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Grams RJ, Santos WL, Scorei IR, Abad-García A, Rosenblum CA, Bita A, Cerecetto H, Viñas C, Soriano-Ursúa MA. The Rise of Boron-Containing Compounds: Advancements in Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, and Emerging Pharmacology. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2441-2511. [PMID: 38382032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Boron-containing compounds (BCC) have emerged as important pharmacophores. To date, five BCC drugs (including boronic acids and boroles) have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer, infections, and atopic dermatitis, while some natural BCC are included in dietary supplements. Boron's Lewis acidity facilitates a mechanism of action via formation of reversible covalent bonds within the active site of target proteins. Boron has also been employed in the development of fluorophores, such as BODIPY for imaging, and in carboranes that are potential neutron capture therapy agents as well as novel agents in diagnostics and therapy. The utility of natural and synthetic BCC has become multifaceted, and the breadth of their applications continues to expand. This review covers the many uses and targets of boron in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Justin Grams
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Antonio Abad-García
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carol Ann Rosenblum
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, 900 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrei Bita
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Mataojo 2055, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
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Agback T, Lesovoy D, Han X, Lomzov A, Sun R, Sandalova T, Orekhov VY, Achour A, Agback P. Combined NMR and molecular dynamics conformational filter identifies unambiguously dynamic ensembles of Dengue protease NS2B/NS3pro. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1193. [PMID: 38001280 PMCID: PMC10673835 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dengue protease NS2B/NS3pro has been reported to adopt either an 'open' or a 'closed' conformation. We have developed a conformational filter that combines NMR with MD simulations to identify conformational ensembles that dominate in solution. Experimental values derived from relaxation parameters for the backbone and methyl side chains were compared with the corresponding back-calculated relaxation parameters of different conformational ensembles obtained from free MD simulations. Our results demonstrate a high prevalence for the 'closed' conformational ensemble while the 'open' conformation is absent, indicating that the latter conformation is most probably due to crystal contacts. Conversely, conformational ensembles in which the positioning of the co-factor NS2B results in a 'partially' open conformation, previously described in both MD simulations and X-ray studies, were identified by our conformational filter. Altogether, we believe that our approach allows for unambiguous identification of true conformational ensembles, an essential step for reliable drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dmitry Lesovoy
- Department of Structural Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997, Moscow, Russia
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiao Han
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Lomzov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Renhua Sun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Yu Orekhov
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Agback P, Lesovoy DM, Han X, Sun R, Sandalova T, Agback T, Achour A, Orekhov VY. 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignment of backbone and IVL-methyl side chain of the S135A mutant NS3pro/NS2B protein of Dengue II virus reveals unique secondary structure features in solution. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2022; 16:135-145. [PMID: 35149939 PMCID: PMC9068680 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-022-10071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The serotype II Dengue (DENV 2) virus is the most prevalent of all four known serotypes. Herein, we present nearly complete 1H, 15N, and 13C backbone and 1H, 13C isoleucine, valine, and leucine methyl resonance assignment of the apo S135A catalytically inactive variant of the DENV 2 protease enzyme folded as a tandem formed between the serine protease domain NS3pro and the cofactor NS2B, as well as the secondary structure prediction of this complex based on the assigned chemical shifts using the TALOS-N software. Our results provide a solid ground for future elucidation of the structure and dynamic of the apo NS3pro/NS2B complex, key for adequate development of inhibitors, and a thorough molecular understanding of their function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dmitry M Lesovoy
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RA, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xiao Han
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renhua Sun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Yu Orekhov
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Agback P, Woestenenk E, Agback T. Probing contacts of inhibitor locked in transition states in the catalytic triad of DENV2 type serine protease and its mutants by 1H, 19F and 15 N NMR spectroscopy. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 32450796 PMCID: PMC7249419 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detailed structural knowledge of enzyme-inhibitor complexes trapped in intermediate state is the key for a fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms taking place in enzymes and is indispensable as a structure-guided drug design tool. Solution state NMR uniquely allows the study of active sites of enzymes in equilibrium between different tautomeric forms. In this study 1H, 19F and 15 N NMR spectroscopy has been used to probe the interaction contacts of inhibitors locked in transition states of the catalytic triad of a serine protease. It was demonstrated on the serotype II Dengue virus NS2B:NS3pro serine protease and its mutants, H51N and S135A, in complex with high-affinity ligands containing trifluoromethyl ketone (tfk) and boronic groups in the C-terminal of tetra-peptides. Results Monitoring 19F resonances, shows that only one of the two isomers of the tfk tetra-peptide binds with NS2B:NS3pro and that access to the bulk of the active site is limited. Moreover, there were no bound water found in proximity of the active site for any of the ligands manifesting in a favorable condition for formation of low barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHB) in the catalytic triad. Based on this data we were able to identify a locked conformation of the protein active site. The data also indicates that the different parts of the binding site most likely act independently of each other. Conclusions Our reported findings increases the knowledge of the detailed function of the catalytic triad in serine proteases and could facilitate the development of rational structure based inhibitors that can selectively target the NS3 protease of Dengue type II (DENV2) virus. In addition the results shows the usefulness of probing active sites using 19F NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Esmeralda Woestenenk
