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Okegawa Y, Sakamoto W, Motohashi K. Functional division of f-type and m-type thioredoxins to regulate the Calvin cycle and cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:543-553. [PMID: 35325335 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation of chloroplast proteins is necessary to adjust photosynthetic performance with changes in light. The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a central role in this process. Chloroplast-localized classical Trx is a small redox-active protein that regulates many target proteins by reducing their disulfide bonds in a light-dependent manner. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking f-type Trx (trx f1f2) or m-type Trx (trx m124-2) have been reported to show delayed reduction of Calvin cycle enzymes. As a result, the trx m124-2 mutant exhibits growth defects. Here, we characterized a quintuple mutant lacking both Trx f and Trx m to investigate the functional complementarity of Trx f and Trx m. The trx f1f2 m124-2 quintuple mutant was newly obtained by crossing, and is analyzed here for the first time. The growth defects of the trx m124-2 mutant were not enhanced by the lack of Trx f. In contrast, deficiencies of both Trxs additively suppressed the reduction of Calvin cycle enzymes, resulting in a further delay in the initiation of photosynthesis. Trx f appeared to be necessary for the rapid activation of the Calvin cycle during the early induction of photosynthesis. To perform effective photosynthesis, plants seem to use both Trxs in a coordinated manner to activate carbon fixation reactions. In contrast, the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron transport around photosystem I was regulated by Trx m, but not by Trx f. Lack of Trx f did not affect the activity and regulation of the PGR5-dependent pathway. Trx f may have a higher specificity for target proteins, whereas Trx m has a variety of target proteins to regulate overall photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions in the chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okegawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan.
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan.
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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Murai R, Okegawa Y, Sato N, Motohashi K. Evaluation of CBSX Proteins as Regulators of the Chloroplast Thioredoxin System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:530376. [PMID: 33664754 PMCID: PMC7921703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.530376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast-localized cystathionine β-synthase X (CBSX) proteins CBSX1 and CBSX2 have been proposed as modulators of thioredoxins (Trxs). In this study, the contribution of CBSX proteins to the redox regulation of thiol enzymes in the chloroplast Trx system was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro biochemical studies evaluated whether CBSX proteins alter the specificities of classical chloroplastic Trx f and Trx m for their target proteins. However, addition of CBSX proteins did not alter the specificities of Trx f and Trx m for disulfide bond reduction of the photosynthesis-related major thiol enzymes, FBPase, SBPase, and NADP-MDH. In vivo analysis showed that CBSX-deficient mutants grew similarly to wild type plants under continuous normal light conditions and that CBSX deficiency did not affect photo-reduction of photosynthesis-related thiol enzymes by Trx system at several light intensities. Although CBSX proteins have been suggested as modulators in the chloroplast Trx system, our results did not support this model, at least in the cases of FBPase, SBPase, and NADP-MDH in leaves. However, fresh weights of the cbsx2 mutants were decreased under short day. Since Trxs regulate many proteins participating in various metabolic reactions in the chloroplast, CBSX proteins may function to regulate other chloroplast Trx target proteins, or serve as modulators in non-photosynthetic plastids of flowers. As a next stage, further investigations are required to understand the modulation of Trx-dependent redox regulation by plastidal CBSX proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Murai
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Okegawa
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sato
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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Pang B, Zhou L, Cui W, Liu Z, Zhou Z. Production of a Thermostable Pullulanase in
Bacillus subtilis
by Optimization of the Expression Elements. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
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Wei H, Zhang R, Wang L, Li D, Hang F, Liu J. Expression of d-psicose-3-epimerase from Clostridium bolteae and Dorea sp. and whole-cell production of d-psicose in Bacillus subtilis. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
d-psicose-3-epimerase (DPEase) catalyses the isomerisation of d-fructose to d-psicose, a rare sugar in nature with unique nutritional and biological functions. An effective industrial-scale method is needed for d-psicose production. Herein, the expression of a neutral and a slightly acidic pH DPEase in Bacillus subtilis was evaluated.
