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Chang CL, Cai Z, Hsu SYT. A gel-forming α-MSH analog promotes lasting melanogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 958:176008. [PMID: 37673364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The α-MSH peptide plays a significant role in the regulation of pigmentation via the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). It increases the DNA repair capacity of melanocytes and reduces the incidence of skin cancers. As such, α-MSH analogs could have the utility for protecting against UV-induced skin DNA damage in susceptible patients. Recently, α-MSH analogs have been approved for the treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria, hypoactive sexual desire, or pediatric obesity. However, the delivery of these drugs requires inconvenient implants or frequent injections. We recently found that select palmitoylated melanocortin analogs such as afamelanotide and adrenocorticotropin peptides self-assemble to form liquid gels in situ. To explore the utility of these novel analogs, we studied their pharmacological characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Acylated afamelanotide (DDE 313) and ACTH1-24 (DDE314) analogs form liquid gels at 6-20% and have a significantly increased viscosity at >2.5% compared to original analogs. Using the DDE313 analog as a prototype, we showed gel-formation reduces the passage of DDE313 through Centricon filters, and subcutaneous injection of analog gel in rats leads to the sustained presence of the peptide in circulation for >12 days. In addition, DDE313 darkened the skin of frogs for >4 weeks, whereas those injected with an equivalent dose of afamelanotide lost the tanning response within a few days. Because self-assembled gels allow sustained activation of melanocortin receptors, further studies of these analogs may allow the development of effective and convenient tanning therapies to prophylactically protect against UV-induced malignant transformation of skin cells in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zheqing Cai
- CL Laboratory LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, United States
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2
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Ayo A, Laakkonen P. Peptide-Based Strategies for Targeted Tumor Treatment and Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040481. [PMID: 33918106 PMCID: PMC8065807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The development of cancer-specific diagnostic agents and anticancer toxins would improve patient survival. The current and standard types of medical care for cancer patients, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are not able to treat all cancers. A new treatment strategy utilizing tumor targeting peptides to selectively deliver drugs or applicable active agents to solid tumors is becoming a promising approach. In this review, we discuss the different tumor-homing peptides discovered through combinatorial library screening, as well as native active peptides. The different structure–function relationship data that have been used to improve the peptide’s activity and conjugation strategies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Ayo
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Laboratory Animal Center, HiLIFE—Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-4489100
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3
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Jeter JM, Bowles TL, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Swetter SM, Filipp FV, Abdel-Malek ZA, Geskin LJ, Brewer JD, Arbiser JL, Gershenwald JE, Chu EY, Kirkwood JM, Box NF, Funchain P, Fisher DE, Kendra KL, Marghoob AA, Chen SC, Ming ME, Albertini MR, Vetto JT, Margolin KA, Pagoto SL, Hay JL, Grossman D, Ellis DL, Kashani-Sabet M, Mangold AR, Markovic SN, Meyskens FL, Nelson KC, Powers JG, Robinson JK, Sahni D, Sekulic A, Sondak VK, Wei ML, Zager JS, Dellavalle RP, Thompson JA, Weinstock MA, Leachman SA, Cassidy PB. Chemoprevention agents for melanoma: A path forward into phase 3 clinical trials. Cancer 2019; 125:18-44. [PMID: 30281145 PMCID: PMC6860362 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the treatment of advanced melanoma has led to unprecedented improvements in overall survival and, as these new melanoma treatments have been developed and deployed in the clinic, much has been learned about the natural history of the disease. Now is the time to apply that knowledge toward the design and clinical evaluation of new chemoprevention agents. Melanoma chemoprevention has the potential to reduce dramatically both the morbidity and the high costs associated with treating patients who have metastatic disease. In this work, scientific and clinical melanoma experts from the national Melanoma Prevention Working Group, composed of National Cancer Trials Network investigators, discuss research aimed at discovering and developing (or repurposing) drugs and natural products for the prevention of melanoma and propose an updated pipeline for translating the most promising agents into the clinic. The mechanism of action, preclinical data, epidemiological evidence, and results from available clinical trials are discussed for each class of compounds. Selected keratinocyte carcinoma chemoprevention studies also are considered, and a rationale for their inclusion is presented. These data are summarized in a table that lists the type and level of evidence available for each class of agents. Also included in the discussion is an assessment of additional research necessary and the likelihood that a given compound may be a suitable candidate for a phase 3 clinical trial within the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Jeter
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Genetics and Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tawnya L Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Intermountain Health Care, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Susan M Swetter
- Department of Dermatology, Pigmented Lesion and Melanoma Program, Stanford University Medical Center Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Fabian V Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | | | - Larisa J Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Oncology Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jerry D Brewer
- Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Cancer Biology, Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil F Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Dermatology Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kari L Kendra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashfaq A Marghoob
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Skin Cancer Center and Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Suephy C Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael E Ming
