modified bacterial chassis has allowed producing for the first time 11αOH-AD and 11αOH-ADD with high yields directly from sterols in a single fermentation step. Remarkably, the enzymes of sterol catabolic pathway from M. smegmatis recognized the 11α-hydroxylated intermediates as alternative substrates and were able to efficiently funnel sterols to the desired hydroxylated end-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Felpeto‐Santero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasAgencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadridSpain
| | - Beatriz Galán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasAgencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadridSpain
| | - José Luis García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasAgencia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadridSpain
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13
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Bayer CN, Rennig M, Ehrmann AK, Nørholm MHH. A standardized genome architecture for bacterial synthetic biology (SEGA). Nat Commun 2021; 12:5876. [PMID: 34620865 PMCID: PMC8497626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal recombinant gene expression offers a number of advantages over plasmid-based synthetic biology. However, the methods applied for bacterial genome engineering are still challenging and far from being standardized. Here, in an attempt to realize the simplest recombinant genome technology imaginable and facilitate the transition from recombinant plasmids to genomes, we create a simplistic methodology and a comprehensive strain collection called the Standardized Genome Architecture (SEGA). In its simplest form, SEGA enables genome engineering by combining only two reagents: a DNA fragment that can be ordered from a commercial vendor and a stock solution of bacterial cells followed by incubation on agar plates. Recombinant genomes are identified by visual inspection using green-white colony screening akin to classical blue-white screening for recombinant plasmids. The modular nature of SEGA allows precise multi-level control of transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation. The SEGA architecture simultaneously supports increased standardization of genetic designs and a broad application range by utilizing well-characterized parts optimized for robust performance in the context of the bacterial genome. Ultimately, its adaption and expansion by the scientific community should improve predictability and comparability of experimental outcomes across different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn N Bayer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maja Rennig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anja K Ehrmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten H H Nørholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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14
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Ueno D, Kawabe H, Yamasaki S, Demura T, Kato K. Feature selection for RNA cleavage efficiency at specific sites using the LASSO regression model in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:380. [PMID: 34294042 PMCID: PMC8299621 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA degradation is important for the regulation of gene expression. Despite the identification of proteins and sequences related to deadenylation-dependent RNA degradation in plants, endonucleolytic cleavage-dependent RNA degradation has not been studied in detail. Here, we developed truncated RNA end sequencing in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify cleavage sites and evaluate the efficiency of cleavage at each site. Although several features are related to RNA cleavage efficiency, the effect of each feature on cleavage efficiency has not been evaluated by considering multiple putative determinants in A. thaliana. RESULTS Cleavage site information was acquired from a previous study, and cleavage efficiency at the site level (CSsite value), which indicates the number of reads at each cleavage site normalized to RNA abundance, was calculated. To identify features related to cleavage efficiency at the site level, multiple putative determinants (features) were used to perform feature selection using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression model. The results indicated that whole RNA features were important for the CSsite value, in addition to features around cleavage sites. Whole RNA features related to the translation process and nucleotide frequency around cleavage sites were major determinants of cleavage efficiency. The results were verified in a model constructed using only sequence features, which showed that the prediction accuracy was similar to that determined using all features including the translation process, suggesting that cleavage efficiency can be predicted using only sequence information. The LASSO regression model was validated in exogenous genes, which showed that the model constructed using only sequence information can predict cleavage efficiency in both endogenous and exogenous genes. CONCLUSIONS Feature selection using the LASSO regression model in A. thaliana identified 155 features. Correlation coefficients revealed that whole RNA features are important for determining cleavage efficiency in addition to features around the cleavage sites. The LASSO regression model can predict cleavage efficiency in endogenous and exogenous genes using only sequence information. The model revealed the significance of the effect of multiple determinants on cleavage efficiency, suggesting that sequence features are important for RNA degradation mechanisms in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishin Ueno
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Harunori Kawabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shotaro Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ko Kato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan.
