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Mahmoudi Gomari M, Saraygord-Afshari N, Farsimadan M, Rostami N, Aghamiri S, Farajollahi MM. Opportunities and challenges of the tag-assisted protein purification techniques: Applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107653. [PMID: 33157154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tag-assisted protein purification is a method of choice for both academic researches and large-scale industrial demands. Application of the purification tags in the protein production process can help to save time and cost, but the design and application of tagged fusion proteins are challenging. An appropriate tagging strategy must provide sufficient expression yield and high purity for the final protein products while preserving their native structure and function. Thanks to the recent advances in the bioinformatics and emergence of high-throughput techniques (e.g. SEREX), many new tags are introduced to the market. A variety of interfering and non-interfering tags have currently broadened their application scope beyond the traditional use as a simple purification tool. They can take part in many biochemical and analytical features and act as solubility and protein expression enhancers, probe tracker for online visualization, detectors of post-translational modifications, and carrier-driven tags. Given the variability and growing number of the purification tags, here we reviewed the protein- and peptide-structured purification tags used in the affinity, ion-exchange, reverse phase, and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatographies. We highlighted the demand for purification tags in the pharmaceutical industry and discussed the impact of self-cleavable tags, aggregating tags, and nanotechnology on both the column-based and column-free purification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahmoudi Gomari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Saraygord-Afshari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marziye Farsimadan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Neda Rostami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Student research committee, Department of medical biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Ren J, Zhang C, Ji F, Jia L. Characterization and comparison of two peptide-tag specific nanobodies for immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461227. [PMID: 32540069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography is generally regarded as a powerful tool allowing the single step purification of recombinant proteins with high purity and yields. However, for most protein products, affinity purification methods for industrial applications are not readily available, mainly due to the lack of specific and robust natural counterparts that could function as affinity ligands. In this study, we explored the applicability of nanobody-based peptide-tag immunorecognition systems as a platform for affinity chromatography. Two typical nanobodies (BC2-nb and Syn2-nb) that are capable of recognizing specifically a particular peptide-tag, were prepared through prokaryotic expression and proved to be able to bind with nanomolar affinity to their cognate tag fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Through an epoxy-based immobilization reaction, the two nanobodies were coupled on a Sepharose CL-6B matrix under the same conditions. The remaining antigen binding activity of the immobilized BC2-nb and Syn2-nb was determined to be 83.1% and 42.9%, yielding the resins with the dynamic binding capacity (DBC) of 21.4 mg/mL and 5.9 mg/mL, respectively. The immobilized affinity ligands exhibited high binding specificity towards their respective target peptides, yielding a product purity above 90% directly from crude bacterial lysates in one single chromatographic step. However, for the both affinity complexes, desorption has been found difficult, and effective recovery of the bound products could be only achieved with competitive elution or after employing harsh conditions such as 10 mM NaOH solution, which will compromise the reuse cycles of the affinity resins. This study shows the potential of nanobody-based affinity chromatography for efficient purification of recombinant proteins especially from complex feedstocks and reveals the primary issues to be addressed to develop a successful application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Fangling Ji
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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3
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Singh PK, Markwick R, Lu L, Howell FV, Williams G, Doherty P. Assay and Inhibition of the Purified Catalytic Domain of Diacylglycerol Lipase Beta. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2713-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Singh
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Markwick
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Lu
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona V. Howell
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related
Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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4
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Chan PF, Srikannathasan V, Huang J, Cui H, Fosberry AP, Gu M, Hann MM, Hibbs M, Homes P, Ingraham K, Pizzollo J, Shen C, Shillings AJ, Spitzfaden CE, Tanner R, Theobald AJ, Stavenger RA, Bax BD, Gwynn MN. Structural basis of DNA gyrase inhibition by antibacterial QPT-1, anticancer drug etoposide and moxifloxacin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10048. [PMID: 26640131 PMCID: PMC4686662 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
New antibacterials are needed to tackle antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Type IIA topoisomerases (topo2As), the targets of fluoroquinolones, regulate DNA topology by creating transient double-strand DNA breaks. Here we report the first co-crystal structures of the antibacterial QPT-1 and the anticancer drug etoposide with Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase, showing binding at the same sites in the cleaved DNA as the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin. Unlike moxifloxacin, QPT-1 and etoposide interact with conserved GyrB TOPRIM residues rationalizing why QPT-1 can overcome fluoroquinolone resistance. Our data show etoposide's antibacterial activity is due to DNA gyrase inhibition and suggests other anticancer agents act similarly. Analysis of multiple DNA gyrase co-crystal structures, including asymmetric cleavage complexes, led to a ‘pair of swing-doors' hypothesis in which the movement of one DNA segment regulates cleavage and religation of the second DNA duplex. This mechanism can explain QPT-1's bacterial specificity. Structure-based strategies for developing topo2A antibacterials are suggested. Type IIA topoisomerases (topo2As) create transient double-strand DNA breaks. Here, the authors report structures showing how QPT-1 binds in the DNA/topo2A complex at the same site as the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin, and discuss the potential for developing new classes of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan F Chan
