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Pastor AF, Silva MR, Dos Santos WJT, Rego T, Brandão E, de-Melo-Neto OP, Rocha A. Recombinant antigens used as diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:474. [PMID: 34526120 PMCID: PMC8442287 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori. It is a tropical and subtropical illness that affects approximately 67 million people worldwide and that still requires better diagnostic tools to prevent its spread and enhance the effectiveness of control procedures. Traditional parasitological tests and diagnostic methods based on whole protein extracts from different worms are known for problems related to sample time collection, sensitivity, and specificity. More recently, new diagnostic tools based on immunological methods using recombinant antigens have been developed. The current review describes the several recombinant antigens used as tools for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in antigen and antibody capture assays, highlighting their advantages and limitations as well as the main commercial tests developed based on them. The literature chronology is from 1991 to 2021. First, it describes the historical background related to the identification of relevant antigens and the generation of the recombinant polypeptides used for the LF diagnosis, also detailing features specific to each antigen. The subsequent section then discusses the use of those proteins to develop antigen and antibody capture tests to detect LF. So far, studies focusing on antibody capture assays are based on 13 different antigens with at least six commercially available tests, with five proteins further used for the development of antigen capture tests. Five antigens explored in this paper belong to the SXP/RAL-2 family (BmSXP, Bm14, WbSXP-1, Wb14, WbL), and the others are BmShp-1, Bm33, BmR1, BmVAH, WbVAH, BmALT-1, BmALT-2, and Wb123. It is expected that advances in research with these antigens will allow further development of tests combining both sensitivity and specificity with low costs, assisting the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- André Filipe Pastor
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano (IFSertao-PE), Campus Floresta, Floresta, PE, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Tamisa Rego
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Serviço de Referência Nacional em Filarioses, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Abraham Rocha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Serviço de Referência Nacional em Filarioses, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Laboratório do Hospital Otávio de Freitas, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Guo H, Hu F, Li K, Zhao Z, Li Z, Xu X, Gou X. Expression, purification and functional identification of the modified hEGF protein. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 179:105787. [PMID: 33197614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) plays an important role in the growth and division of epithelial cells and has good application prospects in skin-related injuries and diseases. Weak skin penetration and rapid clearance of hEGF in skin via the mononuclear phagocyte system have restricted the application of hEGF. To overcome these shortcomings, the recombinant gene TAT-hEGF-CD47 was constructed in our experiments, and the fusion protein TAT-hEGF-CD47 was expressed, purified and renatured. The cell proliferation-promoting function, skin penetration and concentration of TAT-hEGF-CD47 in skin after its application were determined. The results showed that TAT-hEGF-CD47 effectively promoted human skin fibroblast and skin epithelial cell proliferation, and the proliferation-promoting effect was positively correlated with the TAT-hEGF-CD47 concentration. After administration to the skin, TAT-hEGF-CD47 effectively penetrated the epidermal layer of the skin because of the TAT domain and stayed in the skin for a long time because the CD47 fragment slowed its clearance via the mononuclear phagocytic system. In conclusion, TAT-hEGF-CD47 exhibits high cell proliferation-promoting activity, high skin penetration efficiency and long retention time in skin and has laid the foundation for its wide application in skin repair, ulcer, diabetes and even cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Fengrui Hu
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, PR China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, PR China.
