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Zhao T, Huang H, Tan P, Li Y, Xuan X, Li F, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Yu A, Wang K, Xu J, Zhou L, Yang D. Enhancement of Solubility, Purification, and Inclusion Body Refolding of Active Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12004-12013. [PMID: 34056354 PMCID: PMC8154035 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is predominantly linked with acetaldehyde detoxification in the second stage of alcohol metabolism. To intensively study ALDH2 function, a higher purity and uniform composition of the protein is required. An efficient Escherichia coli system for ALDH2 expression was developed by using His and a small ubiquitin-related modifier fusion tag. Most of the recombinant ALDH2s were expressed in the form of inclusion bodies. The ALDH2-enriched inclusion bodies were denatured with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, and then ALDH2 was ultrafitrated. Finally, ALDH2 was successfully purified through affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The purified ALDH2 was finally preserved by the vacuum freeze-drying method, and its purity was determined to be higher than 95%, with a final media yield of 33.89 mg/L. The specific activity of ALDH2 was 6.1 × 104 U/mg. This work was the first to report pET-SUMO-ALDH2 recombinant plasmid expression in Escherichia coli, and the inclusion bodies were isolated and refolded. Finally, the purified ALDH2 had relatively higher purity, yield, and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Peizhu Tan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanze Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiuchen Xuan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fenglan Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhaojing Wu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Aimiao Yu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Kuo Wang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiaran Xu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational
Medicine Center of Northern China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin
Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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Jeelani G, Nozaki T. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A and its posttranslational modifications play an important role in proliferation and potentially in differentiation of the human enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008909. [PMID: 33592076 PMCID: PMC7909649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a highly conserved protein and is essential in all eukaryotes. However, the specific roles of eIF5A in translation and in other biological processes remain elusive. In the present study, we described the role of eIF5A, its posttranslational modifications (PTM), and the biosynthetic pathway needed for the PTM in Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for amoebic dysentery and liver abscess in humans. E. histolytica encodes two isotypes of eIF5A and two isotypes of enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS), responsible for their PTM. Both of the two eIF5A isotypes are functional, whereas only one DHS (EhDHS1, but not EhDHS2), is catalytically active. The DHS activity increased ~2000-fold when EhDHS1 was co-expressed with EhDHS2 in Escherichia coli, suggesting that the formation of a heteromeric complex is needed for full enzymatic activity. Both EhDHS1 and 2 genes were required for in vitro growth of E. histolytica trophozoites, indicated by small antisense RNA-mediated gene silencing. In trophozoites, only eIF5A2, but not eIF5A1, gene was actively transcribed. Gene silencing of eIF5A2 caused compensatory induction of expression of eIF5A1 gene, suggesting interchangeable role of the two eIF5A isotypes and also reinforcing the importance of eIF5As for parasite proliferation and survival. Furthermore, using a sibling species, Entamoeba invadens, we found that eIF5A1 gene was upregulated during excystation, while eIF5A2 was downregulated, suggesting that eIF5A1 gene plays an important role during differentiation. Taken together, these results have underscored the essentiality of eIF5A and DHS, for proliferation and potentially in the differentiation of this parasite, and suggest that the hypusination associated pathway represents a novel rational target for drug development against amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Jeelani
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Evaluation of specificity determinants in Mycobacterium tuberculosis σ/anti-σ factor interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:900-906. [PMID: 31711645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extra Cytoplasmic Function (ECF) σ factor/regulatory protein (anti-σ factor) pairs govern environment mediated changes in gene expression in bacteria. The release of the ECF σ factor from an inactive σ/anti-σ factor complex is triggered by specific environmental stimuli. The free σ factor then associates with the RNA polymerase and drives the expression of genes in its target regulon. Multiple ECF σ/anti-σ pairs ensure calibrated changes in the expression profile by correlating diverse environmental stimuli with changes in the intracellular levels of different ECF σ factors. Specificity in σ/anti-σ factor interaction is thus essential for accurate signal transduction. Here we describe experiments to evaluate interactions between different M. tuberculosis σ and anti-σ proteins in vitro. The interaction parameters suggest that cross-talk between non-cognate σ/anti-σ pairs is likely. The sequence and conformational determinants that govern interaction specificity in a σ/anti-σ complex are not immediately evident due to substantial structural conservation. Sequence-structure analysis of all σ/anti-σ pairs suggest that conserved residues are not the primary determinants of σ/anti-σ interactions-a finding that suggests a potential route to set tolerance limits in interaction specificity. Non-specific σ/anti-σ interactions are likely to be biologically significant as it can contribute to heterogeneity in cellular responses in a bacterial population under less stringent requirements. This finding is relevant for synthetic biology approaches to engineer bacteria using σ/anti-σ transcription initiation modules for diverse applications in biotechnology.
