1
|
Argüello-García R, Carrero JC, Ortega-Pierres MG. Extracellular Cysteine Proteases of Key Intestinal Protozoan Pathogens-Factors Linked to Virulence and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12850. [PMID: 37629029 PMCID: PMC10454693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal diseases caused by protistan parasites of the genera Giardia (giardiasis), Entamoeba (amoebiasis), Cryptosporidium (cryptosporidiosis) and Blastocystis (blastocystosis) represent a major burden in human and animal populations worldwide due to the severity of diarrhea and/or inflammation in susceptible hosts. These pathogens interact with epithelial cells, promoting increased paracellular permeability and enterocyte cell death (mainly apoptosis), which precede physiological and immunological disorders. Some cell-surface-anchored and molecules secreted from these parasites function as virulence markers, of which peptide hydrolases, particularly cysteine proteases (CPs), are abundant and have versatile lytic activities. Upon secretion, CPs can affect host tissues and immune responses beyond the site of parasite colonization, thereby increasing the pathogens' virulence. The four intestinal protists considered here are known to secrete predominantly clan A (C1- and C2-type) CPs, some of which have been characterized. CPs of Giardia duodenalis (e.g., Giardipain-1) and Entamoeba histolytica (EhCPs 1-6 and EhCP112) degrade mucin and villin, cause damage to intercellular junction proteins, induce apoptosis in epithelial cells and degrade immunoglobulins, cytokines and defensins. In Cryptosporidium, five Cryptopains are encoded in its genome, but only Cryptopains 4 and 5 are likely secreted. In Blastocystis sp., a legumain-activated CP, called Blastopain-1, and legumain itself have been detected in the extracellular medium, and the former has similar adverse effects on epithelial integrity and enterocyte survival. Due to their different functions, these enzymes could represent novel drug targets. Indeed, some promising results with CP inhibitors, such as vinyl sulfones (K11777 and WRR605), the garlic derivative, allicin, and purified amoebic CPs have been obtained in experimental models, suggesting that these enzymes might be useful drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Julio César Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City 04510, Mexico
| | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07360, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mukherjee S, Bhakta K, Ghosh A, Ghosh A. Ger1 is a secreted aspartic acid protease essential for spore germination in Ustilago maydis. Yeast 2023; 40:102-116. [PMID: 36562128 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis expresses a number of proteases during its pathogenic lifecycle. Some of the proteases including both intracellular and extracellular ones have previously been shown to influence the virulence of the pathogen. However, any role of secreted proteases in the sporulation process of U. maydis have not been explored earlier. In this study we have investigated the biological function of one such secreted protease, Ger1 belonging to aspartic protease A1 family. An assessment of the real time expression of ger1 revealed an infection specific expression of the protein especially during late phases of infection. We also evaluated any contribution of the protein in the pathogenicity of the fungus. Our data revealed an involvement of Ger1 in the sporulation and spore germination processes of U. maydis. Ger1 also showed positive influence on the pathogenicity of the fungus and accordingly the ger1 deletion mutant exhibited reduced pathogenicity. The study also demonstrated the protease activity associated with Ger1 to be essential for its biological function. Fluorescence microscopy of maize plants infected with U. maydis cells expressing Ger1-mcherry-HA also revealed that Ger1 is efficiently secreted within maize apoplast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koustav Bhakta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Anupama Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saghian R, Mokhtari E, Aminzadeh S. Cohnella 1759 cysteine protease shows significant long term half-life and impressive increased activity in presence of some chemical reagents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4573. [PMID: 33633359 PMCID: PMC7907070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermostability and substrate specificity of proteases are major factors in their industrial applications. rEla is a novel recombinant cysteine protease obtained from a thermophilic bacterium, Cohnella sp.A01 (PTCC No: 1921). Herein, we were interested in recombinant production and characterization of the enzyme and finding the novel features in comparison with other well-studied cysteine proteases. The bioinformatics analysis showed that rEla is allosteric cysteine protease from DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI superfamily. The enzyme was heterologously expressed and characterized and the recombinant enzyme molecular mass was 19.38 kD which seems to be smaller than most of the cysteine proteases. rEla exhibited acceptable activity in broad pH and temperature ranges. The optimum activity was observed at 50℃ and pH 8 and the enzyme showed remarkable stability by keeping 50% of residual activity after 100 days storage at room temperature. The enzyme Km and Vmax values were 21.93 mM, 8 U/ml, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, in comparison with the other characterized cysteine proteases, rEla is the only reported cysteine protease with collagen specificity. The enzymes activity increases up to 1.4 times in the presence of calcium ion (2 mM) suggesting it as the enzyme's co-factor. When exposed to surfactants including Tween20, Tween80, Triton X-100 and SDS (1% and 4% v/v) the enzyme activity surprisingly increased up to 5 times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Saghian
