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More D, Khan N, Tekade RK, Sengupta P. An Update on Current Trend in Sample Preparation Automation in Bioanalysis: strategies, Challenges and Future Direction. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38949910 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2362707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Automation in sample preparation improves accuracy, productivity, and precision in bioanalysis. Moreover, it reduces resource consumption for repetitive procedures. Automated sample analysis allows uninterrupted handling of large volumes of biological samples originating from preclinical and clinical studies. Automation significantly helps in management of complex testing methods where generation of large volumes of data is required for process monitoring. Compared to traditional sample preparation processes, automated procedures reduce associated expenses and manual error, facilitate laboratory transfers, enhance data quality, and better protect the health of analysts. Automated sample preparation techniques based on robotics potentially increase the throughput of bioanalytical laboratories. Robotic liquid handler, an automated sample preparation system built on a robotic technique ensures optimal laboratory output while saving expensive solvents, manpower, and time. Nowadays, most of the traditional extraction processes are being automated using several formats of online techniques. This review covered most of the automated sample preparation techniques reported till date, which accelerated and simplified the sample preparation procedure for bioanalytical sample analysis. This article critically analyzed different developmental aspects of automated sample preparation techniques based on robotics as well as conventional sample preparation methods that are accelerated using automated technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar More
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Nasir Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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Beyer H, Sommerfeld M, Grandien K, Faust C, Tillmann B, Leuschner WD, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Weil S, Rao E, Langer T. Functional studies with IgM and IgA immunoglobulins: binding to pIgR, FcαμR, FcμR, and CDC activities. APMIS 2024; 132:277-288. [PMID: 38232051 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
IgMs are the first antibodies produced by the immune system upon encounter of a possible pathogen and are one of five antibody subclasses in humans. For IgG, the most intensively studied antibody class, the N-linked glycosylation site located in the Fc-domain is directly involved in high affinity binding to the respective receptors and initiation of corresponding immune response. IgM molecules have five N-glycosylation sites and one N-glycosylation site in the J-chain, which can be incorporated in IgM or IgA molecules. There is only limited knowledge available concerning the function of these N-glycosylations in IgMs. To address this question, we produced IgM molecules lacking a particular N-glycosylation site and tested these variants as well as IgA molecules for binding to the known receptors: the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), the dual receptor for IgA and IgM, FcαμR, and the specific receptor for IgM, FcμR. The single glycosylation sites did not show an impact on expression and multimerization, except for variant N402Q, which could not be expressed. In SPR measurements, no major impact on the binding to the receptors by particular glycosylation sites could be detected. In cellular assays, deglycosylated variants showed some alterations in induction of CDC activity. Most strikingly, we observed also binding of IgA to the FcμR in the same affinity range as IgM, suggesting that this might have a physiological role. To further substantiate the binding of IgA to FcμR we used IgA from different origins and were able to confirm binding of IgA preparations to the FcμR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Beyer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Sommerfeld
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kaj Grandien
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Faust
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bodo Tillmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wulf Dirk Leuschner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Régnier-Vigouroux
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Odeyemi I, Douglas TA, Igie NF, Hargrove JA, Hamilton G, Bradley BB, Thai C, Le B, Unjia M, Wicherts D, Ferneyhough Z, Pillai A, Koirala S, Hagge LM, Polara H, Trievel RC, Fick RJ, Stelling AL. An optimized purification protocol for enzymatically synthesized S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) for applications in solution state infrared spectroscopic studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123816. [PMID: 38198991 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is an abundant biomolecule used by methyltransferases to regulate a wide range of essential cellular processes such as gene expression, cell signaling, protein functions, and metabolism. Despite considerable effort, there remain many specificity challenges associated with designing small molecule inhibitors for methyltransferases, most of which exhibit off-target effects. Interestingly, NMR evidence suggests that SAM undergoes conformeric exchange between several states when free in solution. Infrared spectroscopy can detect different conformers of molecules if present in appreciable populations. When SAM is noncovalently bound within enzyme active sites, the nature and the number of different conformations of the molecule are likely to be altered from when it is free in solution. If there are unique structures or different numbers of conformers between different