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Velupillai Srikannathasan
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Andrew P Fosberry
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Minghua Gu
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Michael M Hann
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martin Hibbs
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul Homes
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Karen Ingraham
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Jason Pizzollo
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Carol Shen
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Anthony J Shillings
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Claus E Spitzfaden
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert Tanner
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Andrew J Theobald
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert A Stavenger
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
| | - Benjamin D Bax
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Michael N Gwynn
- Antibacterial Discovery Performance Unit, Infectious Diseases, Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-0989, USA
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Mudeppa DG, Kumar S, Kokkonda S, White J, Rathod PK. Topoisomerase II from Human Malaria Parasites: EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND SELECTIVE INHIBITION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20313-24. [PMID: 26055707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, type II topoisomerases have yielded clinically useful drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections and cancer, but the corresponding enzymes from malaria parasites remain understudied. This is due to the general challenges of producing malaria proteins in functional forms in heterologous expression systems. Here, we express full-length Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerase II (PfTopoII) in a wheat germ cell-free transcription-translation system. Functional activity of soluble PfTopoII from the translation lysates was confirmed through both a plasmid relaxation and a DNA decatenation activity that was dependent on magnesium and ATP. To facilitate future drug discovery, a convenient and sensitive fluorescence assay was established to follow DNA decatenation, and a stable, truncated PfTopoII was engineered for high level enzyme production. PfTopoII was purified using a DNA affinity column. Existing TopoII inhibitors previously developed for other non-malaria indications inhibited PfTopoII, as well as malaria parasites in culture at submicromolar concentrations. Even before optimization, inhibitors of bacterial gyrase, GSK299423, ciprofloxacin, and etoposide exhibited 15-, 57-, and 3-fold selectivity for the malarial enzyme over human TopoII. Finally, it was possible to use the purified PfTopoII to dissect the different modes by which these varying classes of TopoII inhibitors could trap partially processed DNA. The present biochemical advancements will allow high throughput chemical screening of compound libraries and lead optimization to develop new lines of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraja G Mudeppa
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Shiva Kumar
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Sreekanth Kokkonda
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - John White
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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6
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Li H, Li H, Qu H, Zhao M, Yuan B, Cao M, Cui J. Suramin inhibits cell proliferation in ovarian and cervical cancer by downregulating heparanase expression. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:52. [PMID: 26052253 PMCID: PMC4456706 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of heparanase (Hpa) is associated with apoor prognosis in ovarian and cervical cancer patients. Inhibitors of Hpa can prevent the growth and metastasis of malignant tumor cells, and suramin may be such a compound that has strong anti-proliferative effects on several kinds of cancer cells. We have therefore tested whether the growth inhibiting effect of suramin on ovarian and cervical cancer cells is due to downregulation of Hpa expression. Results Suramin at 300–600 μg/ml significantly inhibited HO-8910 PM and HeLa cell growth at 24 h, in both a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 320 μg/ml and 475 μg/ml, respectively. Suramin at 300 μg/ml significantly decreased the expression of Hpa mRNA (P < 0.005) and protein (P < 0.005) in both HO-8910 PM and HeLa cells at 48 h. Conclusions The inhibitory effect of suramin on Hpa enzyme may be due to downregulating of its expression in cancer cells. These findings confirm the importance of Hpa in tumor growth and the potential clinical application of Hpa inhibitors in the treatment of ovarian and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuaPing Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Punan Hospital of Pudong District, South Pudong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - HuaLi Li
- Department of medicine laboratory, The Food and Drug Administration of pingdingshan, Labor Road, Pingdingshan, China