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mokhtari
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aminzadeh
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gastelum-Martínez A, León-Sicairos C, Plata-Guzmán L, Soto-Castro L, León-Sicairos N, de la Garza M. Iron-modulated virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1329-1341. [PMID: 30238768 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a human parasite that causes amoebiasis, a disease that affects the colon and liver and is prevalent worldwide. This protozoan requires a high concentration of iron to survive and reproduce. Iron modulates the expression of parasite virulence factors, including hemoglobinases, hemoglobin-binding proteins and cysteine proteases, as well as proteins related to the amoebic cytoskeleton. This review summarizes the virulence factors that are affected by iron, resulting in upregulation or downregulation of E. histolytica genes. This review also discusses the functionality of iron in the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gastelum-Martínez
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Claudia León-Sicairos
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Laura Plata-Guzmán
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Liliana Soto-Castro
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- CIASaP Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos. Culiacán 80246, Sinaloa, México; Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa. Boulevard Constitución S/N, Col. Jorge Almada, Culiacán 80200, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mukherjee D, Gupta S, Saran N, Datta R, Ghosh A. Induction of apoptosis-like cell death and clearance of stress-induced intracellular protein aggregates: dual roles for Ustilago maydis metacaspase Mca1. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:815-831. [PMID: 28941233 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases primarily associate with induction and execution of programmed cell death in protozoa, fungi and plants. In the recent past, several studies have also demonstrated cellular functions of metacaspases other than cell death in different organisms including yeast and protozoa. This study shows similar dual function for the only metacaspase of a biotrophic phytopathogen, Ustilago maydis. In addition to a conventional role in the induction of cell death, Mca1 has been demonstrated to play a key role in maintaining the quality of the cellular proteome. On one hand, Mca1 could be shown to bring about apoptosis-like phenotypic changes in U. maydis on exposure to oxidative stress, on the other hand, the protein was found to regulate cellular protein quality control. U. maydis metacaspase has been found to remain closely associated with the insoluble intracellular protein aggregates, generated during an event of stress exposure to the fungus. The study, therefore, provides direct evidence for a role of U. maydis metacaspase in the clearance of the stress-induced intracellular insoluble protein aggregates. Furthermore, host infection assays with mca1 deletion strain also revealed a role of the protein in the virulence of the fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sayandeep Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - N Saran
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Rahul Datta
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Anupama Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Couto N, Wood J, Barber J. The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:27-42. [PMID: 26923386 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article we examine the role of glutathione reductase in the regulation, modulation and maintenance of cellular redox homoeostasis. Glutathione reductase is responsible for maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione; one of the most abundant reducing thiols in the majority of cells. In its reduced form, glutathione plays key roles in the cellular control of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species act as intracellular and extracellular signalling molecules and complex cross talk between levels of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidised and reduced glutathione and other thiols, and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase determine the most suitable conditions for redox control within a cell or for activation of programmed cell death. Additionally, we discuss the translation and expression of glutathione reductase in a number of organisms including yeast and humans. In yeast and human cells, a single gene expresses more than one form of glutathione reductase, destined for residence in the cytoplasm or for translocation to different organelles; in plants, however, two genes encoding this protein have been described. In general, insects and kinetoplastids (a group of protozoa, including Plasmodia and Trypanosoma) do not express glutathione reductase or glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Instead, they express either the thioredoxin system or the trypanothione system. The thioredoxin system is also present in organisms that have the glutathione system and there may be overlapping functions with cross-talk between the two systems. Finally we evaluate therapeutic targets to overcome oxidative stress associated cellular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|