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Peterson E, Shippee E, Brinton MA, Kaur P. Biochemical characterization of the mouse ABCF3 protein, a partner of the flavivirus-resistance protein OAS1B. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14937-14952. [PMID: 31413116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily F member 3 (ABCF3) is a class 2 ABC protein that has previously been identified as a partner of the mouse flavivirus resistance protein 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1B (OAS1B). The functions and natural substrates of ABCF3 are not known. In this study, analysis of purified ABCF3 showed that it is an active ATPase, and binding analyses with a fluorescent ATP analog suggested unequal contributions by the two nucleotide-binding domains. We further showed that ABCF3 activity is increased by lipids, including sphingosine, sphingomyelin, platelet-activating factor, and lysophosphatidylcholine. However, cholesterol inhibited ABCF3 activity, whereas alkyl ether lipids either inhibited or resulted in a biphasic response, suggesting small changes in lipid structure differentially affect ABCF3 activity. Point mutations in the two nucleotide-binding domains of ABCF3 affected sphingosine-stimulated ATPase activity differently, further supporting different roles for the two catalytic pockets. We propose a model in which pocket 1 is the site of basal catalysis, whereas pocket 2 engages in ligand-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. Co-localization of the ABCF3-OAS1B complex to the virus-remodeled endoplasmic reticulum membrane has been shown before. We also noted that co-expression of ABCF3 and OAS1B in bacteria alleviated growth inhibition caused by expression of OAS1B alone, and ABCF3 significantly enhanced OAS1B levels, indirectly showing interaction between these two proteins in bacterial cells. As viral RNA synthesis requires large amounts of ATP, we conclude that lipid-stimulated ATP hydrolysis may contribute to the reduction in viral RNA production characteristic of the flavivirus resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Shippee
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Margo A Brinton
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Parjit Kaur
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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Casas Garcia GP, Perugini MA, Lamont IL, Maher MJ. The purification of the σ FpvI/FpvR 20 and σ PvdS/FpvR 20 protein complexes is facilitated at room temperature. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 160:11-18. [PMID: 30878602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria contain sigma (σ) factors that control gene expression in response to various environmental stimuli. The alternative sigma factors σFpvI and σPvdS bind specifically to the antisigma factor FpvR. These proteins are an essential component of the pyoverdine-based system for iron uptake in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Due to the uniqueness of this system, where the activities of both the σFpvI and σPvdS sigma factors are regulated by the same antisigma factor, the interactions between the antisigma protein FpvR20 and the σFpvI and σPvdS proteins have been widely studied in vivo. However, difficulties in obtaining soluble, recombinant preparations of the σFpvI and σPvdS proteins have limited their biochemical and structural characterizations. In this study, we describe a purification protocol that resulted in the production of soluble, recombinant His6-σFpvI/FpvR1-67, His6-σFpvI/FpvR1-89, His6-σPvdS/FpvR1-67 and His6-σPvdS/FpvR1-89 protein complexes (where FpvR1-67 and FpvR1-89 are truncated versions of FpvR20) at high purities and concentrations, appropriate for biophysical analyses by circular dichroism spectroscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation. These results showed the proteins to be folded in solution and led to the determination of the affinities of the protein-protein interactions within the His6-σFpvI/FpvR1-67 and His6-σPvdS/FpvR1-67 complexes. A comparison of these values with those previously reported for the His6-σFpvI/FpvR1-89 and His6-σPvdS/FpvR1-89 complexes is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patricia Casas Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain L Lamont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Megan J Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Selectivity among Anti-σ Factors by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpX Influences Intracellular Levels of Extracytoplasmic Function σ Factors. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00748-18. [PMID: 30617240 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00748-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracytoplasmic function σ factors that are stress inducible are often sequestered in an inactive complex with a membrane-associated anti-σ factor. Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane-associated anti-σ factors have a small, stable RNA gene A (ssrA)-like degron for targeted proteolysis. Interaction between the unfoldase, ClpX, and a substrate with an accessible degron initiates energy-dependent proteolysis. Four anti-σ factors with a mutation in the degron provided a set of natural substrates to evaluate the influence of the degron on degradation strength in ClpX-substrate processivity. We note that a point mutation in the degron (X-Ala-Ala) leads to an order-of-magnitude difference in the dwell time of the substrate on ClpX. Differences in ClpX/anti-σ interactions were correlated with changes in unfoldase activities. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras or polypeptides with a length identical to that of the anti-σ factor degron also demonstrate degron-dependent variation in ClpX activities. We show that degron-dependent ClpX activity leads to differences in anti-σ degradation, thereby regulating the release of free σ from the σ/anti-σ complex. M. tuberculosis ClpX activity thus influences changes in gene expression by modulating the cellular abundance of ECF σ factors.IMPORTANCE The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to quickly adapt to changing environmental stimuli occurs by maintaining protein homeostasis. Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors play a significant role in coordinating the transcription profile to changes in environmental conditions. Release of the σ factor from the anti-σ is governed by the ClpXP2P1 assembly. M. tuberculosis ECF anti-σ factors have an ssrA-like degron for targeted degradation. A point mutation in the degron leads to differences in ClpX-mediated proteolysis and affects the cellular abundance of ECF σ factors. ClpX activity thus synchronizes changes in gene expression with environmental stimuli affecting M. tuberculosis physiology.