| | - HongJie Qu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Longitude eighth Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - MingZhu Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Punan Hospital of Pudong District, South Pudong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Longitude eighth Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - MingHua Cao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Punan Hospital of Pudong District, South Pudong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - JinQuan Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Longitude eighth Road, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Zheng J, Li Y, Sun Y, Yang Y, Ding Y, Lin Y, Yang W. A generic magnetic microsphere platform with "clickable" ligands for purification and immobilization of targeted proteins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7241-7250. [PMID: 25785495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While much effort has been made to prepare magnetic microspheres (MMs) with surface moieties that bind to affinity tags or fusion partners of interest in the recombinant proteins, it remains a challenge to develop a generic platform that is capable of incorporating a variety of capture ligands by a simple chemistry. Herein, we developed core-shell structured magnetic microspheres with a high magnetic susceptibility and a low nonspecific protein adsorption. Surface functionalization of these MMs with azide groups facilitates covalent attachment of alkynylated ligands on their surfaces by "click" chemistry and creates a versatile platform for selective purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins carrying corresponding affinity tags. The general applicability of the approach was demonstrated in incorporating four widely used affinity ligands with different reactive groups (-CHO, -SH, -COOH, and -NH2) onto the MMs platform for purification and immobilization of targeted proteins. The azide-functionalized MMs would be applicable for a variety of ligands and substrates that are amenable to alkynylation modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongkun Yang
- §Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | - Yao Lin
- §Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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8
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrase inhibitors as a new class of antitubercular drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1868-75. [PMID: 25583730 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03913-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One way to speed up the TB drug discovery process is to search for antitubercular activity among compound series that already possess some of the key properties needed in anti-infective drug discovery, such as whole-cell activity and oral absorption. Here, we present MGIs, a new series of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrase inhibitors, which stem from the long-term efforts GSK has dedicated to the discovery and development of novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors (NBTIs). The compounds identified were found to be devoid of fluoroquinolone (FQ) cross-resistance and seem to operate through a mechanism similar to that of the previously described NBTI GSK antibacterial drug candidate. The remarkable in vitro and in vivo antitubercular profiles showed by the hits has prompted us to further advance the MGI project to full lead optimization.
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9
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Pina AS, Lowe CR, Roque ACA. Challenges and opportunities in the purification of recombinant tagged proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:366-81. [PMID: 24334194 PMCID: PMC7125906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purification of recombinant proteins by affinity chromatography is one of the most efficient strategies due to the high recovery yields and purity achieved. However, this is dependent on the availability of specific affinity adsorbents for each particular target protein. The diversity of proteins to be purified augments the complexity and number of specific affinity adsorbents needed, and therefore generic platforms for the purification of recombinant proteins are appealing strategies. This justifies why genetically encoded affinity tags became so popular for recombinant protein purification, as these systems only require specific ligands for the capture of the fusion protein through a pre-defined affinity tag tail. There is a wide range of available affinity pairs "tag-ligand" combining biological or structural affinity ligands with the respective binding tags. This review gives a general overview of the well-established "tag-ligand" systems available for fusion protein purification and also explores current unconventional strategies under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Pina
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; IBET-Instituto de Biologia Experimental Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christopher R Lowe
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QT Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Cecília A Roque
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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10
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Shapiro AB. A high-throughput-compatible, fluorescence anisotropy-based assay for ATP-dependent supercoiled DNA relaxation by human topoisomerase IIα. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1269-77. [PMID: 23415903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel, high-throughput-compatible assay for the ATP-dependent supercoiled DNA relaxing activity of human topoisomerase IIα (hTopoIIα) is described. The principle of detection is the preferential binding of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide BODIPY-TMR-5'-TTCTTCTTCT-3' to relaxed double-stranded plasmid containing the triplex forming sequence (TTC)9 versus the supercoiled plasmid. Binding of the oligonucleotide to the plasmid increases the fluorescence anisotropy of the BODIPY-TMR label. Optimization of the assay conditions was conducted to maximize the signal and the activity of the topoisomerase. The multiwell assay plate-based fluorescence anisotropy assay gave the same values for the potencies of several previously reported inhibitors of hTopoIIα as a gel electrophoresis-based assay of DNA relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Shapiro
- Bioscience Department, Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, MA 02451 USA.
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11
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Hassan NJ, Gul S. Strategies to generate biological reagents for kinase drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1215-25. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.635140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namir J Hassan
- Immunocore Ltd, 57c Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RX, UK ;
| | - Sheraz Gul
- European ScreeningPort GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany ;
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