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Ji Q, Sokolowska I, Cao R, Jiang Y, Mo J, Hu P. A highly sensitive and robust LC-MS platform for host cell protein characterization in biotherapeutics. Biologicals 2023; 82:101675. [PMID: 37028215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are a major class of process-related impurities that need to be closely monitored during the production of biotherapeutics. Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a promising tool for HCP analysis due to its specificity for individual HCP's identification and quantitation. However, utilization of MS as a routine characterization tool is still limited due to the time-consuming procedures, non-standardized instrumentation and methodologies, and the limited sensitivity compared to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In this study, we introduced a sensitive (limit of detection (LOD) at 1-2 ppm) and robust HCP profiling platform method with suitable precision and accuracy that can be readily adopted to antibodies and other biotherapeutic modalities without the need for HCP enrichment. The NIST mAb and multiple in-house antibodies were analyzed, and results were benchmarked with other reported studies. In addition, a targeted analysis method with optimized sample preparation for absolute quantitation of lipases was developed and qualified with an LOD of 0.6 ppm and precision of <15%, which can be further improved to an LOD of 5 ppb by using the nano-flow LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Ji
- Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
| | - Izabela Sokolowska
- Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
| | - Rui Cao
- Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
| | - Yulei Jiang
- Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
| | - Jingjie Mo
- Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
| | - Ping Hu
- Large Molecules Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
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2
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Sałamaszyńska-Guz A, Rasmussen PK, Murawska M, Douthwaite S. Campylobacter jejuni Virulence Factors Identified by Modulating Their Synthesis on Ribosomes With Altered rRNA Methylation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:803730. [PMID: 35096652 PMCID: PMC8794745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.803730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, and remains the main infective agent in gastroenteritis and related intestinal disorders in Europe and the USA. As with all bacterial infections, the stages of adhesion to host tissue, survival in the host and eliciting disease all require the synthesis of proteinaceous virulence factors on the ribosomes of the pathogen. Here, we describe how C. jejuni virulence is attenuated by altering the methylation of its ribosomes to disrupt the composition of its proteome, and how this in turn provides a means of identifying factors that are essential for infection and pathogenesis. Specifically, inactivation of the C. jejuni Cj0588/TlyA methyltransferase prevents methylation of nucleotide C1920 in the 23S rRNA of its ribosomes and reduces the pathogen’s ability to form biofilms, to attach, invade and survive in host cells, and to provoke the innate immune response. Mass spectrometric analyses of C. jejuni TlyA-minus strains revealed an array of subtle changes in the proteome composition. These included reduced amounts of the cytolethal distending toxin (CdtC) and the MlaEFD proteins connected with outer membrane vesicle (OMV) production. Inactivation of the cdtC and mlaEFD genes confirmed the importance of their encoded proteins in establishing infection. Collectively, the data identify a subset of genes required for the onset of human campylobacteriosis, and serve as a proof of principle for use of this approach in detecting proteins involved in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz, ; Stephen Douthwaite,
| | | | - Małgorzata Murawska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephen Douthwaite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Sałamaszyńska-Guz, ; Stephen Douthwaite,
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Modi T, Regufe da Mota S, Gervais D. l-Asparaginase and HCP quantification by SWATH LC-MS/MS for new and improved purification step in Erwinia chrysanthemil-asparaginase manufacture. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114537. [PMID: 34929569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Erwinase® or Erwinaze® are the proprietary names for the L-asparaginase enzyme derived from Erwinia chrysanthemi.L-asparaginase is an integral part of the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) in children and adolescents. E. chrysanthemiL-asparaginase was first developed in the early 1970s at Porton Down and is currently manufactured by Porton Biopharma Ltd. One of the early purification steps during E. chrysanthemiL-asparaginase manufacture, involves use of batch cation exchange carboxymethyl resin, and alternatives to this older technology are currently under investigation using mass spectrometry to understand the impact of resin changes on the impurity profile. In this study, a novel SWATH library was developed for E. chrysanthemi proteome and used to evaluate this potential process change on product yield and host cell protein (HCP) profile and clearance. An ELISA assay is currently used as a quality control release test for quantifying HCPs at the Drug Substance (DS) stage, but these early extract samples are too crude for interference-free analysis by ELISA. Given that ELISA assay could not be used in the assessment of new resin options, SWATH LC-MS/MS analysis proved to be pivotal in selecting a resin for further scale-up and implementation. The data quantified that L-asparaginase from the new process step was 2.28-fold higher in concentration than in legacy-process samples. The new step, using a modern ion exchanger, was at least equivalent and in some cases outperformed the legacy resin step in terms of HCP clearance for 78.2% of total HCPs (528 of 675 total proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapasvi Modi