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark R Albertini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John T Vetto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kim A Margolin
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Sherry L Pagoto
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, UConn Institute for Collaboration in Health, Interventions, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Darrel L Ellis
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mohammed Kashani-Sabet
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - June K Robinson
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debjani Sahni
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Maria L Wei
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Dermatology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan S Zager
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Sarcoma, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Dermatology Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John A Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martin A Weinstock
- Center for Dermatoepidemiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Pamela B Cassidy
- Department of Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Habbema L, Halk AB, Neumann M, Bergman W. Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:975-980. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Berthe Halk
- University of Leiden; Department of Dermatology; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Martino Neumann
- Department of Dermatology; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Wilma Bergman
- University of Leiden; Department of Dermatology; Leiden the Netherlands
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Afamelanotide and its Clinical Use in Treating Dermatologic Disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 56:815-823. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Molden BM, Cooney KA, West K, Van Der Ploeg LHT, Baldini G. Temporal cAMP Signaling Selectivity by Natural and Synthetic MC4R Agonists. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1619-33. [PMID: 26418335 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the brain, where it controls energy balance through pathways including α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-dependent signaling. We have reported that the MC4R can exist in an active conformation that signals constitutively by increasing cAMP levels in the absence of receptor desensitization. We asked whether synthetic MC4R agonists differ in their ability to increase intracellular cAMP over time in Neuro2A cells expressing endogenous MC4R and exogenous, epitope-tagged hemagglutinin-MC4R-green fluorescent protein. By analyzing intracellular cAMP in a temporally resolved Förster resonance energy transfer assay, we show that withdrawal of α-MSH leads to a quick reversal of cAMP induction. By contrast, the synthetic agonist melanotan II (MTII) induces a cAMP signal that persists for at least 1 hour after removal of MTII from the medium and cannot be antagonized by agouti related protein. Similarly, in mHypoE-42 immortalized hypothalamic neurons, MTII, but not α-MSH, induced persistent AMP kinase signal, which occurs downstream of increased cAMP. By using a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assay, it appears that the receptor exposed to MTII continues to signal after being internalized. Similar to MTII, the synthetic MC4R agonists, THIQ and BIM-22511, but not LY2112688, induced prolonged cAMP signaling after agonist withdrawal. However, agonist-exposed MC4R desensitized to the same extent, regardless of the ligand used and regardless of differences in receptor intracellular retention kinetics. In conclusion, α-MSH and LY2112688, when compared with MTII, THIQ, and BIM-22511, vary in the duration of the acute cAMP response, showing distinct temporal signaling selectivity, possibly linked to specific cell compartments from which cAMP signals may originate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Molden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.M.M., K.A.C., K.W., G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199; and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc (L.H.T.V.D.P.), Boston, Massachusetts 02116
| | - Kimberly A Cooney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.M.M., K.A.C., K.W., G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199; and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc (L.H.T.V.D.P.), Boston, Massachusetts 02116
| | - Kirk West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.M.M., K.A.C., K.W., G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199; and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc (L.H.T.V.D.P.), Boston, Massachusetts 02116
| | - Lex H T Van Der Ploeg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.M.M., K.A.C., K.W., G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199; and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc (L.H.T.V.D.P.), Boston, Massachusetts 02116
| | - Giulia Baldini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.M.M., K.A.C., K.W., G.B.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199; and Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc (L.H.T.V.D.P.), Boston, Massachusetts 02116
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Abstract
Although anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most common class of marketed drugs, chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or inflammatory bowel disease still represent unmet needs. New first-in-class drugs might be discovered in the future but the repurpose and further development of old drugs also offers promise for these conditions. This is the case of the melanocortin adrenocorticotropin hormone, ACTH, used in patients since 1952 but regarded as the last therapeutic option when other medications, such as glucocorticoids, cannot be used. Better understanding on its physiological and pharmacological mechanisms of actions and new insights on melanocortin receptors biology have revived the interest on rescuing this old and effective drug. ACTH does not only induce cortisol production, as previously assumed, but it also exerts anti-inflammatory actions by targeting melanocortin receptors present on immune cells. The endogenous agonists for these receptors (ACTH, α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte stimulating hormones), are also produced locally by immune cells, indicating the existence of an endogenous anti-inflammatory tissue-protective circuit involving the melanocortin system. These findings suggested that new ACTH-like melanocortin drugs devoid of steroidogenic actions, and hence side effects, could be developed. This review summarizes the actions of ACTH and melanocortin drugs, their role as endogenous pro-resolving mediators, their current clinical use and provides an overview on how recent advances on GPCR functioning may lead to a novel class of drugs.