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Nagampalli RSK, Gunasekaran K, Narayanan RB, Peters A, Bhaskaran R. A structural biology approach to understand human lymphatic filarial infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2662. [PMID: 24516678 PMCID: PMC3916234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of aspartic protease inhibitor in filarial parasite Brugia malayi (Bm-Aspin) makes it interesting to study because of the fact that the filarial parasite never encounters the host digestive system. Here, the aspartic protease inhibition kinetics of Bm-Aspin and its NMR structural characteristics have been investigated. The overall aim of this study is to explain the inhibition and binding properties of Bm-Aspin from its structural point of view. UV-spectroscopy and multi-dimensional NMR are the experiments that have been performed to understand the kinetic and structural properties of Bm-Aspin respectively. The human aspartic proteases that are considered for this study are pepsin, renin, cathepsin-E and cathepsin-D. The results of this analysis performed with the specific substrate [Phe-Ala-Ala-Phe (4-NO2)-Phe-Val-Leu (4-pyridylmethyl) ester] against aspartic proteases suggest that Bm-Aspin inhibits the activities of all four human aspartic proteases. The kinetics studies indicate that Bm-Aspin follows a competitive mode of inhibition for pepsin and cathepsin-E, non-competitive for renin and mixed mode for cathepsin-D. The triple resonance NMR experiments on Bm-Aspin suggested the feasibility of carrying out NMR studies to obtain its solution structure. The NMR titration studies on the interactions of Bm-Aspin with the proteases indicate that it undergoes fast-exchange phenomena among themselves. In addition to this, the chemical shift perturbations for some of the residues of Bm-Aspin observed from (15)N-HSQC spectra upon the addition of saturated amounts of aspartic proteases suggest the binding between Bm-Aspin and human aspartic proteases. They also provide information on the variations in the intensities and mode of binding between the proteases duly corroborating with the results from the protease inhibition assay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Sashi Krishna Nagampalli
- Claflin University, Department of Chemistry, Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States of America
- University of Madras, CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- University of Madras, CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail: (KG); (RB)
| | | | - Angela Peters
- Claflin University, Department of Chemistry, Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rajagopalan Bhaskaran
- Claflin University, Department of Chemistry, Orangeburg, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KG); (RB)
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Krishna NRS, Krushna NSA, Narayanan RB, Rajan SS, Gunasekaran K. Physicochemical characterization of an aspin (rBm-33) from a filarial parasite Brugia malayi against the important human aspartic proteases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1054-60. [PMID: 22957693 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.710849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aspartic protease inhibitory efficiency of rBm-33, an aspin from a filarial parasite Brugia malayi was investigated. rBm-33 was found to be thermostable up to 90°C and it forms a stable 'enzyme-product' complex with human pepsin. Aspartic protease inhibitory activity was investigated using UV spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. Our results suggest that rBm-33 inhibits the activity of important human aspartic proteases that were examined with binding constants (Kb) values between 10.23 × 10(3) and 6.52 × 10(3) M(-1). The binding reactions were enthalpy driven with ΔHb values between -50.99 and -46.07 kJ mol(-1). From kinetic studies, pepsin inhibition by rBm-33 was found to be linear competitive with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 2.5 (±0.8) nM. Because of the inhibitory efficacy of Bm-33 against important human aspartic proteases which play a vital role in immune-regulation along with other functions, Bm-33 can be projected as a drug target for the filariasis.
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Sreenivas K, Vijayan K, Babu S, Narayanan RB. Recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor (rBm33) induced monocyte function and absence of apoptotic cell death: an in vitro study. Microb Pathog 2012; 53:19-27. [PMID: 22484090 PMCID: PMC3512105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor (rBm33) on human monocytes/macrophages has been examined using THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells stimulated with rBm33 showed enhanced levels of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and diminished levels of IL-12, iNOS and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) expression suggesting the predominant features of Th1 response. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) treated THP-1 cells stimulated with rBm33 and subsequent incubation with GFP expressing Escherichia coli (E. coli) for 2 h enhanced the uptake of E. coli. Nitric oxide (NO) levels measured in the supernatants of these cultures did not show significant changes. Apoptotic studies with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from normal individuals stimulated with rBm33 did not induce apoptosis of monocytes or lymphocytes. These observations suggest that rBm33 stimulates macrophages to induce Th1 response and does not promote apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthika Sreenivas
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, S.P road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Kamalakannan Vijayan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, S.P road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Subash Babu
- NIH-TRC-ICER SAIC-Frederick Inc, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Chetpet, Chennai, India
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