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Du M, Hou Z, Liu L, Xuan Y, Chen X, Fan L, Li Z, Xu B. 1Progress, applications, challenges and prospects of protein purification technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1028691. [PMID: 36561042 PMCID: PMC9763899 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1028691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein is one of the most important biological macromolecules in life, which plays a vital role in cell growth, development, movement, heredity, reproduction and other life activities. High quality isolation and purification is an essential step in the study of the structure and function of target proteins. Therefore, the development of protein purification technologies has great theoretical and practical significance in exploring the laws of life activities and guiding production practice. Up to now, there is no forthcoming method to extract any proteins from a complex system, and the field of protein purification still faces significant opportunities and challenges. Conventional protein purification generally includes three steps: pretreatment, rough fractionation, and fine fractionation. Each of the steps will significantly affect the purity, yield and the activity of target proteins. The present review focuses on the principle and process of protein purification, recent advances, and the applications of these technologies in the life and health industry as well as their far-reaching impact, so as to promote the research of protein structure and function, drug development and precision medicine, and bring new insights to researchers in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Du
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Zhuru Hou
- Science and Technology Centre, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
| | - Yan Xuan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Xiaocong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Zhuoxi Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
| | - Benjin Xu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
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Li JKM, Wang LL, Lau BSY, Tse RTH, Cheng CKL, Leung SCH, Wong CYP, Tsui SKW, Teoh JYC, Chiu PKF, Ng CF. Oral antibiotics perturbation on gut microbiota after prostate biopsy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:959903. [PMID: 36051239 PMCID: PMC9425026 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.959903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe use of antibiotics may induce the changes in gut microbiota. Previous studies have shown conflicting results on whether the changed gut microbiota by antibiotics can be recovered. Our study aims to investigate whether the gut microbiota could be recovered after a single dose of oral co-amoxiclav before transrectal ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy (TPPBx) in 5 weeks’ time.MethodsFifteen patients with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were recruited to provide pre-antibiotic and post-antibiotic fecal samples. The V4 region of 16S rRNA was sequenced. Analysis was performed by QIIME2. Alpha- and beta-diversities were analyzed, as well as the differential enrichment by Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis.ResultsBoth the alpha- and beta-diversities of the pre- and post-antibiotic fecal samples were significantly different. Genera that are associated with alleviation of inflammation were enriched in the pre-antibiotic fecal samples, while the inflammation-associated genera were more enriched in the post-antibiotic fecal samples.ConclusionA single dose of oral co-amoxiclav before TPPBx could have led to a change of gut microbiota that cannot be recovered in 5 weeks' time. Microbiome studies on prostate cancer patients should be cautioned on the use of post-prostate biopsy fecal sampling. Further studies should be conducted for the impact on gut microbiome for TPPBx alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kai Man Li
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lynn Lin Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research Centre, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Becky Su Yan Lau
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ryan Tsz Hei Tse
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carol Ka Lo Cheng
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Chi Ho Leung
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christine Yim Ping Wong
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Kwok Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jeremy Yuen Chun Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Ka Fung Chiu
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Fai Ng
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Chi Fai Ng,
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Qiu Q, Abis G, Mattingly-Peck F, Lynham S, Fraternali F, Conte MR. Allosteric regulation of the soluble epoxide hydrolase by nitro fatty acids using a combined experimental and computational approach. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167600. [PMID: 35460669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human soluble epoxide hydrolase (hsEH) is a key regulator of epoxy fatty acid (EpFA) metabolism. Inhibition of sEH can maintain endogenous levels of beneficial EpFAs and reduce the levels of their corresponding diol products, thus ameliorating a variety of pathological conditions including cardiovascular, central nervous system and metabolic diseases. The quest for orthosteric drugs that bind directly to the catalytic crevice of hsEH has been prolonged and sustained over the past decades, but the disappointing outcome of clinical trials to date warrants alternative pharmacological approaches. Previously, we have shown that hsEH can be allosterically inhibited by the endogenous electrophilic lipid 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin-J2, via covalent adduction to two cysteines, C423 and C522. In this study, we explore the properties and behaviour of three electrophilic lipids belonging to the class of the nitro fatty acids, namely 9- and 10-nitrooleate and 10-nitrolinoleate. Biochemical and biophysical investigations revealed that, in addition to C423 and C522, nitro fatty acids can covalently bind to additional nucleophilic residues in hsEH C-terminal domain (CTD), two of which predicted in this study to be latent allosteric sites. Systematic mapping of the protein mutational space and evaluation of possible propagation pathways delineated selected residues, both in the allosteric patches and in other regions of the enzyme, envisaged to play a role on allosteric signalling. The responses elicited by the ligands on the covalent adduction sites supports future fragment-based design studies of new allosteric effectors for hsEH with increased efficacy and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongju Qiu