- Protein Expression and Characterization Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hill ME, Yildiz M, Hardy JA. Cysteine Disulfide Traps Reveal Distinct Conformational Ensembles in Dengue Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease. Biochemistry 2018; 58:776-787. [PMID: 30472839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dengue virus protease (NS2B-NS3pro) plays a critical role in the dengue viral life cycle, making it an attractive drug target for dengue-related pathologies, including dengue hemorrhagic fever. A number of studies indicate that NS2B-NS3pro undergoes a transition between two widely different conformational states: an "open" (inactive) conformation and a "closed" (active) conformation. For the past several years, the equilibrium between these states and the resting conformation of NS2B-NS3pro have been debated, although a strong consensus is emerging. To investigate the importance of such conformational states, we developed versions of NS2B-NS3pro that allow us to trap the enzyme in various distinct conformations. Our data from these variants suggest that the enzymatic activity appears to be dependent on the movement of NS2B and may rely on the flexibility of the protease core. Locking the enzyme into the "closed" conformation dramatically increased activity, strongly suggesting that the "closed" conformation is the active conformation. The observed resting state of the enzyme depends largely on the construct used to express the NS2B-NS3pro complex. In an "unlinked" construct, in which the NS2B and NS3 regions exist as independent, co-expressed polypeptides, the enzyme rests predominantly in a "closed", active conformation. In contrast, in a "linked" construct, in which NS2B and NS3 are attached by a nine-amino acid linker, NS2B-NS3pro adopts a more relaxed, alternative conformation. Nevertheless, even the unlinked construct samples both the "closed" and other alternative conformations. Given our findings, and the more realistic resemblance of NS2B-NS3pro to the native enzyme, these data strongly suggest that studies should focus on the "unlinked" constructs moving forward. Additionally, the results from these studies provide a more detailed understanding of the various poses of the dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease and should help guide future drug discovery efforts aimed at this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen E Hill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , 374 LGRT, 710 North Pleasant Street , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Muslum Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , 374 LGRT, 710 North Pleasant Street , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jeanne A Hardy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , 374 LGRT, 710 North Pleasant Street , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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Qadir A, Riaz M, Saeed M, Shahzad-Ul-Hussan S. Potential targets for therapeutic intervention and structure based vaccine design against Zika virus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:444-460. [PMID: 30015077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Continuously increasing number of reports of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections and associated severe clinical manifestations, including autoimmune abnormalities and neurological disorders such as neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome have created alarming situation in various countries. To date, no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine is available against ZIKV. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the potential therapeutic targets and describes viral epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in vaccine design perspective. Interactions between ZIKV envelope glycoprotein E and cellular receptors mediate the viral fusion and entry to the target cell. Blocking these interactions by targeting cellular receptors or viral structural proteins mediating these interactions or viral surface glycans can inhibit viral entry to the cell. Similarly, different non-structural proteins of ZIKV and un-translated regions (UTRs) of its RNA play essential roles in viral replication cycle and potentiate for therapeutic interventions. Structure based vaccine design requires identity and structural description of the epitopes of bNAbs. We have described different conserved bNAb epitopes present in the ZIKV envelope as potential targets for structure based vaccine design. This review also highlights successes, unanswered questions and future perspectives in relation to therapeutic and vaccine development against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Qadir
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Shahzad-Ul-Hussan
- Department of Biology, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.
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Agback P, Agback T. Direct evidence of a low barrier hydrogen bond in the catalytic triad of a Serine protease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10078. [PMID: 29973622 PMCID: PMC6031666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are one of the largest groups of enzymes, found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are responsible for many different functions. The detailed information about the hydrogen-bonds in the catalytic triad (Asp…His…Ser) of these enzymes is of importance in order to fully understand the mechanism of action. The aspartate of the triad is hydrogen bonded to the histidine but the exact nature of this bond has been under discussion for some time. It is either a common short ionic hydrogen bond (SIHB) or a delocalized low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) were the hydrogen bond is shorter. So far, the evidence for LBHB in proteins have not been conclusive. Here we show clear NMR evidence that LBHB does exist in NS3, a serine protease from Dengue. The one bond coupling constant between the hydrogen and nitrogen was shown to be only 52 Hz instead of the usual 90 Hz. This together with a 1H chemical shift of 19.93 ppm is evidence that the hydrogen bond distance between His and Asp is shorter than for SIHB. Our result clearly shows the existence of LBHB and will help in understanding the mechanism of the catalytic triad in the important group of serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Leonel CA, Lima WG, dos Santos M, Ferraz AC, Taranto AG, de Magalhães JC, dos Santos LL, Ferreira JMS. Pharmacophoric characteristics of dengue virus NS2B/NS3pro inhibitors: a systematic review of the most promising compounds. Arch Virol 2017; 163:575-586. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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