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Eskandari A, Nezhad NG, Leow TC, Rahman MBA, Oslan SN. Essential factors, advanced strategies, challenges, and approaches involved for efficient expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:152. [PMID: 38472371 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Producing recombinant proteins is a major accomplishment of biotechnology in the past century. Heterologous hosts, either eukaryotic or prokaryotic, are used for the production of these proteins. The utilization of microbial host systems continues to dominate as the most efficient and affordable method for biotherapeutics and food industry productions. Hence, it is crucial to analyze the limitations and advantages of microbial hosts to enhance the efficient production of recombinant proteins on a large scale. E. coli is widely used as a host for the production of recombinant proteins. Researchers have identified certain obstacles with this host, and given the growing demand for recombinant protein production, there is an immediate requirement to enhance this host. The following review discusses the elements contributing to the manifestation of recombinant protein. Subsequently, it sheds light on innovative approaches aimed at improving the expression of recombinant protein. Lastly, it delves into the obstacles and optimization methods associated with translation, mentioning both cis-optimization and trans-optimization, producing soluble recombinant protein, and engineering the metal ion transportation. In this context, a comprehensive description of the distinct features will be provided, and this knowledge could potentially enhance the expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Eskandari
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, FacultyofBiotechnologyand BiomolecularSciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, FacultyofBiotechnologyand BiomolecularSciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Enzyme Technology and X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Zhang S, Lin T, Zhang D, Chen X, Ge Y, Gao Q, Fan J. Use of the selected metal-dependent enzymes for exploring applicability of human annexin A1 as a purification tag. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:423-429. [PMID: 37805288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Several fusion tags have been developed for non-chromatographic fusion protein purification. Previously, we identified that human annexin A1 as a novel N-terminal purification tag was used for purifying the fusion proteins produced in Escherichia coli through precipitation in 10 mM Ca2+ buffer, and redissolution of the precipitate in 15 mM EDTA buffer. In this work, we selected four metal-dependent enzymes including E. coli 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase, yeast 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase, maize serine racemase and copper amine oxidase for investigating the annexin A1 tag applicability. Fusion of the His6-tag or the enzyme changed the behavior of precipitation-redissolution. The relatively high recovery yields of three tagged enzymes with the improved purities were obtained through two rounds of purification, whereas low recovery yield of the annexin A1 tagged maize amine oxidase was prepared. The added EDTA displayed different abilities to redissolve the fusion proteins precipitates in two precipitation-redissolution cycles. It inactivated three enzymes and obviously inhibited the activity of the fused maize serine racemase. Based on current findings, we believe that four enzymes could be applied for evaluating applicability of the proteins or peptides as affinity tags for chromatographic purification in a calcium dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncheng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Tingting Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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Pouresmaeil M, Azizi-Dargahlou S. Factors involved in heterologous expression of proteins in E. coli host. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:212. [PMID: 37120438 PMCID: PMC10148705 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins is one of the most significant achievements of biotechnology in the last century. These proteins are produced in the eukaryotic or prokaryotic heterologous hosts. By increasing the omics data especially related to different heterologous hosts as well as the presence of new amenable genetic engineering tools, we can artificially engineer heterologous hosts to produce recombinant proteins in sufficient quantities. Numerous recombinant proteins have been produced and applied in various industries, and the global recombinant proteins market size is expected to be cast to reach USD 2.4 billion by 2027. Therefore, identifying the weakness and strengths of heterologous hosts is critical to optimize the large-scale biosynthesis of recombinant proteins. E. coli is one of the popular hosts to produce recombinant proteins. Scientists reported some bottlenecks in this host, and due to the increasing demand for the production of recombinant proteins, there is an urgent need to improve this host. In this review, we first provide general information about the E. coli host and compare it with other hosts. In the next step, we describe the factors involved in the expression of the recombinant proteins in E. coli. Successful expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli requires a complete elucidation of these factors. Here, the characteristics of each factor will be fully described, and this information can help to improve the heterologous expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Pouresmaeil
- Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahnam Azizi-Dargahlou