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Gupta N, Gupta A, Kumar S, Mishra R, Singh C, Tripathi AK. Cross-talk between cognate and noncognate RpoE sigma factors and Zn(2+)-binding anti-sigma factors regulates photooxidative stress response in Azospirillum brasilense. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:42-59. [PMID: 23725220 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Azospirillum brasilense harbors two redox-sensitive Zinc-binding anti-sigma (ZAS) factors (ChrR1 and ChrR2), which negatively regulate the activity of their cognate extra-cytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors (RpoE1 and RpoE2) by occluding their binding to the core enzyme. Both pairs of RpoE-ChrR control responses to photooxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the two RpoE-ChrR pairs cross-talk while responding to the stress. RESULTS In silico analysis showed a high sequence similarity between ChrR1 and ChrR2 proteins, but differences in redox sensitivity. Using in silico and in vitro methods of protein-protein interaction, we have shown that both ChrR1 and ChrR2 proteins physically bind to their noncognate RpoE proteins. Restoration of the phenotypes of chrR1::Tn5 and chrR2::Km mutants related to carotenoid biosynthesis and photooxidative stress tolerance by expressing chrR1 or chrR2 provided in vivo evidence for the cross-talk. In addition, up- or down-regulation of several identical proteins by expressing chrR1 or chrR2 in the chrR1::Tn5 mutant provided another in vivo evidence for the cross-talk. INNOVATION Although multiple redox-sensitive ZAS anti-σ factors occur in some Gram-positive bacteria, no cross-talk is reported among them. We report here, for the first time, that the two ZAS anti-σ factors of A. brasilense also interact with their noncognate σ factors and affect gene expression. CONCLUSION The two redox-sensitive ZAS anti-σ factors in A. brasilense may interact with their cognate as well as noncognate ECF σ factors to play an important role in redox homeostasis by facilitating recovery from the oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Gupta
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, India
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Gupta N, Kumar S, Mishra MN, Tripathi AK. A constitutively expressed pair of rpoE2–chrR2 in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 is required for survival under antibiotic and oxidative stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:205-218. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.061937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Mukti Nath Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Anil Kumar Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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Jaiswal RK, Prabha TS, Manjeera G, Gopal B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis RsdA provides a conformational rationale for selective regulation of σ-factor activity by proteolysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3414-23. [PMID: 23314154 PMCID: PMC3597663 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative levels of different σ factors dictate the expression profile of a bacterium. Extracytoplasmic function σ factors synchronize the transcriptional profile with environmental conditions. The cellular concentration of free extracytoplasmic function σ factors is regulated by the localization of this protein in a σ/anti-σ complex. Anti-σ factors are multi-domain proteins with a receptor to sense environmental stimuli and a conserved anti-σ domain (ASD) that binds a σ factor. Here we describe the structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis anti-σD (RsdA) in complex with the -35 promoter binding domain of σD (σD4). We note distinct conformational features that enable the release of σD by the selective proteolysis of the ASD in RsdA. The structural and biochemical features of the σD/RsdA complex provide a basis to reconcile diverse regulatory mechanisms that govern σ/anti-σ interactions despite high overall structural similarity. Multiple regulatory mechanisms embedded in an ASD scaffold thus provide an elegant route to rapidly re-engineer the expression profile of a bacterium in response to an environmental stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Jaiswal
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Mishra MN, Kumar S, Gupta N, Kaur S, Gupta A, Tripathi AK. An extracytoplasmic function sigma factor cotranscribed with its cognate anti-sigma factor confers tolerance to NaCl, ethanol and methylene blue in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:988-999. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.046672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azospirillum brasilense, a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium, is exposed to changes in its abiotic environment, including fluctuations in temperature, salinity, osmolarity, oxygen concentration and nutrient concentration, in the rhizosphere and in the soil. Since extra-cytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors play an important role in stress adaptation, we analysed the role of ECF sigma factor (also known as RpoE or σ
E) in abiotic stress tolerance in A. brasilense. An in-frame rpoE deletion mutant of A. brasilense Sp7 was carotenoidless and slow-growing, and was sensitive to salt, ethanol and methylene blue stress. Expression of rpoE in the rpoE deletion mutant complemented the defects in growth, carotenoid biosynthesis and sensitivity to different stresses. Based on data from reverse transcriptase-PCR, a two-hybrid assay and a pull-down assay, we present evidence that rpoE is cotranscribed with chrR and the proteins synthesized from these two overlapping genes interact with each other. Identification of the transcription start site by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends showed that the rpoE–chrR operon was transcribed by two promoters. The proximal promoter was less active than the distal promoter, whose consensus sequence was characteristic of RpoE-dependent promoters found in alphaproteobacteria. Whereas the proximal promoter was RpoE-independent and constitutively expressed, the distal promoter was RpoE-dependent and strongly induced in response to stationary phase and elevated levels of ethanol, salt, heat and methylene blue. This study shows the involvement of RpoE in controlling carotenoid synthesis as well as in tolerance to some abiotic stresses in A. brasilense, which might be critical in the adaptation, survival and proliferation of this rhizobacterium in the soil and rhizosphere under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukti Nath Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Namrata Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Simarjot Kaur
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Ankush Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Anil K. Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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