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Minder EI, Schneider-Yin X. Afamelanotide (CUV1647) in dermal phototoxicity of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 8:43-53. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.956089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tintle S, Alikhan A, Horner ME, Hand JL, Davis DMR. Cutaneous porphyrias part II: treatment strategies. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:3-24. [PMID: 24134210 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The porphyrias are diverse in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, severity, and prognosis, presenting a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Although not easily curable, the dermatological manifestations of these diseases, photosensitivity and associated cutaneous pathology, can be effectively prevented and managed. Sun avoidance is essential, and patient education regarding the irreversibility of photocutaneous damage is a necessary corollary. Beyond preventative measures, the care of fragile, vulnerable skin, and pain management, each of the porphyrias has a limited number of unique additional therapeutic options. Many of the treatments have been published only in small case series or anecdotal reports and do not have well-understood nor proven mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive review of available therapeutic options and long-term management recommendations for the cutaneous porphyrias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Tintle
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Lee AY, Noh M. The regulation of epidermal melanogenesis via cAMP and/or PKC signaling pathways: insights for the development of hypopigmenting agents. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:792-801. [PMID: 23604723 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal pigmentation, particularly hyperpigmentation, is major issue of concern for people with colored skin. Several hypopigmenting agents, which exert their action by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and/or transcription, have been used for treatment. However, results have been discouraging. To manage abnormal pigmentation properly, the mechanisms of melanogenesis should be understood. Endogenous and exogenous factors affect melanogenesis via intracellular machineries. cAMP and PKC are critical factors of important transduction pathways and cross-talk between them could amplify the melanogenic effect. Here, factors involved in melanogenesis regulation via cAMP and/or PKC pathways are reviewed with their action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-773, South Korea.
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Nelson ME, Bryant SM, Aks SE. Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:1169-73. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.740637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) inhibits the inflammatory response in Raw 264.7 cells and atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1987-96. [PMID: 23090482 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is one of five G-protein coupled receptors belonging to the melanocortin subfamily, MC1R gene has been known to play a major role in regulating of fur color in mammals, and α-MSH and ACTH are endogenous nonselective agonists for MC1R. However, we found that MC1R was highly expressed in Raw 264.7 cells which were important inflammatory cells involved in the initiation of inflammatory responses. In addition, Cyclic AMP is not only a key molecule in the MC1R signal transduction pathway, but dampen innate immune-mediated responses. These intriguing biological results triggered the further conformation studies; it suggested that MC1R was very likely to be an important role in immunoregulation. In this study, we were to investigate the immunosuppressive effects of MC1R on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated Raw 264.7 cells and LPS induced vivo 2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) model. The effects of the MC1R antagonist psoralen on pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Histological analysis. Our results show a consistent and marked effect of high concentrations of MC1R antagonist psoralen increased the level of MC1R mRNA in Raw 264.7 cells by cumulative feedback regulation through preferential binding of MC1R. Moreover, as evidenced by inhibiting the LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6 and enhancing the expression level of cyclic AMP protein in vitro. In vivo study it was also observed that psoralen promoted on histopathologic changes in the skin tissue of TNCB-induced AD mice. Taken together, our results suggest that MC1R decrease the inflammation in vitro and vivo, and might be a therapeutic signaling pathway to against inflammatory diseases.