methyltransferase active sites, solution-state information may provide promising structural leads to increase inhibitor specificity for a particular methyltransferase. Toward this goal, frequencies measured in SAM's infrared spectra must be assigned to the motions of specific atoms via isotope incorporation at discrete positions. The incorporation of isotopes into SAM's structure can be accomplished via an established enzymatic synthesis using isotopically labeled precursors. However, published protocols produced an intense and highly variable IR signal which overlapped with many of the signals from SAM rendering comparison between isotopes challenging. We observed this intense absorption to be from co-purifying salts and the SAM counterion, producing a strong, broad signal at 1100 cm-1. Here, we report a revised SAM purification protocol that mitigates the contaminating salts and present the first IR spectra of isotopically labeled CD3-SAM. These results provide a foundation for isotopic labeling experiments of SAM that will define which atoms participate in individual molecular vibrations, as a means to detect specific molecular conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Odeyemi
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Teri A Douglas
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Nosakhare F Igie
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - James A Hargrove
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Grace Hamilton
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Brianna B Bradley
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Cathy Thai
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Le
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Maitri Unjia
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Dylan Wicherts
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Zackery Ferneyhough
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Anjali Pillai
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Shailendra Koirala
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Laurel M Hagge
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Himanshu Polara
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Raymond C Trievel
- University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Robert J Fick
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA
| | - Allison L Stelling
- The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, 75080, TX, USA.
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Diep P, Cadavid JL, Yakunin AF, McGuigan AP, Mahadevan R. REVOLVER: A low-cost automated protein purifier based on parallel preparative gravity column workflows. HARDWAREX 2022; 11:e00291. [PMID: 35509899 PMCID: PMC9058827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein purification is a ubiquitous procedure in biochemistry and the life sciences, and represents a key step in the protein production pipeline. The need for scalable and parallel protein purification systems is driven by the demands for increasing the throughput of recombinant protein characterization. Therefore, automating the process to simultaneously handle multiple samples with minimal human intervention is highly desirable, yet there are only a handful of such systems that have been developed, all of which are closed source and expensive. To address this challenge, we present REVOLVER, a 3D-printed programmable protein purification system based on gravity-column workflows and controlled by Arduino boards that can be built for under $130 USD. REVOLVER takes a cell lysate sample and completes a full protein purification process with almost no human intervention and yields results indistinguishable from those obtained by an experienced biochemist when purifying a real-world protein sample. We further present and describe MULTI-VOLVER, a scalable version of the REVOLVER that allows for parallel purification of up to six samples and can be built for under $250 USD. Both systems can help accelerate protein purification and ultimately link them to bio-foundries for protein characterization and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Diep
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jose L. Cadavid
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexander F. Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Alison P. McGuigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Schindler C, Faust C, Sjuts H, Lange C, Kühn J, Dittrich W, Leuschner WD, Schiebler W, Hofmann J, Rao E, Langer T. A multivalent antibody assembled from different building blocks using tag/catcher systems: a case study. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:6826492. [PMID: 36373216 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of therapeutic antibodies and, especially bi- or multispecific antibodies, is growing rapidly. Especially for treating cancers, multispecific antibodies are very promising, as there are multiple pathways involved and multispecific antibodies offer the possibility to interfere at two or more sites. Besides being used as therapeutic, multispecific antibodies can be helpful tools in basic research. However, the design and choice of the most appropriate multispecific antibody format are far from trivial. The generation of multispecific antibodies starts with the generation of antibodies directed against the desired targets and then combining the different antigen-binding sites in one molecule. This is a time-consuming and laborious approach since the most suitable geometry cannot be predicted. The SpyTag technology is based on a split-protein system, where a small peptide of said protein, the SpyTag, can bind to the remaining protein, the SpyCatcher. An irreversible isopeptide bond between the SpyTag and the SpyCatcher is formed. A related Tag-Catcher system is the SnoopTag-SnoopCatcher. These systems offer the opportunity to separately produce proteins fused to the tag-peptides and to the catcher-domains and assemble them in vitro. Our goal was to design and produce different antibody fragments, Fab domains and Fc-containing domains, with different tags and/or catchers as building blocks for the assembly of different multivalent antibodies. We have shown that large multivalent antibodies consisting of up to seven building blocks can be prepared. Binding experiments demonstrated that all binding sites in such a large molecule retained their accessibility to their corresponding antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Schindler