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15
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Tack DS, Tonner PD, Pressman A, Olson ND, Levy SF, Romantseva EF, Alperovich N, Vasilyeva O, Ross D. The genotype-phenotype landscape of an allosteric protein. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10179. [PMID: 33784029 PMCID: PMC8009258 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostery is a fundamental biophysical mechanism that underlies cellular sensing, signaling, and metabolism. Yet a quantitative understanding of allosteric genotype-phenotype relationships remains elusive. Here, we report the large-scale measurement of the genotype-phenotype landscape for an allosteric protein: the lac repressor from Escherichia coli, LacI. Using a method that combines long-read and short-read DNA sequencing, we quantitatively measure the dose-response curves for nearly 105 variants of the LacI genetic sensor. The resulting data provide a quantitative map of the effect of amino acid substitutions on LacI allostery and reveal systematic sequence-structure-function relationships. We find that in many cases, allosteric phenotypes can be quantitatively predicted with additive or neural-network models, but unpredictable changes also occur. For example, we were surprised to discover a new band-stop phenotype that challenges conventional models of allostery and that emerges from combinations of nearly silent amino acid substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew S Tack
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Peter D Tonner
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Abe Pressman
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Nathan D Olson
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Sasha F Levy
- SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCAUSA
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in BiologyStanfordCAUSA
| | | | - Nina Alperovich
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Olga Vasilyeva
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMDUSA
| | - David Ross
- National Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMDUSA
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16
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Han Y, Zhang X, Zheng L. Engineering actively magnetic crosslinked inclusion bodies of Candida antarctica lipase B: An efficient and stable biocatalyst for enzyme-catalyzed reactions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Construction of an Efficient Nicotinate Dehydrogenase Expression System in Comamonas testosteroni CNB-2 with Multi-level N-Terminal Engineering. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:923-934. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Soluble expression and biomimetic immobilization of a ω-transaminase from Bacillus subtilis: Development of an efficient and recyclable biocatalyst. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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The NT11, a novel fusion tag for enhancing protein expression in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2205-2216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Kim E, Dai B, Qiao JB, Li W, Fortner JD, Zhang F. Microbially Synthesized Repeats of Mussel Foot Protein Display Enhanced Underwater Adhesion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43003-43012. [PMID: 30480422 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mussels strongly adhere to a variety of surfaces by secreting byssal threads that contain mussel foot proteins (Mfps). Recombinant production of Mfps presents an attractive route for preparing advanced adhesive materials. Using synthetic biology strategies, we synthesized Mfp5 together with Mfp5 oligomers containing two or three consecutive, covalently-linked Mfp5 sequences named Mfp5(2) and Mfp5(3). The force and work of adhesion of these proteins were measured underwater with a colloidal probe mounted on an atomic force microscope and the adsorption was measured with a quartz crystal microbalance. We found positive correlations between Mfp5 molecular weight and underwater adhesive properties, including force of adhesion, work of adhesion, protein layer thickness, and recovery distance. DOPA-modified Mfp5(3) displayed a high force of adhesion (201 ± 36 nN μm-1) and a high work of adhesion (68 ± 21 fJ μm-1) for a cure time of 200 s, which are higher than those of previously reported Mfp-mimetic adhesives. Results presented in this study highlight the power of synthetic biology in producing biocompatible and highly adhesive Mfp-based materials.
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21
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Wons E, Koscielniak D, Szadkowska M, Sektas M. Evaluation of GFP reporter utility for analysis of transcriptional slippage during gene expression. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:150. [PMID: 30241530 PMCID: PMC6149199 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0999-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epimutations arising from transcriptional slippage seem to have more important role in regulating gene expression than earlier though. Since the level and the fidelity of transcription primarily determine the overall efficiency of gene expression, all factors contributing to their decrease should be identified and optimized. Results To examine the influence of A/T homopolymeric sequences on introduction of erroneous nucleotides by slippage mechanism green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter was chosen. The in- or out-of-frame gfp gene was fused to upstream fragment with variable number of adenine or thymine stretches resulting in several hybrid GFP proteins with diverse amino acids at N-terminus. Here, by using T7 phage expression system we showed that the intensity of GFP fluorescence mainly depends on the number of the retained natural amino acids. While the lack of serine (S2) residue results in negligible effects, the lack of serine and lysine (S2K3) contributed to a significant reduction in fluorescence by 2.7-fold for polyA-based in-frame controls and twofold for polyTs. What is more, N-terminal tails amino acid composition was rather of secondary importance, since the whole-cell fluorescence differed in a range of 9–18% between corresponding polyA- and polyT-based constructs. Conclusions Here we present experimental evidence for utility of GFP reporter for accurate estimation of A/T homopolymeric sequence contribution in transcriptional slippage induction. We showed that the intensity of GFP hybrid fluorescence mainly depends on the number of retained natural amino acids, thus fluorescence raw data need to be referred to appropriate positive control. Moreover, only in case of GFP hybrids with relatively short N-terminal tags the fluorescence level solely reflects production yield, what further indicates the impact of an individual slippage sequence. Our results demonstrate that in contrast to the E. coli enzyme, T7 RNA polymerase exhibits extremely high propensity to slippage even on runs as short as 3 adenine or 4 thymine residues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0999-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wons
- Department of Microbiology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dawid Koscielniak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Szadkowska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marian Sektas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