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Haylett A, Nie Z, Brownrigg M, Taylor R, Rhodes L. Systemic photoprotection in solar urticaria with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue [Nle4-d-Phe7]-α-MSH. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:407-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Langan EA, Nie Z, Rhodes LE. Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'? Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:451-5. [PMID: 20545686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major cause of skin ageing and carcinogenesis, public pursuit of a novel tanning strategy circumventing the need for UVR is increasingly reported in the media and scientific press. This involves the subcutaneous self-administration of unregulated products labelled as melanotan I and/or II, synthetic analogues of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), as obtained via the internet, tanning salons and gyms. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Authority has recently raised awareness of the public health risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses from the needle sharing that may occur, and of the potential impurity of these products. Dermatologists should also be aware that these agents can complicate the clinical presentation of patients with pigmented lesions; their use may be suspected in unexpectedly tanned individuals with rapidly pigmenting naevi. Meanwhile, the regulated α-MSH analogue afamelanotide (Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) is showing promise for its photoprotective potential, and is undergoing phase II and III clinical trials in people with photosensitivity disorders and those prone to nonmelanoma skin cancer. The photoprotective and other biological effects of α-MSH analogues await full determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Langan
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatological Sciences, Epithelial Sciences Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K.
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Dong L, Wen J, Pier E, Zhang X, Zhang B, Dong F, Ziegler N, Mysz M, Armenta R, Cui R. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone directly enhances UV-Induced DNA repair in keratinocytes by a xeroderma pigmentosum group A-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3547-56. [PMID: 20388774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) reduces UV-induced DNA damage through the induction of pigmentation. In this study, we provide evidence that MSH also enhances DNA repair in skin keratinocytes by modulating the function of DNA repair molecules. Intracutaneous injection of MSH prevented UV-induced DNA damage in human and mouse skin independent of its effects on melanogenesis. In keratinocytes, MSH bound to the melanocyte melanocortin receptor type 1 and activated adenylate cyclase activity, which in turn activated Xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA)-binding protein 1 and induced nuclear translocation of XPA, a critical factor controlling nucleotide excision repair signaling pathways. Together, our findings reveal a novel pigmentation-independent mechanism that underlies MSH-mediated DNA repair following UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Department of Pathology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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Garcin G, Le Gallic L, Stoebner PE, Guezennec A, Guesnet J, Lavabre-Bertrand T, Martinez J, Meunier L. Constitutive Expression of MC1R in HaCaT Keratinocytes Inhibits Basal and UVB-induced TNF-α Production. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1440-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Harms JH, Lautenschlager S, Minder CE, Minder EI. Mitigating Photosensitivity of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Patients by an Agonistic Analog of α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1434-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beaumont KA, Liu YY, Sturm RA. The melanocortin-1 receptor gene polymorphism and association with human skin cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 88:85-153. [PMID: 20374726 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)88004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is a key gene involved in the regulation of melanin synthesis and encodes a G-protein coupled receptor expressed on the surface of the melanocyte in the skin and hair follicles. MC1R activation after ultraviolet radiation exposure results in the production of the dark eumelanin pigment and the tanning process in humans, providing physical protection against DNA damage. The MC1R gene is highly polymorphic in Caucasian populations with a number of MC1R variant alleles associated with red hair, fair skin, freckling, poor tanning, and increased risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Variant receptors have shown alterations in biochemical function, largely due to intracellular retention or impaired G-protein coupling, but retain some signaling ability. The association of MC1R variant alleles with skin cancer risk remains after correction for pigmentation phenotype, indicating regulation of nonpigmentary pathways. Notably, MC1R activation has been linked to DNA repair and may also contribute to the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Beaumont