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany.,Lonza AG, QC Biologics, Lonzastraße, 3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Christine Faust
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Hanno Sjuts
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kühn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Werner Dittrich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Wulf Dirk Leuschner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Werner Schiebler
- Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, Industriepark Höchst, Building B845, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Joachim Hofmann
- Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, Industriepark Höchst, Building B845, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Large Molecules Research, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
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6
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Yang X, Yuan R, Garcia C, Berry J, Foster D, He D, Zhang GF, Jones BE. Development of a robust and semi-automated two-step antibody purification process. MAbs 2021; 13:2000348. [PMID: 34781834 PMCID: PMC8604386 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in antibody discovery technologies, especially with the availability of humanized mice and phage/yeast library approaches, enable the generation of a large diversity of antibodies against nearly any target of interest. As a result, there is an increasing demand for the production of larger numbers of purified antibodies at quantities (10s-100s of milligrams) sufficient for functional screening assays, drug-ability/develop-ability studies and immunogenicity assessments. To accommodate this need, new methods are required that bridge miniature high throughput/plate-based purification and conventional, one at a time, two-step purification at much larger scales. Thus, we developed a semi-automated, mid-scale (i.e., 1-75 mg) purification process that uses a combination of parallel affinity capture and automated sequential polishing to provide substantially improved throughput while delivering high purity. We optimized the affinity capture step to perform 24 monoclonal antibody purifications in parallel using a Protein Maker for 20-200 mL culture media. The eluant is transferred directly to an AKTA pure system equipped with an autosampler for sequential preparative size exclusion chromatography to remove aggregates and undesirable impurities, as well as exchange the antibody into a buffer suitable for most uses, including cell-based assays. This two-step purification procedure, together with plate-based protein analytical methods, can purify 24-48 monoclonal antibodies in <20 hours and generate up to 80 mg per sample. A stringent clean-in-place protocol for both systems and column maintenance was designed and established to minimize endotoxin contamination. This process has proven to be very reliable and robust, enabling the production of thousands of antibodies of sufficient quality and quantity that are suitable for cell-based assays, biochemical/biophysical characterization, and in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yang
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard Yuan
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jessica Berry
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Denisa Foster
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dongmei He
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gui-Feng Zhang
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bryan E Jones
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Rosa M RM, María J IG, Tania MS, Emilio MG. Vortex flow reactor assessment for the purification of monoclonal antibodies from unclarified broths. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462502. [PMID: 34492578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The vortex flow reactor (VFR) can be used in many chemical engineering applications. This paper assesses its novel use in the purification of monoclonal antibodies from cell broth. To this end, the IgG2a antibody was purified from the unclarified fermentation broth of transgenic mouse 55/6 hybridoma cells. Visual experiments showed that the VFR worked in the laminar vortices flow regime and the vortices displaced slightly faster than the axial flow. The VFR has the advantage of creating two sorts of flows: axial flow to produce the expanded bed and an extra vortex flow to avoid channeling and stabilize the expanded bed, the hydrodynamic behavior of which is plug flow with an experimental Pèclet number higher than 20. The pH was adjusted in the untreated fermentation broth, which was directly introduced into the reactor thus reducing the number of stages. The IgG2a purification was carried out in a single device via two steps: antibody adsorption in the expanded bed and antibody elution in the settled bed using Streamline rProtein A. A thirty-fold increase in the high-purity antibody concentration was achieved at the top of the pH5 elution peak with a total recovery of 93.1% (w/w) between elution peaks pH 5 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redondo Miranda Rosa M
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Almería, Spain
| | - Ibáñez González María J
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Almería, Spain.