Methods
Two DPEase genes from Clostridium bolteae and Dorea sp. were separately expressed in B. subtilis via plasmid pSTOP1622, and an extra P43 promoter was employed to the expression cassette. The fermentation conditions of the engineered B. subtilis strains were also optimised, to facilitate both cell growth and enzyme production.
Result
The introduction of P43 promoter to the two DPEase genes increased enzyme production by about 20%. Optimisation of fermentation conditions increased DPEase production to 21.90 U/g at 55 °C and 24.01 U/g at 70 °C in B. subtilis expressing C. bolteae or Dorea sp. DPEase, equating to a 94.67% and 369.94% increase, respectively, relative to controls.
Conclusion
Enhanced DPEase production was achieved in B. subtilis expressing C. bolteae or Dorea sp. DPEase genes.
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Liu Z, Zheng W, Ge C, Cui W, Zhou L, Zhou Z. High-level extracellular production of recombinant nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis WB800 by multiple tandem promoters. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:89. [PMID: 31064343 PMCID: PMC6505213 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase (NK), which is a member of the subtilisin family, is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme that might be useful for thrombosis therapy. Extensive work has been done to improve its production for the food industry. The aim of our study was to enhance NK production by tandem promoters in Bacillus subtilis WB800. Results Six recombinant strains harboring different plasmids with a single promoter (PP43, PHpaII, PBcaprE, PgsiB, PyxiE or PluxS) were constructed, and the analysis of the fibrinolytic activity showed that PP43 and PHpaII exhibited a higher expression activity than that of the others. The NK yield that was mediated by PP43 and PHpaII reached 140.5 ± 3.9 FU/ml and 110.8 ± 3.6 FU/ml, respectively. These promoters were arranged in tandem to enhance the expression level of NK, and our results indicated that the arrangement of promoters in tandem has intrinsic effects on the NK expression level. As the number of repetitive PP43 or PHpaII increased, the expression level of NK was enhanced up to the triple-promoter, but did not increase unconditionally. In addition, the repetitive core region of PP43 or PHpaII could effectively enhance NK production. Eight triple-promoters with PP43 and PHpaII in different orders were constructed, and the highest yield of NK finally reached 264.2 ± 7.0 FU/ml, which was mediated by the promoter PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43. The scale-up production of NK that was promoted by PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43 was also carried out in a 5-L fermenter, and the NK activity reached 816.7 ± 30.0 FU/mL. Conclusions Our studies demonstrated that NK was efficiently overproduced by tandem promoters in Bacillus subtilis. The highest fibrinolytic activity was promoted by PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43, which was much higher than that had been reported in previous studies. These multiple tandem promoters were used successfully to control NK expression and might be useful for improving the expression level of the other genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1461-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunlei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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A novel series of high-efficiency vectors for TA cloning and blunt-end cloning of PCR products. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6417. [PMID: 31015513 PMCID: PMC6478821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient PCR cloning method is indispensable in modern molecular biology, as it can greatly improve the efficiency of DNA cloning processes. Here, I describe the development of three vectors for TA cloning and blunt-end cloning. Specifically, pCRT and pCRZeroT were designed to improve the efficiency of TA cloning. pCRZeroT can also be used with pCRZero to facilitate blunt-end cloning using the ccdB gene. Using pCRZero and pCRZeroT and applying the Golden Gate reaction, I developed a direct PCR cloning protocol with non-digested circular vectors and PCR products. This direct PCR cloning protocol yielded colony-formation rates and cloning efficiencies that are comparable with those obtained by conventional PCR cloning with pre-digested vectors and PCR products. The three plasmids I designed are available from Addgene (https://www.addgene.org/).