- Agricultural Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Nagano H, Mannen T, Kikuchi Y, Shiraki K. The pH-responsive precipitation-redissolution of the CspB fusion protein, CspB50TEV-Teriparatide, triggered by changes in secondary structure. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 33:101435. [PMID: 36756166 PMCID: PMC9900485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface protein B (CspB) fusion proteins can undergo reversible pH-responsive precipitation-redissolution. A pH-responsive precipitation-redissolution of CspB tag purification (pPRCP) method was established for protein purification using this property. However, the mechanism of the pH-responsive precipitation of CspB fusion proteins is unknown, which has made it difficult to set process parameters for pPRCP. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the pH-responsive precipitation of CspB fusion proteins using CspB50TEV-Teriparatide (CspB-teri) as a model. As expected, CspB-Teri was reversibly precipitated at acidic pH. By contrast, CspB-Teri was not precipitated under unfolding conditions induced by trifluoroethanol, urea, or guanidine hydrochloride, even at acidic pH. The conformation of CspB-Teri changed to a β-sheet-rich structure as the pH decreased, followed by the formation of intermolecular interactions, which caused precipitation. The particle size of the CspB-Teri precipitate increased in a protein concentration-dependent manner. These results indicated that the pH-responsive precipitation of CspB-Teri is triggered by the formation of a β-sheet structure in response to decreasing pH, and the growth of the precipitate particles occurred through intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nagano
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 2108681, Japan,Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan,Corresponding author. Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
| | - Teruhisa Mannen
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 2108681, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 2108681, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
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He X, Zhang S, Dang D, Lin T, Ge Y, Chen X, Fan J. Detection of human annexin A1 as the novel N-terminal tag for separation and purification handle. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:2. [PMID: 36604649 PMCID: PMC9817314 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several fusion tags for separation handle have been developed, but the fused tag for simply and cheaply separating the target protein is still lacking. RESULTS Separation conditions for the human annexin A1 (hanA1) tagged emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP) in Escherichia coli were optimized via precipitation with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and resolubilization with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-Na2). The HanA1-EmGFP absorbing with other three affinity matrix was detected, only it was strongly bound to heparin Sepharose. The separation efficiency of the HanA1-EmGFP was comparable with purification efficiency of the His6-tagged HanA1-EmGFP via metal ion affinity chromatography. Three fluorescent proteins for the EmGFP, mCherry red fluorescent protein and flavin-binding cyan-green fluorescent protein LOV from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were used for naked-eye detection of the separation and purification processes, and two colored proteins including a red protein for a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (Vhb), and a brown protein for maize sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase (mSF) were used for visualizing the separation process. The added EDTA-Na2 disrupted the Fe-S cluster in the mSF, but it showed little impact on heme in Vhb. CONCLUSIONS The selected five colored proteins were efficient for detecting the applicability of the highly selective hanA1 for fusion separation and purification handle. The fused hanA1 tag will be potentially used for simple and cheap affinity separation of the target proteins in industry and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei He
- grid.460134.40000 0004 1757 393XCollege of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, 237012 People’s Republic of China ,grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuncheng Zhang
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongya Dang
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Lin
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Fan
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Life Science, Anhui, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036 People’s Republic of China
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Nagano H, Mannen T, Kikuchi Y, Shiraki K. Solution design to extend the pH range of the pH-responsive precipitation of a CspB fusion protein. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 195-196:106091. [PMID: 35338005 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface protein B (CspB) from Corynebacterium glutamicum has been developed as a reversible pH-responsive tag for protein purification. CspB fusion proteins precipitate at acidic pH, after that they completely dissolve at neutral pH. This property has been used in a non-chromatographic protein purification method named pH-responsive Precipitation-Redissolution of CspB tag Purification (pPRCP). However, it is difficult to apply pPRCP to proteins that are unstable under acidic conditions. In an effort to shift the precipitation pH to a milder range, we investigated the solution conditions of CspB-fused Teriparatide (CspB50TEV-Teriparatide) during the process of pH-responsive precipitation using pPRCP. The purified CspB50TEV-Teriparatide in buffer without additives precipitated at pH 5.3. By contrast, CspB50TEV-Teriparatide in buffer with 0.5 M Na2SO4 precipitated at pH 6.6 because of the kosmotropic effect. Interestingly, the pH at which precipitation occurred was independent of the protein concentration. The precipitated CspB50TEV-Teriparatide was fully redissolved at above pH 8.0 in the presence or absence of salt. The discovery that proteins can be precipitated at a mild pH will allow pPRCP to be applied to acid-sensitive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nagano
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 2108681, Japan; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
| | - Teruhisa Mannen
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 2108681, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Product & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co, Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 2108681, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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