| | - Mazzuca Sobczuk Tania
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Almería, Spain
| | - Molina Grima Emilio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Almería, Spain
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8
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Furtmann N, Schneider M, Spindler N, Steinmann B, Li Z, Focken I, Meyer J, Dimova D, Kroll K, Leuschner WD, Debeaumont A, Mathieu M, Lange C, Dittrich W, Kruip J, Schmidt T, Birkenfeld J. An end-to-end automated platform process for high-throughput engineering of next-generation multi-specific antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2021; 13:1955433. [PMID: 34382900 PMCID: PMC8366542 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1955433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation multi-specific antibody therapeutics (MSATs) are engineered to combine several functional activities into one molecule to provide higher efficacy compared to conventional, mono-specific antibody therapeutics. However, highly engineered MSATs frequently display poor yields and less favorable drug-like properties (DLPs), which can adversely affect their development. Systematic screening of a large panel of MSAT variants in very high throughput (HT) is thus critical to identify potent molecule candidates with good yield and DLPs early in the discovery process. Here we report on the establishment of a novel, format-agnostic platform process for the fast generation and multiparametric screening of tens of thousands of MSAT variants. To this end, we have introduced full automation across the entire value chain for MSAT engineering. Specifically, we have automated the in-silico design of very large MSAT panels such that it reflects precisely the wet-lab processes for MSAT DNA library generation. This includes mass saturation mutagenesis or bulk modular cloning technologies while, concomitantly, enabling library deconvolution approaches using HT Sanger DNA sequencing. These DNA workflows are tightly linked to fully automated downstream processes for compartmentalized mammalian cell transfection expression, and screening of multiple parameters. All sub-processes are seamlessly integrated with tailored workflow supporting bioinformatics. As described here, we used this platform to perform multifactor optimization of a next-generation bispecific, cross-over dual variable domain-Ig (CODV-Ig). Screening of more than 25,000 individual protein variants in mono- and bispecific format led to the identification of CODV-Ig variants with over 1,000-fold increased potency and significantly optimized production titers, demonstrating the power and versatility of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Furtmann
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Marion Schneider
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Spindler
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Bjoern Steinmann
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- R&D Integrated Drug Discovery Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ingo Focken
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Meyer
- Digital R&D, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Dilyana Dimova
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Katja Kroll
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Wulf Dirk Leuschner
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Audrey Debeaumont
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Magali Mathieu
- R&D Integrated Drug Discovery France, Sanofi, Vitry Sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Christian Lange
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Dittrich
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Kruip
- IA Specialty Care Digital Innovation Biologics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schmidt
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Joerg Birkenfeld
- R&D Large Molecules Research Platform Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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9
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Shim J, Zhou C, Gong T, Iserlis DA, Linjawi HA, Wong M, Pan T, Tan C. Building protein networks in synthetic systems from the bottom-up. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107753. [PMID: 33857631 PMCID: PMC9558565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of synthetic biology has expanded the capability to design and construct protein networks outside of living cells from the bottom-up. The new capability has enabled us to assemble protein networks for the basic study of cellular pathways, expression of proteins outside cells, and building tissue materials. Furthermore, the integration of natural and synthetic protein networks has enabled new functions of synthetic or artificial cells. Here, we review the underlying technologies for assembling protein networks in liposomes, water-in-oil droplets, and biomaterials from the bottom-up. We cover the recent applications of protein networks in biological transduction pathways, energy self-supplying systems, cellular environmental sensors, and cell-free protein scaffolds. We also review new technologies for assembling protein networks, including multiprotein purification methods, high-throughput assay screen platforms, and controllable fusion of liposomes. Finally, we present existing challenges towards building protein networks that rival the complexity and dynamic response akin to natural systems. This review addresses the gap in our understanding of synthetic and natural protein networks. It presents a vision towards developing smart and resilient protein networks for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Chuqing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Dasha Aleksandra Iserlis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Hamad Abdullah Linjawi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
| | - Cheemeng Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