- Porton Biopharma Limited, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - David Gervais
- Porton Biopharma Limited, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
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4
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Pilely K, Johansen MR, Lund RR, Kofoed T, Jørgensen TK, Skriver L, Mørtz E. Monitoring process-related impurities in biologics-host cell protein analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:747-758. [PMID: 34595561 PMCID: PMC8483941 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
During biologics development, manufacturers must demonstrate clearance of host cell impurities and contaminants to ensure drug purity, manufacturing process consistency, and patient safety. Host cell proteins (HCPs) are a major class of process-related impurities and require monitoring and documentation of their presence through development and manufacturing. Even in residual amounts, they are known to affect product quality and efficacy as well as patient safety. HCP analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HCP-ELISA) is the standard technique, due to its simple handling, short analysis time, and high sensitivity for protein impurities. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an orthogonal method for HCP analysis and is increasingly included in regulatory documentation. LC–MS offers advantages where HCP-ELISA has drawbacks, e.g., the ability to identify and quantify individual HCPs. This article summarizes the available knowledge about monitoring HCPs in biologics and presents the newest trends in HCP analysis with current state-of-the-art HCP measurement tools. Through case studies, we present examples of HCP control strategies that have been used in regulatory license applications, using an MS-based coverage analysis and HCP-ELISA and LC–MS for HCP quantification. This provides novel insight into the rapid evolving strategy of HCP analysis. Improvements in technologies to evaluate HCP-ELISA suitability and the implementation of orthogonal LC–MS methods for HCP analysis are important to rationally manipulate, engineer, and select suitable cell lines and downstream processing steps to limit problematic HCPs.
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Huang Y, Molden R, Hu M, Qiu H, Li N. Toward unbiased identification and comparative quantification of host cell protein impurities by automated iterative LC-MS/MS (HCP-AIMS) for therapeutic protein development. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 200:114069. [PMID: 33901758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities expressed by the host cells used for production of therapeutic proteins. Although an extensive purification process removes most of the HCPs, residual HCPs are commonly present in protein therapeutics. If not well-controlled, certain HCPs may be present in the product, impacting drug stability, and potentially affecting product safety leading to safety risks for patients. Therefore, as a critical quality attribute, the levels of HCPs must be closely monitored during drug development and determined in the final drug substance at release. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as an orthogonal approach to traditional ELISA for HCP analysis has shown tremendous value in drug process development and analytical characterization by providing additional critical information, such as protein identity and relative abundance of individual HCPs. To meet the challenges in HCP analysis during drug development, especially downstream process development, which entails fast turnaround time and robustness while identifying high level of HCPs and their clearance trend for further purification development, we have developed HCP-automated iterative MS (HCP-AIMS): it is a simple, automated and robust HCP analysis workflow with deep and unbiased identification and relative quantification capability. This HCP-AIMS approach only requires easy direct digestion of the samples without enrichment or pre- treatment. With the fully automated precursor ion exclusion in MS/MS mode, low abundance HCP peptides could be selected for MS/MS analysis in iterative replicates, and therefore, the identification of HCPs at low abundance can be achieved. Using an in-house mAb with various levels of spiked-in HCPs as well as the NIST mAb, we were able to achieve unbiased identification and quantitation of HCPs as low as 10 ppm level. Furthermore, robustness of the HCP-AIMS approach was also confirmed for the feasibility of large-scale and high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Rosalynn Molden