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Distinct electron transfer from ferredoxin–thioredoxin reductase to multiple thioredoxin isoforms in chloroplasts. Biochem J 2017; 474:1347-1360. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20161089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox regulation is considered to support light-responsive control of various chloroplast functions. The redox cascade via ferredoxin–thioredoxin reductase (FTR)/thioredoxin (Trx) has been recognized as a key to transmitting reducing power; however, Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequencing has revealed that as many as five Trx subtypes encoded by a total of 10 nuclear genes are targeted to chloroplasts. Because each Trx isoform seems to have a distinct target selectivity, the electron distribution from FTR to multiple Trxs is thought to be the critical branch point for determining the consequence of chloroplast redox regulation. In the present study, we aimed to comprehensively characterize the kinetics of electron transfer from FTR to 10 Trx isoforms. We prepared the recombinant FTR protein from Arabidopsis in the heterodimeric form containing the Fe–S cluster. By reconstituting the FTR/Trx system in vitro, we showed that FTR prepared here was enzymatically active and suitable for uncovering biochemical features of chloroplast redox regulation. A series of redox state determinations using the thiol-modifying reagent, 4-acetamido-4′-maleimidylstilbene-2,2′-disulfonate, indicated that all chloroplast Trx isoforms are commonly reduced by FTR; however, significantly different efficiencies were evident. These differences were apparently correlated with the distinct midpoint redox potentials among Trxs. Even when the experiments were performed under conditions of hypothetical in vivo stoichiometry of FTR and Trxs, a similar trend in distinguishable electron transfers was observed. These data highlight an aspect of highly organized circuits in the chloroplast redox regulation network.
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Evaluation of the efficiency and utility of recombinant enzyme-free seamless DNA cloning methods. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 9:310-315. [PMID: 28956018 PMCID: PMC5614619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple and low-cost recombinant enzyme-free seamless DNA cloning methods have recently become available. In vivo Escherichia coli cloning (iVEC) can directly transform a mixture of insert and vector DNA fragments into E. coli, which are ligated by endogenous homologous recombination activity in the cells. Seamless ligation cloning extract (SLiCE) cloning uses the endogenous recombination activity of E. coli cellular extracts in vitro to ligate insert and vector DNA fragments. An evaluation of the efficiency and utility of these methods is important in deciding the adoption of a seamless cloning method as a useful tool. In this study, both seamless cloning methods incorporated inserting DNA fragments into linearized DNA vectors through short (15-39 bp) end homology regions. However, colony formation was 30-60-fold higher with SLiCE cloning in end homology regions between 15 and 29 bp than with the iVEC method using DH5α competent cells. E. coli AQ3625 strains, which harbor a sbcA gene mutation that activates the RecE homologous recombination pathway, can be used to efficiently ligate insert and vector DNA fragments with short-end homology regions in vivo. Using AQ3625 competent cells in the iVEC method improved the rate of colony formation, but the efficiency and accuracy of SLiCE cloning were still higher. In addition, the efficiency of seamless cloning methods depends on the intrinsic competency of E. coli cells. The competency of chemically competent AQ3625 cells was lower than that of competent DH5α cells, in all cases of chemically competent cell preparations using the three different methods. Moreover, SLiCE cloning permits the use of both homemade and commercially available competent cells because it can use general E. coli recA- strains such as DH5α as host cells for transformation. Therefore, between the two methods, SLiCE cloning provides both higher efficiency and better utility than the iVEC method for seamless DNA plasmid engineering.
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Motohashi K. Seamless Ligation Cloning Extract (SLiCE) Method Using Cell Lysates from Laboratory Escherichia coli Strains and its Application to SLiP Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1498:349-357. [PMID: 27709587 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6472-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell lysates from laboratory Escherichia coli strains endogenously exhibit homologous recombination activity, which can be utilized for seamless DNA cloning in vitro. This method, termed Seamless Ligation Cloning Extract (SLiCE) cloning, enables high cloning efficiency with simultaneous integration of two unpurified DNA fragments into a vector. In addition, the SLiCE method is highly cost-effective, as several laboratory E. coli strains may be utilized as sources of SLiCE. Previously, the SLiCE technique has been applied to site-directed mutagenesis to develop a novel technique termed SLiCE-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based site-directed mutagenesis (SLiP site-directed mutagenesis). Two DNA fragments containing a mutation site can be simultaneously integrated into a vector while avoiding the introduction of undesirable mutations in the vector. Therefore, SLiP site-directed mutagenesis simplifies multiple procedures involved in PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis such as overlap extension method PCR or the Megaprimer method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motohashi
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan.
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