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Faust C, Ochs C, Korn M, Werner U, Jung J, Dittrich W, Schiebler W, Schauder R, Rao E, Langer T. Production of a novel heterodimeric two-chain insulin-Fc fusion protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 2020; 33:5959880. [PMID: 33159202 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas. The physiological role of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Under certain pathological conditions the insulin levels can be reduced leading to the metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus (DM). For type 1 DM and, dependent on the disease progression for type 2 DM, insulin substitution becomes indispensable. To relieve insulin substitution therapy for patients, novel insulin analogs with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles aiming for long-lasting or fast-acting insulins have been developed. The next step in the evolution of novel insulins should be insulin analogs with a time action profile beyond 1-2 days, preferable up to 1 week. Nowadays, insulin is produced in a recombinant manner. This approach facilitates the design and production of further insulin-analogs or insulin-fusion proteins. The usage of the Fc-domain from immunoglobulin as a fusion partner for therapeutic proteins and peptides is widely used to extend their plasma half-life. Insulin consists of two chains, the A- and B-chain, which are connected by two disulfide-bridges. To produce a novel kind of Fc-fusion protein we have fused the A-chain as well as the B-chain to Fc-fragments containing either 'knob' or 'hole' mutations. The 'knob-into-hole' technique is frequently used to force heterodimerization of the Fc-domain. Using this approach, we were able to produce different variants of two-chain-insulin-Fc-protein (tcI-Fc-protein) variants. The tcI-Fc-fusion variants retained activity as shown in in vitro assays. Finally, prolonged blood glucose lowering activity was demonstrated in normoglycemic rats. Overall, we describe here the production of novel insulin-Fc-fusion proteins with prolonged times of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Faust
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Biologics Research, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Ochs
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Biologics Research, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcus Korn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D TA Diabetes, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Werner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D TA Diabetes, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Biologics Research, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Dittrich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Biologics Research, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Schiebler
- Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Schauder
- Provadis School of International Management and Technology AG, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Biologics Research, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D Biologics Research, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Jackobek R, Herrick-Wagman S, Zhu L, Francis C, Solbrand A, Eriksson C, Berg M, Go D, D'Antona AM. Automated pH and conductivity conditioning using feedback control to support a two-step continuous purification process. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461537. [PMID: 32961387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As discovery research organizations push more molecules and new modalities through their company pipelines, there comes a need to widen purification development and production bandwidth by increasing automation and throughput. Continuous processing technologies have the unique property of reducing manufacturing floor space and reducing costs. We can speed development and production by implementing automation and continuous process technologies early in discovery research. Here we describe an automated continuous instrument made up of an ÄKTA™ pcc for initial capture by protein A, an ÄKTA pure 150 retrofitted to automatically condition protein A eluate, and a second ÄKTA pure 150 built for flow-through anion exchange chromatography. The continuous instrument we have designed and built recirculates protein A eluate from the ÄKTA pcc in a closed loop while signals from the pH and conductivity meters direct addition of titrant for accurate and precise adjustments to the pH and salt concentration. The instrument is run without user intervention and can be used continuously for production or for development as a tool for screening running conditions on the anion exchange step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jackobek
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, MA 01810, United States.
| | - Sarah Herrick-Wagman
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, MA 01810, United States; CRISPR Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Lily Zhu
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, MA 01810, United States; CRISPR Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Christopher Francis
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Andover, MA 01810, United States
| | | | | | - Mikael Berg
- Cytiva, Björkgatan 30, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Go
- Cytiva, Marlborough, MA 01752, United States
| | - Aaron M D'Antona
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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Winters D, Tran M, Yoo D, Walker KW. Development of BioRad NGC and GE ÄKTA pure systems for highly automated three column protein purification employing tandem affinity, buffer exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 165:105497. [PMID: 31499166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Affinity purification, such as Protein A (ProA) followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) remains a popular method to obtain research scale proteins. With the need for higher throughput protein production increasing for discovery research, there is substantial interest in the automation of complex protein purification processes, which often start with a ProA step followed by SEC. However, the harsh elution conditions from ProA based chromatography can destabilize some proteins resulting in particulates, which in turn can cause column fouling and potential cross-contamination of subsequent purifications. We modified both Bio Rad NGC and ÄKTA Pure systems to run a three-column process (ProA to buffer exchange to SEC) enabling automated tandem affinity to SEC purification while minimizing the risk of SEC column fouling and subsequent cross-contamination. The intervening buffer exchange column, unlike the final SEC column, can be rapidly regenerated using harsh methods between runs, and these automated systems are capable of processing up to six samples per day without user intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Winters
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA
| | - Mai Tran
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA
| | - Kenneth W Walker
- Amgen Research, Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1789, USA.
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