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22
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Bowen CH, Dai B, Sargent CJ, Bai W, Ladiwala P, Feng H, Huang W, Kaplan DL, Galazka JM, Zhang F. Recombinant Spidroins Fully Replicate Primary Mechanical Properties of Natural Spider Silk. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3853-3860. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenwen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Galazka
- Space Biosciences Division, Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
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23
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Abrahams L, Hurst LD. Adenine Enrichment at the Fourth CDS Residue in Bacterial Genes Is Consistent with Error Proofing for +1 Frameshifts. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 34:3064-3080. [PMID: 28961919 PMCID: PMC5850271 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond selection for optimal protein functioning, coding sequences (CDSs) are under selection at the RNA and DNA levels. Here, we identify a possible signature of “dual-coding,” namely extensive adenine (A) enrichment at bacterial CDS fourth sites. In 99.07% of studied bacterial genomes, fourth site A use is greater than expected given genomic A-starting codon use. Arguing for nucleotide level selection, A-starting serine and arginine second codons are heavily utilized when compared with their non-A starting synonyms. Several models have the ability to explain some of this trend. In part, A-enrichment likely reduces 5′ mRNA stability, promoting translation initiation. However T/U, which may also reduce stability, is avoided. Further, +1 frameshifts on the initiating ATG encode a stop codon (TGA) provided A is the fourth residue, acting either as a frameshift “catch and destroy” or a frameshift stop and adjust mechanism and hence implicated in translation initiation. Consistent with both, genomes lacking TGA stop codons exhibit weaker fourth site A-enrichment. Sequences lacking a Shine–Dalgarno sequence and those without upstream leader genes, that may be more error prone during initiation, have greater utilization of A, again suggesting a role in initiation. The frameshift correction model is consistent with the notion that many genomic features are error-mitigation factors and provides the first evidence for site-specific out of frame stop codon selection. We conjecture that the NTG universal start codon may have evolved as a consequence of TGA being a stop codon and the ability of NTGA to rapidly terminate or adjust a ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Abrahams
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence D Hurst
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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24
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Cloning, expression, purification and spectrophotometric analysis of lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase from Leishmania braziliensis (LbCYP51). Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:175-183. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Perminova LV, Kovalenko GA, Beklemishev AB, Mamaev AL, Pykhtina MB, Rudina NA. Catalytic Properties of Lipase Entrapped as Lysates of Recombinant Strain-Producer rEscherichia coli/lip into Nanocarbon-in-Silica Composites in the Bioconversion of Triglycerides and Fatty Acids. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381801009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Ojima-Kato T, Nagai S, Nakano H. N-terminal SKIK peptide tag markedly improves expression of difficult-to-express proteins in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:540-546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Cooper CDO, Marsden BD. N- and C-Terminal Truncations to Enhance Protein Solubility and Crystallization: Predicting Protein Domain Boundaries with Bioinformatics Tools. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1586:11-31. [PMID: 28470596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6887-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Soluble protein expression is a key requirement for biochemical and structural biology approaches to study biological systems in vitro. Production of sufficient quantities may not always be achievable if proteins are poorly soluble which is frequently determined by physico-chemical parameters such as intrinsic disorder. It is well known that discrete protein domains often have a greater likelihood of high-level soluble expression and crystallizability. Determination of such protein domain boundaries can be challenging for novel proteins. Here, we outline the application of bioinformatics tools to facilitate the prediction of potential protein domain boundaries, which can then be used in designing expression construct boundaries for parallelized screening in a range of heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D O Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
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28
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Mirzadeh K, Martínez V, Toddo S, Guntur S, Herrgård MJ, Elofsson A, Nørholm MHH, Daley DO. Enhanced Protein Production in Escherichia coli by Optimization of Cloning Scars at the Vector-Coding Sequence Junction. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:959-65. [PMID: 25951437 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein production in Escherichia coli is a fundamental activity for a large fraction of academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial research laboratories. Maximum production is usually sought, as this reduces costs and facilitates downstream purification steps. Frustratingly, many coding sequences are poorly expressed even when they are codon-optimized and expressed from vectors with powerful genetic elements. In this study, we show that poor expression can be caused by certain nucleotide sequences (e.g., cloning scars) at the junction between the vector and the coding sequence. Since these sequences lie between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon, they are an integral part of the translation initiation region. To identify the most optimal sequences, we devised a simple and inexpensive PCR-based step that generates sequence variants at the vector-coding sequence junction. These sequence variants modulated expression by up to 1000-fold. FACS-seq analyses indicated that low GC content and relaxed mRNA stability (ΔG) in this region were important, but not the only, determinants for high expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginia Martínez
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | - Markus J. Herrgård
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Morten H. H. Nørholm
- Novo
Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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29
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Kovalenko GA, Beklemishev AB, Perminova LB, Chuenko TV, Mamaev AL, Ivanov ID, Moseenkov SI, Kuznetsov VL. Recombinant strain producing thermostable lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized into nanocarbon-in-silica matrices and properties of the prepared biocatalysts. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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