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Lin CB, Chen N, Scarpa R, Guan F, Babiarz-Magee L, Liebel F, Li WH, Kizoulis M, Shapiro S, Seiberg M. LIGR, a protease-activated receptor-2-derived peptide, enhances skin pigmentation without inducing inflammatory processes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:172-83. [PMID: 18426410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor that could be activated by serine protease cleavage or by synthetic peptide agonists. We showed earlier that activation of PAR-2 with Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-NH(2) (SLIGRL), a known PAR-2 activating peptide, induces keratinocyte phagocytosis and increases skin pigmentation, indicating that PAR-2 regulates pigmentation by controlling phagocytosis of melanosomes. Here, we show that Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-NH(2) (LIGR) can also induce skin pigmentation. Both SLIGRL and LIGR increased melanin deposition in vitro and in vivo, and visibly darkened human skins grafted onto severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice. Both SLIGRL and LIGR stimulated Rho-GTP activation resulting in keratinocyte phagocytosis. Interestingly, LIGR activates only a subset of the PAR-2 signaling pathways, and unlike SLIGRL, it does not induce inflammatory processes. LIGR did not affect many PAR-2 signaling pathways, including [Ca(2+)] mobilization, cAMP induction, the induction of cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the secretion of prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6 and -8. PAR-2 siRNA inhibited LIGR-induced phagocytosis, indicating that LIGR signals via PAR-2. Our data suggest that LIGR is a more specific regulator of PAR-2-induced pigmentation relative to SLIGRL. Therefore, enhancing skin pigmentation by topical applications of LIGR may result in a desired tanned-like skin color, without enhancing inflammatory processes, and without the need of UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Lin
- The Johnson & Johnson Skin Research Center, Consumer Product Worldwide, A division of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Rd., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
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Antoniou C, Kosmadaki MG, Stratigos AJ, Katsambas AD. Sunscreens - what's important to know. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kongshoj B, Mikkelsen ND, Kobayasi T, Lerche CM, Wulf HC. Ammonium chloride and l-tyrosine enhance melanogenesis in vitro but not in vivo even in combination with ultraviolet radiation. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2007; 23:197-202. [PMID: 17803599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2007.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Melanogenesis can be induced in vitro in melanoma cells and melanocytes by adding substances able to neutralize intracellular acidic organelles like melanosomes. Further addition of l-tyrosine enhances the melanogenesis by increasing the tyrosinase activity. As such, the property of tyrosine as a pigmentation enhancer is used in promoting creams containing tyrosine. The objective of this study was to investigate whether such an effect could actually be seen in a short term in vivo mouse study. METHODS Lightly pigmented C3.Cg/TifBomTac hairless mice capable of pigmenting had ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and/or l-tyrosine applied topically (1/day for 3 weeks). Pigmentation of the mice was determined using the Kodak Gray Scale at days 0, 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS Both NH4Cl and l-tyrosine yielded no significant effect, either alone or in combination, when applied using either hydrogel or moisturizing cream. Exposing mice to simulated solar radiation (4 standard erythema doses, 3/week) yielded increased pigmentation. However, no statistically significant difference was found between treatment with simulated solar radiation alone or in combination with NH4Cl and l-tyrosine. CONCLUSION In spite of the commercial value of adding l-tyrosine to 'pigmentation-enhancing' creams, topically applied l-tyrosine showed no pigmentation-enhancing effect, neither alone nor in combination with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, providing a basis to contest such promotional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kongshoj
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Garcin G, Douki T, Stoebner PE, Guesnet J, Guezennec A, Martinez J, Cadet J, Meunier L. Cell surface expression of melanocortin-1 receptor on HaCaT keratinocytes and alpha-melanocortin stimulation do not affect the formation and repair of UVB-induced DNA photoproducts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:585-93. [PMID: 17487313 DOI: 10.1039/b615656h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure induces an up-regulation of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) expression in human skin and the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) may reduce UVB-induced DNA damage in normal human melanocytes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, we investigated the formation and repair of DNA lesions in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells stably transfected with the wild type MC1R gene (HaCaT-MC1R). Similar levels of 8 bipyrimidine photoproducts including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) (T<>T, T<>C, C<>T), (6-4) photoproducts ((6-4)PPs) (TT-(6-4)PPs, TC-(6-4)PPs) and their Dewar valence isomers together with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) were found to be generated in both non-transfected and HaCaT-MC1R cells after UVB exposure. Time-course studies of DNA photoproduct yields indicated that the DNA repair ability depended upon radiation doses. It was shown that (6-4)PPs were removed from the DNA of UVB-irradiated cells much more efficiently than CPDs. The repair efficiency of 8-oxodGuo, CPDs and (6-4)PPs was relatively similar in both cell lines and was not modified by stimulation with alpha-MSH before UVB-exposure. In conclusion, cell surface-enforced expression of MC1Rs on HaCaT keratinocytes and alpha-MSH stimulation do not affect the formation of UVB-induced DNA photoproducts and their subsequent repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Garcin
- UMR CNRS 5247 (IBMM), Université Montpellier I - Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Av. Charles Flahault BP 14 491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, and Department of Dermatology, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Caremeau, Nimes, France
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