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Giancarlo Abis
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Florence Mattingly-Peck
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Proteomics Facility, Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, The James Black Centre, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Maria R Conte
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Charles RL, Abis G, Fernandez BF, Guttzeit S, Buccafusca R, Conte MR, Eaton P. A thiol redox sensor in soluble epoxide hydrolase enables oxidative activation by intra-protein disulfide bond formation. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102107. [PMID: 34509915 PMCID: PMC8436062 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme that broadly regulates the cardiovascular system, hydrolyses epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to their corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). We previously showed that endogenous lipid electrophiles adduct within the catalytic domain, inhibiting sEH to lower blood pressure in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mice. As angiotensin II increases vascular H2O2, we explored sEH redox regulation by this oxidant and how this integrates with inhibition by lipid electrophiles to regulate vasotone. Kinetics analyses revealed that H2O2 not only increased the specific activity of sEH but increased its affinity for substrate and increased its catalytic efficiency. This oxidative activation was mediated by formation of an intra-disulfide bond between C262 and C264, as determined by mass spectrometry and substantiated by biotin-phenylarsinate and thioredoxin-trapping mutant assays. C262S/264S sEH mutants were resistant to peroxide-induced activation, corroborating the disulfide-activation mechanism. The physiological impact of sEH redox state was determined in isolated arteries and the effect of the pro-oxidant vasopressor angiotensin II on arterial sEH redox state and vasodilatory EETs indexed in mice. Angiotensin II induced the activating intra-disulfide in sEH, causing a decrease in plasma EET/DHET ratios that is consistent with the pressor response to this hormone. Although sEH C262-C264 disulfide formation enhances hydrolysis of vasodilatory EETs, this modification also sensitized sEH to inhibition by lipid electrophiles. This explains why angiotensin II decreases EETs and increases blood pressure, but when lipid electrophiles are also present, that EETs are increased and blood pressure lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Charles
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Giancarlo Abis
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Beatriz F Fernandez
- King's College London, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sebastian Guttzeit
- King's College London, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Roberto Buccafusca
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maria R Conte
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Philip Eaton
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Kim JH, Park JS, Lee YJ, Choi S, Kim YH, Yang SY. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase by phytochemical constituents of the root bark of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1049-1055. [PMID: 34000951 PMCID: PMC8153708 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1927005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel compound 1 and nine known compounds (2–10) were isolated by open column chromatography analysis of the root bark of Ulmus davidiana. Pure compounds (1–10) were tested in vitro to determine the inhibitory activity of the catalytic reaction of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Compounds 1, 2, 4, 6–8, and 10 had IC50 values ranging from 11.4 ± 2.3 to 36.9 ± 2.6 μM. We used molecular docking to simulate inhibitor binding of each compound and estimated the binding pose of the catalytic site of sEH. From this analysis, the compound 2 was revealed to be a potential inhibitor of sEH in vitro and in silico. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) study was performed to find detailed interaction signals of inhibitor 2 with enzyme. Finally, compound 2 is promising candidates for the development of a new sEH inhibitor from natural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hoon Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ji Su Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ji Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sena Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Republic of Korea
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Hoxha M, Zappacosta B. CYP-derived eicosanoids: Implications for rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 146:106405. [PMID: 31838196 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Today the role of cytochrome P450 metabolites in inflammatory rheumatic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is still poorly understood. In this review we survey the current knowledge on cytochrome P450 metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis. The balance between CYP epoxygenase- and CYP ω- hydroxylase is correlated to the regulation of NF-κB. In RA patients synovial fluid there are higher levels of IL-6, which suppresses activities of CYP enzymes, such as CYP3A, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2. EETs have anti-inflammatory effects, probably attributed to the PPARγ activation. EETs inhibit bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis, and can be considered as an innovative therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. In reference to the CYP ɷ-hydroxylase pathway, 20-HETE is a pro-inflammatory mediator. While there is scarce information on the role of 20-HETE inhibitors and its antagonists in rheumatoid arthritis, the elevation of EETs levels by sEH inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis patients. In addition, hybrid compounds, such as sEH inhibitors/FLAP inhibitors, or sEHI combined with NSAIDs/COXIBs are also important therapeutic target. However, studies investigating the effects of inflammation and rheumatic disease on CYP-mediated eicosanoid metabolism are necessary. Obtaining a better understanding of the complex role of CYP-derived eicosanoids in inflammatory rheumatic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis will provide valuable insight for basic and clinical researchers investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana, Albania.