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Mengqi Hu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Trauchessec M, Hesse AM, Kraut A, Berard Y, Herment L, Fortin T, Bruley C, Ferro M, Manin C. An innovative standard for LC-MS-based HCP profiling and accurate quantity assessment: Application to batch consistency in viral vaccine samples. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000152. [PMID: 33459490 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics, molecules produced from biological systems, require rigorous purification steps to remove impurities including host cell proteins (HCPs). Regulatory guidelines require manufacturers to monitor process-related impurities along the purification workflow. Mass spectrometry (MS) has recently been considered as a complementary method to the well-established ELISA for HCPs quantification, since it has the advantage of unambiguously identifying individual HCP. In this study, we developed an innovative standard dedicated to MS-based HCP profiling analysis in order to monitor the consistency of viral vaccine intermediate purification samples. This standard, termed the HCP-PROFILER standard, is composed of a water-soluble bead (READYBEADS technology) which, after being added into the sample, releases unlabeled peptides in controlled amounts. The standard meets three desired criteria: (1) it is composed of multiple peptides, at different concentration levels, allowing construction of a calibration curve covering the dynamic range of HCPs present in the target sample, ensuring quantification accuracy; (2) it demonstrates high batch-to-batch reproducibility, ensuring quantification robustness and consistency over time; and (3) it is easy to use and avoids user-induced analytical biases. In this study, we present the use of the HCP-PROFILER standard for vaccine batches comparison and downstream process performance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Trauchessec
- ANAQUANT, Villeurbanne, France.,CEA, 17 av. des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Myriam Ferro
- CEA, 17 av. des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
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7
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Arribas Diez I, Govender I, Naicker P, Stoychev S, Jordaan J, Jensen ON. Zirconium(IV)-IMAC Revisited: Improved Performance and Phosphoproteome Coverage by Magnetic Microparticles for Phosphopeptide Affinity Enrichment. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:453-462. [PMID: 33226818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphopeptide enrichment is an essential step in large-scale, quantitative phosphoproteomics by mass spectrometry. Several phosphopeptide affinity enrichment techniques exist, such as immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and metal oxide affinity chromatography (MOAC). We compared zirconium(IV) IMAC (Zr-IMAC) magnetic microparticles to more commonly used titanium(IV) IMAC (Ti-IMAC) and TiO2 magnetic microparticles for phosphopeptide enrichment from simple and complex protein samples prior to phosphopeptide sequencing and characterization by mass spectrometry (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS). We optimized sample-loading conditions to increase phosphopeptide recovery for Zr-IMAC-, Ti-IMAC-, and TiO2-based workflows by 22, 24, and 35%, respectively. The optimized protocol resulted in improved performance of Zr-IMAC over Ti-IMAC and TiO2 as well as high-performance liquid chromatography-based Fe(III)-IMAC with up to 23% more identified phosphopeptides. The different enrichment chemistries showed a high degree of overlap but also differences in phosphopeptide selectivity and complementarity. We conclude that Zr-IMAC improves phosphoproteome coverage and recommend that this complementary and scalable affinity enrichment method is more widely used in biological and biomedical studies of cell signaling and the search for biomarkers. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Arribas Diez
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Ireshyn Govender
- NextGen Health, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - Previn Naicker
- NextGen Health, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0184, South Africa
| | - Stoyan Stoychev
- NextGen Health, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0184, South Africa.,ReSyn Biosciences, Pretoria 1610, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Justin Jordaan
- ReSyn Biosciences, Pretoria 1610, Gauteng, South Africa.,Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark
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8
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Bubis JA, Gorshkov V, Gorshkov MV, Kjeldsen F. PhosphoShield: Improving Trypsin Digestion of Phosphoproteins by Shielding the Negatively Charged Phosphate Moiety. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2053-2060. [PMID: 32840367 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that is essential to cellular signaling, cellular function, and associated disease progression. Bottom-up proteomics based on enzymatic digestion is the most widely used approach for identifying and quantifying phosphoproteins in complex biological samples. Researchers have largely optimized the experimental conditions for trypsin digestion, and it is now a routine procedure. However, trypsin digestion is impaired by the presence of phosphorylated residues in the protein sequence. This impairment arises from the fact that there are commonly salt bridges between a negatively charged phosphate group and the side chain of protonated arginine or lysine. On average, 55% of all phosphopeptides have their phosphosites located less than three amino acid residues from a cleavage site. Salt bridges reduce the cleavage accessibility for trypsin by masking the basic site chain groups of arginine and lysine. Thus, there are frequent missed cleavages in the vicinity of phosphorylation sites, thereby lessening both the depth of proteome coverage and the quantification accuracy of phosphoproteomics. In this work, we propose a method termed PhosphoShield to mitigate salt bridge formation by adding a digallium complex that exhibits a high binding affinity to the phosphate group. We tested our method using quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of the phosphoproteome of human liver cancer cells (HepG2). PhosphoShield enhances the cleavage frequency of at least 17% of tryptic phosphopeptides having cleavage sites close to the phosphate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Bubis