| | - Bruno Zappacosta
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana, Albania
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Abis G, Pacheco-Gómez R, Bui TTT, Conte MR. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Enables Rapid Characterization of Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition for the Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14865-14872. [PMID: 31660733 PMCID: PMC7041903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Isothermal titration
calorimetry (ITC) is conventionally used to
acquire thermodynamic data for biological interactions. In recent
years, ITC has emerged as a powerful tool to characterize enzyme kinetics.
In this study, we have adapted a single-injection method (SIM) to
study the kinetics of human soluble epoxide hydrolase (hsEH), an enzyme
involved in cardiovascular homeostasis, hypertension, nociception,
and insulin sensitivity through the metabolism of epoxy-fatty acids
(EpFAs). In the SIM method, the rate of reaction is determined by
monitoring the thermal power, while the substrate is being depleted,
overcoming the need for synthetic substrates and reducing postreaction
processing. Our results show that ITC enables the detailed, rapid,
and reproducible characterization of the hsEH-mediated hydrolysis
of several natural EpFA substrates. Furthermore, we have applied a
variant of the single-injection ITC method for the detailed description
of enzyme inhibition, proving the power of this approach in the rapid
screening and discovery of new hsEH inhibitors using the enzyme’s
physiological substrates. The methods described herein will enable
further studies on EpFAs’ metabolism and biology, as well as
drug discovery investigations to identify and characterize hsEH inhibitors.
This also promises to provide a general approach for the characterization
of lipid catalysis, given the challenges that lipid metabolism studies
pose to traditional spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Abis
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences , King's College London , London , SE1 1UL , United Kingdom
| | - Raúl Pacheco-Gómez
- Malvern Panalytical Ltd , Enigma Business Park, Grovewood Road , Malvern , WR14 1XZ , United Kingdom
| | - Tam T T Bui
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences , King's College London , London , SE1 1UL , United Kingdom.,Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy , King's College London , London , SE1 1UL , United Kingdom
| | - Maria R Conte
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences , King's College London , London , SE1 1UL , United Kingdom.,Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy , King's College London , London , SE1 1UL , United Kingdom
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Abis G, Charles RL, Kopec J, Yue WW, Atkinson RA, Bui TTT, Lynham S, Popova S, Sun YB, Fraternali F, Eaton P, Conte MR. 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14-Prostaglandin J 2 inhibits human soluble epoxide hydrolase by a dual orthosteric and allosteric mechanism. Commun Biol 2019; 2:188. [PMID: 31123712 PMCID: PMC6525171 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human soluble epoxide hydrolase (hsEH) is an enzyme responsible for the inactivation of bioactive epoxy fatty acids, and its inhibition is emerging as a promising therapeutical strategy to target hypertension, cardiovascular disease, pain and insulin sensitivity. Here, we uncover the molecular bases of hsEH inhibition mediated by the endogenous 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Our data reveal a dual inhibitory mechanism, whereby hsEH can be inhibited by reversible docking of 15d-PGJ2 in the catalytic pocket, as well as by covalent locking of the same compound onto cysteine residues C423 and C522, remote to the active site. Biophysical characterisations allied with in silico investigations indicate that the covalent modification of the reactive cysteines may be part of a hitherto undiscovered allosteric regulatory mechanism of the enzyme. This study provides insights into the molecular modes of inhibition of hsEH epoxy-hydrolytic activity and paves the way for the development of new allosteric inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Abis
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Rebecca L. Charles
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, The Rayne Institute, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Jolanta Kopec
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - R. Andrew Atkinson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Tam T. T. Bui
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Proteomics Facility, Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, The James Black Centre, King’s College London, London, SE5 9NU UK
| | - Simona Popova
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Yin-Biao Sun
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Philip Eaton
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, The Rayne Institute, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, King’s College London, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Maria R. Conte
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
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