- V. L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mikhail V Gorshkov
- V. L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Pythoud N, Bons J, Mijola G, Beck A, Cianférani S, Carapito C. Optimized Sample Preparation and Data Processing of Data-Independent Acquisition Methods for the Robust Quantification of Trace-Level Host Cell Protein Impurities in Antibody Drug Products. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:923-931. [PMID: 33016074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are a major class of bioprocess-related impurities generated by the host organism and are generally present at low levels in purified biopharmaceutical products. The monitoring of these impurities is identified as an important critical quality attribute of monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations not only due to the potential risk for the product stability and efficacy but also concerns linked to the immunogenicity of some of them. While overall HCP levels are usually monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches have been emerging as powerful and promising alternatives providing qualitative and quantitative information. However, a major challenge for liquid chromatography (LC)-MS-based methods is to deal with the wide dynamic range of drug products and the extreme sensitivity required to detect trace-level HCPs. In this study, we developed powerful and reproducible MS-based analytical workflows coupling optimized and efficient sample preparations, the library-free data-independent acquisition (DIA) method, and stringent validation criteria. The performances of several preparation protocols and DIA versus classical data-dependent acquisition (DDA) were evaluated using a series of four commercially available drug products. Depending on the selected protocols, the user has access to different information: on the one hand, a deep profiling of tens of identified HCPs and on the other hand, accurate and reproducible (coefficients of variation (CVs) < 12%) quantification of major HCPs. Overall, a final global HCP amount of a few tens of ng/mg mAb in these mAb samples was measured, while reaching a sensitivity down to the sub-ng/mg mAb level. Thus, this straightforward and robust approach can be intended as a routine quality control for any drug product analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pythoud
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR7178, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joanna Bons
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR7178, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Geoffroy Mijola
- IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), F-74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), F-74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR7178, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Carapito
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR7178, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
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Háda V, Bagdi A, Bihari Z, Timári SB, Fizil Á, Szántay C. Recent advancements, challenges, and practical considerations in the mass spectrometry-based analytics of protein biotherapeutics: A viewpoint from the biosimilar industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:214-238. [PMID: 30205300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extensive analytical characterization of protein biotherapeutics, especially of biosimilars, is a critical part of the product development and registration. High-resolution mass spectrometry became the primary analytical tool used for the structural characterization of biotherapeutics. Its high instrumental sensitivity and methodological versatility made it possible to use this technique to characterize both the primary and higher-order structure of these proteins. However, even by using high-end instrumentation, analysts face several challenges with regard to how to cope with industrial and regulatory requirements, that is, how to obtain accurate and reliable analytical data in a time- and cost-efficient way. New sample preparation approaches, measurement techniques and data evaluation strategies are available to meet those requirements. The practical considerations of these methods are discussed in the present review article focusing on hot topics, such as reliable and efficient sequencing strategies, minimization of artefact formation during sample preparation, quantitative peptide mapping, the potential of multi-attribute methodology, the increasing role of mass spectrometry in higher-order structure characterization and the challenges of MS-based identification of host cell proteins. On the basis of the opportunities in new instrumental techniques, methodological advancements and software-driven data evaluation approaches, for the future one can envision an even wider application area for mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Háda
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bagdi
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bihari
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Fizil
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
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